二维强非均质含水层中渗透系数空间变异对污染物迁移的影响

对于强非均质介质,渗透系数的对数lnK的空间分布可表征为其增量遵从Levy稳定分布的非平稳随机场。本文利用改进的连续随机增量方法生成含水层lnK增量具有Levy稳定分布的统计特征的随机场;采用Monte-Carlo数值实验方法并结合MODFLOW与MT3DMS分别模拟研究区域内水流和溶质迁移过程,分析渗透系数强变异性对污染物浓度空间矩及宏观弥散的影响。结果表明:Levy指数α决定lnK的空间分布形状,宽度参数C则影响lnK的取值范围;污染物的质心位置与C、α的大小无关;C越大、α越小,污染物形状越不规则,污染物的扩散范围越大;且α越小,污染物具有明显的拖尾现象;纵向宏观弥散度随时间呈幂函数递增趋势。     

强变异渗透系数对地下水和溶质迁移影响的模拟研究

渗透系数的空间变异性是影响地下水运动和溶质迁移过程的主要因素。本文利用改进的连续随机增加方法(Successive random additional method,简称SRA)生成了渗透系数对数(lnK)具有分维Levy运动统计特征的随机场,并对生成样本的统计特征进行了分析验证,同时应用蒙特卡罗方法研究含水层渗透系数的空间变异性对地下水运动和溶质迁移过程的影响。结果表明:Levy指数α越小,渗透系数空间变异性越强。当研究区域渗透系数的对数lnK增量符合Levy稳定分布时,其纵向流速对数lnv增量同样具有Levy稳定分布,且所对应的Levy指数αlnK与αlnv的大小基本一致。污染羽一阶矩纵向分量Mx随lnK平均值的增大而增大,而与α的大小无关。同一lnK均值条件下,纵向分量Mx随时间增大而增大,横向分量My与时间无关。污染羽二阶矩分量Mxx和Myy随α的减小而增大,表明渗透系数的空间变异性越强,污染物质心的扩散范围越大。渗透系数的空间变异程度对地下水运动和溶质迁移过程的影响十分明显。     

地下水流速及介质非均质性对重非水相流体运移的影响

重非水相流体(DNAPL)在地下介质中的运移分布受多种因素影响,包括DNAPL的物化性质、泄漏速率、地下水流速和介质非均质性等。本文采用地质统计方法生成渗透率随机场刻画非均质性,运用T2VOC模拟不同流速情形下DNAPL在均质/非均质介质中的运移分布,以评估地下水流速和非均质性对DNAPL运移的影响。研究结果表明,地下水流速的增大显著促进了DNAPL的水平和垂向运移。相同流速情形下,非均质性的增强使得DNAPL污染羽分布形态及运移路径的空间变异性增强,出现明显的蓄积和绕流。当DNAPL运移的优势通道方向与流速方向相反时,水流对DNAPL水平运移的促进作用将减弱,反之,其促进作用增强。随着流速与非均质性的同时增强,水平方向上污染羽的扩散范围增大,另外水平和垂直方向上质心位置(一阶矩)及展布范围(二阶矩),污染池起始位置及其长度的空间变异离散程度增大。     

污染场地渗透系数非均质性表征研究

介绍了分区赋值、克里格和序贯高斯随机模拟3种表征渗透系数非均质性方法的原理,对比了不同方法对结果的影响。以某污染场地为例,综合考虑地层、数据采集方法和非均质性表征方法设计了5种方案,研究不同方案对地下水溶质运移模型的影响,探讨了不同表征方法的优缺点及差异性。研究结果表明:序贯高斯模拟法所得的空间分布结果,能反映出存在于局部区域边缘的渗透系数的突变,克服了另外两种方法的局限性。分层序贯高斯随机模拟法能够体现出较为连续的渗透带的分布范围及场地内部渗透性发生变化的位置,较其他几个方案的结果准确性较高。应用分层赋值法能够最大程度地表征污染羽的范围;应用分层随机模拟法能够较为全面地描述出污染羽分布的浓度变化差异。在进行污染场地溶质迁移模拟时,应综合考虑地层岩性、数据采集方法和非均质性的表征方法来描述渗透系数的空间分布。     

安全填埋场地下水环境影响评价情景优化设置

在安全填埋场的地下水环境影响评价中,污染途径、边界条件、控制方程等均存在不确定性。本文首先对这些造成环境影响评价结果不确定性的来源进行了定性识别。随后以某安全填埋场为例,采用多参数序列表达不确定性来源及程度,通过构建多套模拟情景,采用MODFLOW和MT3DMS进行数值模拟。计算结果表明:对以垂向运动为主的地下水系统,丰、平、枯等地下水流场对地下水中污染物的浓度增量、空间分布范围影响较小,地下水流场情景设置可简化,仅设丰、平两组;污染负荷是控制地下水污染物浓度的关键因素,其中地下水中有机物受污染范围由渗滤液负荷范围决定,且受污染物吸附-降解特性等反应项参数影响,渗滤液中重金属的影响范围由水力弥散度等弥散项参数决定。     

基于GMS的云南德厚水库下游废弃砒霜厂地下水溶质运移模拟

地下水溶质运移模拟是找出污染物迁移规律、确定污染范围及污染物浓度分布的重要手段,可以为合理开发地下水资源、优化设计地下水开采方案及地下水污染修复提供定量依据。在分析德厚水库咪哩河流域裂隙岩溶含水层的水力性质和污染物运移特征的基础上,运用GMS软件建立地下水流场模型和溶质运移模型,对裂隙岩溶水的流场和污染物进行了数值研究,判断出了污染源分布及污染羽扩展范围,分析了砒霜厂污染物运移对水库建设的影响。     

非均质土体中渗流场的非平稳随机模拟

 将渗透系数作为对数正态非平稳随机场，分解为确定性趋势和平稳性扰动两部分，采用基于随机场Karhunen Loeve展开和摄动分析的KLME随机数值方法，探讨参数场的连续型线性趋势和间断型趋势项对渗流场统计特征的影响。分析表明，水头均值和标准差的空间分布受到参数场趋势性变化的影响，随线性趋势的变化方向而呈不同分布，线性趋势的斜率增大，水头统计矩的二阶修正项的作用也增大，在参数场间断型趋势条件下，水头统计矩呈复杂的非规则空间分布。     

承压含水层中大口井附近非达西流的近似解析解

研究了承压含水层中大口井附近的非达西流，采用线性化方法和Laplace变换得到了无量纲水位降深sD在拉氏空间下的解析解，采用Stehfest数值逆变换得到了无量纲水位降深在实空间下的解，同时得到了抽水后期和抽水稳定阶段的近似解析解，并定义了反映非达西流特征的无量纲水力传导度ξ。研究结果表明，线性化方法所带来的误差在无量纲时间tD大于102时基本可以忽略；在抽水初期，不同ξ值所对应的井筒中的水位降深互相重合，并在双对数坐标下表现为一直线；在抽水后期，无论是在井筒还是含水层中，ξ越大，水位降深越小；在抽水稳定时期，无量纲水位降深sD随无量纲距离rD增大呈幂函数递减。     

复合含水层间污染组份运移的计算方法

复合含水层在平原地区分布较普遍，该含水系统在垂向上的物质交换包括越流和对流两种方式，本文根据质量守恒原理，以稳定流为基础，提出了上部弱透水层一下部含水层模型的定解问题并给出了相应的解；对双层含水层提出了一个判别地下水流主要运动方向的计算公式，并结合实例进行了计算，该方法将为复合含水层中污染组份沿垂向和径向的分布提供详细的计算方法。本文的计算模式均以两层含水层为例，对于实际各种含水层组合。均可以采用上述办法建立模型并给出相应问题的解。     

承压含水层中大口径井附近非达西流的线性化近似解与数值解

研究了承压含水层中大口径井附近的非达西流，采用线性化方法和Laplace变换得到了无量纲水位降深在拉氏空间下的解析解，采用Stehfest数值逆变换得到了实空间下的水位降深，同时得到了抽水后期和抽水稳定阶段水位降深的解析解。定义了反映非达西流动特征的水力传导度ξ，采用相应的数值解对线性化近似解进行了验证。研究结果表明，在抽水初期，不同ξ值所对应的井筒中的水位降深基本相同，并在双对数坐标下表现为一直线；在抽水后期，无论是在井筒还是含水层中，ξ越大，水位降深越小；在抽水稳定时期，水位降深随距离增大并呈幂函数递增，线性化方法在抽水初期会带来一定误差，而在抽水后期结果比较精确。     

Reconstructing the release history of a groundwater contaminant based on AT123D

The reconstruction of the source release history for groundwater contamination provides useful environmental forensic information in identifying the responsible parties for a contaminant plume at a known source location if its owner changed several times in the past. The objective of this study is to develop a novel method consisting of function-fitting technique, simulated annealing, and a fundamental solution of the contaminant transport equation given in AT123D (Yeh, 1981) to recover the source release history of a groundwater contamination. AT123D is an analytical model for simulating transient, one-, two-, and three-dimensional groundwater contaminant transport in aquifer systems. The method developed herein is for recovering the release history of a continuous and finite release duration source and therefore can handle a great variety of realistic problems. Cases with various types of source geometry and aquifer configuration are considered. The influence of contaminant biodegradation, degree of dispersion, location of monitoring well, use of temporal concentration data or spatial concentration data, and presence of two contaminated sources are also investigated. Finally, a few guidelines for the optimal sampling strategy on the reconstruction of the source release history are recommended.     

A sensitivity analysis and parametric study for the evaluation of the optimal management of a contaminated aquifer

A typical groundwater remedation problem is studied by using a combined simulation-optimization model. The management procedure employs groundwater flow and contaminant transport simulation models in conjunction with linear and quadratic programming techniques. The methodology is applied to the hydrodynamic control of a contaminant plume that has to be stabilized and removed by a system of pumping wells. The paper focuses mainly upon a sensitivity analysis to the aquifer transmissivity. The effect of changes in the transmissivities of a zoned aquifer upon the optimal solutions of the management problem is examined by considering the optimal pumping rates, the time to remediation and the pumped groundwater volume as the key output variables of the remediation strategies. In addition, the influence of the dispersivities and the imposed hydraulic gradient upon the same output variables is critically evaluated. The results of the study illustrate the need for uncertainty reduction in the knowledge of the hydrogeologic parameters.     

Identification of Groundwater Contamination Sources Using Meshfree RPCM Simulation and Particle Swarm Optimization

In this study, a simulation-optimization (SO) model is presented by coupling a meshfree based simulator using radial point collocation method (RPCM) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) as optimizer to identify the unknown groundwater contaminant sources from the measured/simulated contaminant concentration data in the aquifer. To demonstrate the approach, two case studies have been presented. The first example is a hypothetical case which simulates the contaminant releases from several disposal sites in an aquifer during four years release period. The second case considered is a field study where leaching of contaminant, during their storage, from disposal sites at several locations in the aquifer leads to contamination of the groundwater. The goal in both cases was to reconstruct the contaminant release history from the disposal sites and their magnitudes from the given historical concentration data at a few observation wells in the aquifer. It was observed that the source identification model could reconstruct the release histories from the waste disposal sites in both the cases accurately. This study demonstrated that PSO based optimization model with a meshfree flow and transport simulator can be effectively used for groundwater contaminant source identification problems.     

填海工程背景下半岛地下水流场及污染物运移的数值模拟分析

以古雷半岛为例,基于GMS地下水数值模型探索海砂填海(情景一)、海砂+黏土填海(情景二)、黏土填海(情景三)这三种填海情景对研究区地下水流场及污染物运移的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区在填海背景下地下水水位整体抬升,水位上升幅度由小到大依次为情景一、情景二、情景三,最高升幅达4.78m。(2)不同填海情景下的地下水流场差异在填海区的黏土区域最为明显,情景二、情景三与情景一的地下水水位差最大值分别为4.44 m和8.20m。(3)在仅考虑物理作用的情况下,三种填海情景下污染物运移均呈现以水平运移为主、垂向运移为辅的特点。(4)相较于污染物运移基本相同的情景一与情景二,预测时间30a时,水平方向上情景三污染物迁移面积、迁移速率分别下降23.07%、18.89%;垂向上污染物主要积聚于第一层含水层,情景三观测井在第一层含水层的污染物浓度为情景一(或情景二)的5.87倍。说明采用低渗透性黏土填海对于污染物运移具有一定的阻滞作用。     

Application of monitored natural attenuation to remediate a petroleum-hydrocarbon spill site.

Contamination of groundwater by petroleum-hydrocarbons is a serious environmental problem. The Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) approach is a passive remediation to degrade and dissipate groundwater contaminants in situ. In this study, a full-scale natural bioremediation investigation was conducted at a gasoline spill site. Results show that concentrations of major contaminants (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) dropped to below detection limit before they reached the downgradient monitor well located 280 m from the spill location. The results also reveal that natural biodegradation was the major cause of the observed contaminant reduction. The calculated natural first-order attenuation rates for BTEX and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (1,2,4-TMB) ranged from 0.051 (benzene) to 0.189 1/day (1,2,4-TMB). Evidence for the occurrence of natural attenuation includes the following: (1) depletion of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate; (2) production of dissolved ferrous iron, sulfide, and CO2; (3) decreased BTEX concentrations and BTEX as carbon to TOC ratio along the transport path; (4) increased alkalinity and microbial populations; (5) limited spreading of the BTEX plume; and (6) preferential removal of certain BTEX components along the transport path. Additionally, the biodegradation capacity (44.73 mg/L) for BTEX and 1,2,4-TMB was much higher than other detected contaminants within the plume. Hence, natural attenuation can effectively contain the plume, and biodegradation processes played an important role in contaminant removal.     

银川地区饱和细砂含水介质弥散实验研究

以水动力弥散理论为基础,在中国石油宁夏石化分公司炼油厂和废渣场各采取5组潜水含水层细砂岩心样,采用NaCl做示踪剂,进行室内一维沙柱弥散实验,以半无限含水层中污染物迁移模型的解析解计算了弥散度,并探讨了室内一维沙柱实验测定含水层弥散参数的误差来源,为地下水水质模型的建立提供基础。研究表明:炼油厂潜水含水层弥散度与废渣场潜水含水层弥散度基本接近。模型误差是对室内一维沙柱实验确定弥散参数产生影响最大的一类误差。目前,需加强银川平原大尺度含水层弥散特征的研究。     

Modelling of solute transport in a filled fracture: Effects of heterogeneity of filled medium

In this paper, the developed lattice Boltzmann method(LBM) is used to model the solute transport in a filled fracture under a heterogeneous advective velocity field. The results of the developed LBM in modelling the solute transport are compared with the published experimental data. The numerically derived BTCs indicate that the distribution of the filled medium in the fracture has a significant effect on the characteristics of the BTCs, even with the same porosity. The heterogeneity of the filled medium is responsible not only for the heterogeneous advective velocity field but also for the early arrival and long tails of the BTCs. The long tailings of the BTCs increase their length with the increase of the duration of the input pulse. Furthermore, the BTCs obtained from the LBM simulations are well consistent with the two-region model(TRM). The fitting results show that the fractional mobile region varies with the distribution of the filled medium. The long tailings of the BTCs increase their length with the increase of the immobile region while the concentration peak value increases with the increase of the mobile region.     

A Stochastic Optimization Approach in the Design of an Aquifer Remediation under Hydrogeologic Uncertainty

A stochastic optimization approach is presented for the remediation design of a contaminated aquifer with limited hydrogeologic information. Stochastic simulation using the Monte Carlo technique, produces a series of equally probable realisations of the spatially varying random hydraulic conductivity field. The stochastic flow and transport simulation model is coupled, using the response matrix approach, with a nonlinear optimization algorithm. The whole process is integrated into an algorithm which is effectively applied in the case study of the Kalamaria aquifer, Chalkidiki, Greece. The stochastic optimization procedure is followed by a reliability analysis, giving useful information to the decision makers concerning the effectiveness of the optimal results.