钢筋混凝土构件细观数值模拟分析

在混凝土材料的细观力学分析模型基础上，提出了一种钢筋混凝土构件非线性力学特性分析的细观数值方法。使用本文细观力学方法对轴压加载作用下某一钢筋混凝土柱的损伤破坏过程及宏观力学特性进行了数值模拟研究，并与试验结果和宏观力学模型方法分析结果进行了对比。研究表明：(1) 细观尺度上，采用细观力学模型获得的钢筋混凝土柱的破环模式及宏观力学性能均与试验结果吻合很好，验证了本文细观力学方法的有效性和准确性；(2) 相比于宏观尺度分析模型，细观力学模型考虑了混凝土的非均质特性，从而更真实地揭示了钢筋混凝土柱的破坏过程及破坏模式，且计算结果与试验结果对比也更为吻合。     

钢筋混凝土柱轴心受压性能及尺寸效应的细观数值研究

钢筋混凝土构件的尺寸效应行为根源于两个方面:(1)混凝土材料本身的非均质性导致的尺寸效应;(2)钢筋/混凝土相互作用力学行为的高度复杂性导致的尺寸效应。考虑混凝土细观结构非均质性的影响,假定钢筋与混凝土之间完好粘结,建立了钢筋混凝土柱轴心受压加载下力学特性及破坏行为研究的细观尺度力学分析模型。首先通过对混凝土试件受压力学特性试验的模拟,采用反演法确定了各细观组分的力学参数;进而,对某钢筋混凝土柱轴心受压损伤破坏行为进行了宏/细观尺度数值模拟,并初步探讨了钢筋混凝土构件名义轴心压缩强度的尺寸效应规律。本文细观数值结果与试验结果的良好吻合,验证了建立的钢筋混凝土构件层次尺寸效应研究的细观分析方法的合理性。     

基于数值流形元法的混凝土力学特性数值试验

从混凝土细观结构出发,假定混凝土由砂浆、骨料界面组成的多相复合材料,以试验为基础赋予各相材料的参数模拟加载过程中从细观到宏观的力学响应。考虑各相组分的非均匀性,借助蒙特卡罗方法和Fuller级配公式,产生随机骨料模型。扩展后的二阶流形元法,可以模拟混凝土受力、变形和破坏的全过程,可以追踪多裂隙的扩展,裂缝闭合后的压剪。开裂面可利用应力结果自动搜索,而不必人为预设。利用改进的流形元进行混凝土力学特性数值试验的模拟研究,再现了混凝土单轴受压、受拉试验在不同加载阶段微裂缝产生、扩展直至破坏的过程,及其宏观应力-应变曲线的变化情况。数值模拟结果与试验统计结果相符。     

混凝土三维细观力学模型分析

混凝土的级配及骨料含量对其宏观力学特性有直接影响,选择合适的骨料模型是进行混凝土细观力学数值模拟的前提,在三维随机凸多面体骨料模型的基础上选择合适的试件模型并进行有限元剖分,利用并行计算技术分别对湿筛混凝土试件三维球形骨料和凸多面体骨料细观模型进行了静载弯拉破坏数值模拟对比计算.计算结果表明,三维凸多面体骨料生成算法是可行的,能够满足混凝土三维细观力学模拟的需要.     

混凝土细观力学研究进展及评述

本文介绍了混凝土细观力学的研究方法,总结了到目前为止在细观层次上对混凝土实验研究和数值模拟的研究成果,详细分析讨论了格构模型、随机骨料模型和随机力学特性模型3种细观力学数值模型的优缺点。目前混凝土细观力学的研究主要集中对细观数值模型的研究,已建立起来的细观数值模型仍待完善,同时尚缺乏系统的各相材料力学特性参数试验测定成果。用细观力学数值模拟取代部分试验任务还要做很多工作。     

基于细观力学模型的三级配混凝土立方体试件单轴损伤数值分析

为分析混凝土细观结构在单轴荷载作用下的损伤演化过程,研究混凝土单轴破坏的宏观力学性能,基于细观力学模型,采用Marazs 损伤模型描述混凝土内部各相材料的本构关系,通过数值实验分析三级配混凝土立方体试件单轴破坏的宏观力学性能。数值实验结果表明：混凝土试件在单轴荷载作用下的损伤断裂是由于内部的初始损伤不断累积演变的结果,其数值实验的最终破坏形态与宏观层次上的破坏形态基本相似,粗骨料分布、粘结层厚度、粘结层和基体强度对混凝土宏观破坏具有一定的影响,说明该方法对混凝土细观结构破坏机制的分析合理、可靠。     

水工沥青混凝土三轴试验的三维细观模拟

基于颗粒离散元理论,利用沥青混凝土三轴试验进行三维数值模拟,对水工沥青混凝土的细观性能研究具有重要意义。通过数值模拟发现:根据沥青混凝土的材料组成及特性,选择合适的材料单元间的接触本构模型以及合理的细观力学参数,使用颗粒流PFC3D软件可近似模拟沥青混凝土的室内三轴试验,并可再现试件剪切破坏的发展过程;数值模拟试验所得到的应力-应变曲线及体积应变-轴向应变曲线与室内三轴试验结果基本一致。     

自密实堆石混凝土力学性能的细观仿真与试验研究

自密实堆石混凝土作为一种新型复合材料，具有高度的非均质特性。本文基于混凝土细观力学模型，将其离散为自密实混凝土、块石及两者交界面构成的多相介质，建立了研究自密实堆石混凝土力学性能的数值仿真模型。首先，设计并实现了一种确定三相介质力学参数的基础试验，分别取得三组分的强度与本构关系；然后，为检验模型可靠性进行了多组四点弯梁抗折试验；最后将细观仿真分析结果与试验进行了验证比较。结果表明，该模型能较好地模拟自密实堆石混凝土抗折试验的全过程，得到的力-位移曲线及破坏形态与试验结果表现出良好的一致性，为数值仿真预测自密实堆石混凝土力学性能奠定了理论基础。     

基于细观结构性能和尺度的混凝土材料层次尺寸效应解析理论

本文以细观为基本研究尺度,认为混凝土材料层次尺寸效应主要根源于粗骨料、砂浆以及界面等细观结构性能和尺度的不确定性。首先,基于建立的能够考虑细观结构影响的混凝土I-型裂缝断裂破坏分析模型,采用理论解析法对不同级配混凝土宏观力学性能预测方法进行了修正;进而,提出了一套混凝土材料层次尺寸效应解析理论,并分析了混凝土宏观力学性能随细观结构性能和尺度的变化行为。分析结果表明:单轴拉伸加载条件下,强骨料夹杂混凝土中界面力学性能、骨料含量和最大骨料粒径均显著影响细观断裂裂缝中界面裂缝的占比,从而影响到混凝土宏观力学性能随细观结构性能和尺度的变化行为。     

破坏单元消去法在岩石非线性断裂研究中的应用

提出破坏单元网格消去法模拟裂纹扩展,将细观单元损伤度的值作为判断其损伤破坏依据,利用高性能并行计算实现岩石三维破裂过程的数值模拟.对岩石试样Ⅰ型裂纹的破坏过程进行数值模拟,研究高边坡岩体滑坡破坏问题,给出裂纹萌生、扩展过程及破坏形态,分析细观非均匀性对岩石宏观破裂力学行为的影响.结果表明,岩石Ⅰ型裂纹仿真试验和物理试验得到的极限强度吻合较好,高边坡岩体滑坡破坏数值试验和实地观测水平位移吻合较好,说明破坏单元消去法能够清晰直观地模拟岩石非线性破裂过程.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.     

Seasonal variation in nutrient retention during inundation of a short‐hydroperiod floodplain

Floodplains are generally considered to be important locations for nutrient retention or inorganic‐to‐organic nutrient conversions in riverine ecosystems. However, little is known about nutrient processing in short‐hydroperiod floodplains or seasonal variation in floodplain nutrient retention. Therefore, we quantified the net uptake, release or transformation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment species during brief periods (1–2 days) of overbank flooding through a 250‐m floodplain flowpath on the fourth‐order Mattawoman Creek, Maryland U.S.A. Sampling occurred during a winter, two spring and a summer flood in this largely forested watershed with low nutrient and sediment loading. Concentrations of NO increased significantly in surface water flowing over the floodplain in three of the four floods, suggesting the floodplain was a source of NO. The upper portion of the floodplain flowpath consistently exported NH, most likely due to the hyporheic flushing of floodplain soil NH, which was then likely nitrified to NO in floodwaters. The floodplain was a sink for particulate organic P (POP) during two floods and particulate organic N and inorganic suspended sediment (ISS) during one flood. Large releases of all dissolved inorganic N and P species occurred following a snowmelt and subsequent cold winter flood. Although there was little consistency in most patterns of nutrient processing among the different floods, this floodplain, characterized by brief inundation, low residence time and low nutrient loading, behaved oppositely from the conceptual model for most floodplains in that it generally exported inorganic nutrients and imported organic nutrients. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experience in the Introduction of Steam-Water-Oxygen Cleaning, Passivation, and Preservation at the TÉTs-23 Cogeneration Plant of the Mosénergo Company

Conditions of the process of steam-water-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and conservation (SWOC, P, and C) of internal heating surfaces of the boiler and the high-pressure feed heater (HPFH) piping over the steam side are presented. The process produces partial cleaning of the internal heating surfaces from scale and yields a corrosion-resistant protective film that hinders corrosion processes both in the operation of the boiler and in the idle period.     

钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度计算模型

基于虚拟裂缝模型,针对钢筋混凝土试件在三点弯曲作用下开裂截面的受力特征,在合理假定的前提下,给出了一种计算钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度的解析方法。然后,应用该方法计算了初始缝高比 α₀（初始裂缝长度与试件高度的比值）分别为0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5的三点弯曲试件的最大荷载和临界有效裂缝长度,进而求得了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。通过对计算结果与试验数据的误差分析,发现失稳断裂韧度最大误差为4.915%,说明这种方法可以较为准确地预测三点弯曲梁的失稳断裂韧度。在此基础上研究了初始缝高比 α₀对失稳断裂韧度的影响,发现失稳断裂韧度基本上不随 α₀ 变化,失稳断裂韧度可以作为材料常数,应用于裂缝扩展状态的判断。