青藏高原典型河流与湖泊表层水体碳时空变化特征初步分析

为了研究青藏高原典型河流与湖泊水体碳时空变化特征,采集了典型河流、湖泊、冰川等水体样品,通过实验室测试分析获取了总碳、无机碳和有机碳观测数据。结果表明青藏高原典型河流与湖泊水体碳以无机碳为主、有机碳为辅。其中,长江、黄河和澜沧江源区典型河流与湖泊水体总碳平均含量分别为62.46,32.88,17.70 mg/L,长江南源当曲源、正源沱沱河源和北源楚玛尔河源水体总碳含量分别为32.90,36.56,32.90 mg/L;青藏高原封闭性湖泊水体碳含量比河流水体较高,封闭性湖泊水体总碳、总无机碳和总有机碳平均含量分别为403.82,398.35,1.24 mg/L,而河流水体则分别为17.03,14.56,2.46 mg/L,河流水体有机碳含量比封闭性湖泊水体较高。该成果可为我国青藏高原水域碳循环研究提供基础数据,对高海拔区域气候变化研究具有参考价值。     

中国主要湖泊演变趋势及成因分析

湖泊是淡水生态系统的主要组成,系统全面地摸清我国湖泊演变情况,对于动态掌握湖泊资源本底台账,科学有序推进湖泊治理修复,具有重要意义。结合最新有关基础调查工作,对近60 a来中国主要湖泊分布特征、演变趋势及成因进行系统分析。结果表明:近60 a来,我国主要湖泊演变趋势发生较大变化。1956—1979年时段至1980—2000年时段,湖泊萎缩趋势比较明显;1980—2000年时段至2001—2016年时段,萎缩趋势得到逐步扭转;以2000年为分界点,湖泊萎缩态势由部分湖泊大面积萎缩向众多中小湖泊小面积萎缩转变,面积增加湖泊分布从以东北地区为主逐渐向西南和东部地区为主转变。泥沙淤积、围湖造田等是导致湖泊萎缩的主要影响因素;天然来水增加、生态补水实施、生态空间恢复等是2000年之后湖泊空间恢复的主要原因。     

青藏高原不冻泉地区地下水分布特征

根据区域水文地质调查成果,总结不冻泉地区地下水的赋存条件和分布特征。结果表明:基岩类冻结层水分布于北部和西南部山区,总体上水量贫乏,水质较差,仅在海拔5000m以上的极高山区,水质较好,水量较为丰富;松散岩类冻结层水分布于平原和沟谷内,水量贫乏,水质较差,清水湖周边为双层含水层结构,存在松散岩类冻结层下水,水量较为丰富;在清水湖底部和楚玛尔河局部地段存在贯穿型河湖融区,在部分断层带上局部发育点状贯穿型构造融区。     

青藏高原东南部径流特征的空间规律及控制因子研究

采用青藏高原东南部的水文气象资料,对比分析了该地区23个(区间)流域的年径流深、集中度与集中期、基流系数、退水系数等径流特征及其空间分布规律,并进一步研究了这些径流特征的控制因子。结果表明:该地区径流特征的空间分布规律为年径流深从东南(700~1 300 mm)向西北(<400 mm)递减,而集中度则呈相反的空间格局(从<0.44增加到>0.59);退水系数及基流系数,在低海拔地区随高程增大而增大(分别为0.55~0.69、0.51~0.73),但在高海拔地区则随高程增大而减小(0.74~0.42、0.79~0.63)。本研究发现,青藏东南径流特征空间规律的控制因子,具有显著的区域分异:在低海拔流域(平均高程<3 000 m),降水是径流特征的主要影响因子;而在高海拔流域(平均高程>3 000 m),仅径流深和集中度受降水控制,其他特征则主要受温度、冻土、地形等条件的共同影响。可见,由于青藏高原东南部降水和冻土对气候变化敏感,该地区水资源时空分布格局将面临很大的不确定性,对此应予以充分重视。     

湖泊水动力特征与数值实验模拟研究综述

回顾了国外湖泊水动力数值模拟研究的主要成果 ,以及国内关于流场、定振波和波浪研究等方面的主要成果 ,指出湖泊水动力学的主要发展趋势为湖泊水动力模型与大气边界层模型、物质传输模型的耦合 ,建立全面、系统、适用性更强的数值模型。最后提出 ,应将湖泊水动力学与大气动力学、现代沉积学、生态环境动力学结合起来 ,以使我国湖泊学的研究得到进一步的发展     

南昌市湖泊重金属源识别及污染特征风险评价

为了解南昌市湖泊重金属污染特征现状,论文以青山湖、象湖及前湖为研究对象,在分析湖泊水体及沉积物重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb水平的基础上,采用因子分析、地质累积指数与综合潜在生态风险指数对湖泊重金属污染水平进行评价,并结合主成分分析等统计方法判别各研究水域重金属污染源。结果表明水域中Cr、Cd与Pb为主要重金属污染元素,前湖面临着最为严重的水体重金属污染。沉积物中Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb存在不同程度风险,各湖泊中沉积重金属风险程度从大到小均为Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni>Zn。前湖生态风险程度最大,其次是象湖。主成分分析表明湖泊重金属主要来源于交通运输与废水废气排放。因此为避免进一步污染,应合理规划交通,控制汽车尾气排放,提升污水治理水平。     

青藏高原曲果岗泉化学特征及成因机制研究

通过对曲果岗泉的实地调查和水样测试,总结其水化学和氢氧同位素特征,并结合当地地质、气象、水文资料分析其发育特征和成因机制,掌握内陆高寒条件下断裂型成因泉发育规律,为合理开发利用地下水提供参考。研究表明:曲果岗泉补给源为远程高山冰雪融水和大气降水,高原隆升形成的大量断裂为地下水富集和运移提供了良好通道,地下水循环周期长,具典型断裂型成因的承压泉水特征。     

湖泊形态特征测量方法及应用研究

全国第一次水利普查正在全面开展,河流湖泊普查十分必要。按照最新的《水道观测规范》（SL257—2000）实测湖泊面积容积等形态特征,无疑是最标准的方法。但是由于《水道观测规范》起草的时间距今已有10余年,受当时技术条件的限制,规范规定的水下测量方法,     

湖泊底泥中磷的形态分布分析

目前自然水体富营养化程度越来越严重,其底泥中磷的含量也与日俱增。不同形态分布的磷在自然情况变化时表现出不同的特性,底泥中磷的形态分布对于控制水体中磷的浓度有着重要影响。本研究以五步化学分级提取法测定了12个湖泊底泥中磷的形态分布。结果表明：在底泥中与钙结合的磷较多,平均占总量的60％左右。射线衍射结果也表明12个样品中均含有较高比例的晶体钙矿物,平均含量约为49％。除了与钙结合的磷之外,其余的磷多数与铁、锰化合物相结合,其含量平均占总数的18％。黏土矿物及铝氧化物中结合的磷占总量的8％,与残余磷9％相当。松散吸附结合态的磷含量最低约占6％。研究磷的形态分布分析方法对于了解底泥中磷的形态分布以及磷在水体一底泥中的迁移转化规律有着重要意义。     

青藏高原水体特征遥感影像分析——以那曲地区为例

遥感技术是青藏高原水体资源研究的重要手段之一，各类型水体在不同的遥感影像中具有不同的特征。水体特征分析及其提取方法的确立是进行水体动态监测、洪涝灾害、水文参数设置等研究的前提。本文以西藏那曲地区为例．通过多源遥感影像中的水体特征分析，探索各类水体特征的解译提取方法。     

Spatial variation of reference crop evapotranspiration on Tibetan Plateau

This study is based on meteorological observation data collected at 38 weather stations on the Tibetan Plateau over several decades. Daily reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) was calculated with the FAO-56 standard Penman-Monteith formula. A test of normality was performed with Statistica 6.0 software, isotropic and anisotropic semi-variogram analysis was conducted with the GS+ (geostatistics for the environmental sciences) system for Windows 7.0, and the characteristics of spatial variation of daily ET0 were obtained. The following results can be obtained: Daily ETo for different periods on the Tibetan Plateau are distributed normally; Except for daily ETo in the E-W (east-west) direction in the summer, which showed a slight negative correlation with distance change, the Moran's indexes of daily ET0 for different periods in all directions on the Tibetan Plateau within a 100-km distance were positive, demonstrating a positive correlation with distance change; Variograms of daily ET0 in June, the dry season, the wet season, as well as annual average daily ET0 fit well with the Gaussian model; A variogram of daily ET0 in December fit well with the exponential model; Variograms of daily ET0 for the four seasons fit well with the linear with sill model.     

变化环境下青藏高原陆地水储量演变格局及归因

基于1981—2015年全球陆面数据同化系统GLDAS和归一化植被指数GIMMS NDVI3g等多源数据,采用Theil-Sen Median斜率估计和Mann-Kendall趋势检验法探究青藏高原多年陆地水储量(TWS)及其各组分时空演变特征,采用水量平衡法、相关分析法和Hurst指数法识别水循环过程对TWS变化的影响机制。结果表明：受气候变化影响,1981—2015年青藏高原降水及冰川积雪消融增加,TWS以0.7 mm/a的速率增加,青藏高原北部TWS增加趋势极其显著,南部呈减少特征;青藏高原绝大部分地区TWS以0～200 cm的土壤含水量为主,不同深度土壤含水量具有显著空间异质性;青藏高原北部及东部降水主要通过蒸散发过程损失,南部地区径流系数较大。     

Distribution and carbon isotope composition of lipid biomarkers in Lake Erhai and Lake Gahai sediments on the Tibetan Plateau

Lipid biomarkers and carbon isotopes of n-alkanes, n-fatty acids, and n-alkan-2-ones were used to determine organic carbon sources to surface sediments in lakes Erhai and Gahai on the Tibetan Plateau. All sediment samples contained n-fatty acids with lower concentrations of n-alkanes and n-alkan-2-ones. Long chain n-alkanes in lake sediments were characteristic of a source mixture of epicuticular waxes of higher plants and submerged littoral zone plants while n-fatty acids sources were bacteria and floating and/or submergent macrophytes; the n-alkan-2-ones had a possible source in epicuticular waxes of higher plants and/or grass from catchment which entered the lake and were reworked by the microorganisms. Sediment samples examined from Lake Erhai had heavier δ¹³C values of bulk organic carbon and specific carbon compounds than samples from Lake Gahai and meadow soil. This heavier isotopic composition can be best interpreted by the enhanced productivity occurring in Lake Erhai due to its lower salinity and possibly to limited CO₂ concentrations; for the latter, this may have enriched ¹³C in the dissolved inorganic carbon pool of the lake water.     

稀缺资料流域水文计算若干研究:以青藏高原为例

稀缺资料流域水文计算是长期困扰国际水文学界的难题之一,其根本难点在于降雨径流过程的复杂性、流域下垫面与气象要素的时空变异性以及人类对流域水循环规律认知水平的局限性。本文从稀缺资料流域的类型、缺乏降水和径流观测数据的水文计算研究等方面综述了稀缺资料流域水文计算的研究进展。以我国水文气象资料最为稀缺的青藏高原为例,结合水文综合模拟系统(Hydro-Informatic Modeling System,HIMS)在水情预报中的应用,阐述了稀缺资料流域的水文计算方法,包括卫星遥感降水产品的水文模拟能力评估、基于日平均径流数据推求瞬时洪峰流量、洪水调查数据的区域综合和水文模型参数移植等研究,展示了稀缺资料流域水文计算的相关研究进展。     

Invasiveness screening of non‐native fishes for the middle reach of the Yarlung Zangbo River,Tibetan Plateau,China

The aim of this study was to identify potentially invasive non‐native freshwater fishes in the middle reach of the Yarlung Zangbo River, Tibetan Plateau (China), using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS‐ISK), as decision‐support tool. Based on independent evaluations of 24 non‐native freshwater fishes, receiver operating curve analysis identified a threshold score of ≥29 for distinguishing species likely to pose a high risk of becoming invasive from species likely to pose low‐to‐medium risk (<29) in the risk assessment area. Nine species were categorized as “high risk”: goldfish Carassius auratus, topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, Oriental weatherfish (a.k.a. dojo gudgeon) Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Siberian taimen Hucho taimen, common carp Cyprinus carpio, peled Coregonus peled, western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis, and Chinese rice fish Oryzias sinensis. The three lowest scoring species were Arctic cisco Coregonus autumnalis, Wuchang bream Megalobrama amblycephala, and Chinese ice fish Neosalanx taihuensis, which are unlikely to be invasive because they are unable to complete their life cycle in the risk assessment area. Climate change assessments scores increased or remained the same for warm‐water species and decreased for coldwater species. This study was the first application of AS‐ISK in western China, and the results suggest that AS‐ISK is a useful and valid tool for identifying potentially invasive risk aquatic species in China.     

Comparisons between the chemical compositions of lake water,inflowing river water,and lake sediment in Nam Co,central Tibetan Plateau,China and their controlling mechanisms

The chemical composition of lake water and inflowing river water was investigated in Nam Co (lake), Tibetan Plateau, in September 2005. Lake water samples (n = 76) were collected at different depths along a south–north transect of the eastern part of the lake while water samples were collected from 69 rivers flowing into the lake; a sediment core was collected at 64 m midway along the water survey transect to investigate salt precipitation. Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ were the dominant cations, accounting for 76.2% and 60.6% of the lake and river water cations, respectively while HCO₃⁻ was the dominant anion accounting for 70.8% and 93.4% of lake and river anions, respectively. CaCO₃ precipitation from the water column decreased Ca²⁺ in the lake water, with the relative proportion of other ions increasing significantly. Evaporation–crystallization processes largely control Nam Co lake-water chemistry, while rock weathering is the dominant processes influencing the chemistry of river water; carbonate and silicate weathering are the major sources of ions in these rivers.     

青藏高原东缘地形急变流域生态水文分区研究

生态水文分区是流域生态保护和水环境管理的重要依据,青藏高原东缘地形急变流域是生态水文分区研究的典型区域之一.基于生态-水文互馈机制,以青藏高原东缘地形急变典型流域大渡河为例,从地形地貌、气候特征、生态因子和人类活动4个方面选取12个指标构建生态水文分区评价体系,综合反映地形急变流域水文-土壤-气候-生态系统全链条,量化...     

长江源区年际冰水情变化及其影响因子分析

受限于高寒山区地形、气候和环境条件,目前关于长江源区河流的冰水情研究较少,源区降雨径流年际变化和冰盖分布等规律不明确。为了明晰长江源区水文与水资源现状和冰水情本底,本文收集整理了2006—2018年沱沱河和直门达水文站近十年的降雨、蒸发、径流、水温、气温和冰厚资料,采用统计分析、线性回归、单一因子分析和相关性分析等结合的研究方法,重点揭示了源区河流流量、冰期和冰厚现状、其年际变化特征和主要影响因子。研究表明,源区河流洪峰年际波动范围超50%,洪峰集中在7—9月,非汛期流量仅为汛期流量的1/7,非汛期流量年际波动小于汛期,且直门达站水位流量年际变化幅度小于上游沱沱河站;沱沱河站冰期持续时间7个月,而下游直门达站冰期为5个月,多年平均冰盖厚为0.15 m,造成两站冰情差异的主要原因是源区垂直地形急变引起的高程差;源区降雨量年际波动与年际径流波动一致,蒸发量年际波动仅为降雨量的一半,因此两站流量的年际波动受降雨影响较大。长江源区降雨和气温变化是冰水情变化的主要驱动因子,与源区河流的地形高程密切相关,亟需系统的科考进一步明晰长江源冰水情时空变化规律。