两种水文模型在汤河流域水文模拟中的对比分析

本文分别引入分布式水文模型SWAT模型和VIC模型,以汤河流域为例,结合流域内二道河子水文站2000~2010年实测水文数据,对比分析不同分布式水文模型在汤河流域的适用性和模拟精度。基于分布式水文模型SWAT模型,通过设定2种气温变化情景模式,定量分析气温变化对流域径流影响。研究表明:SWAT模型模拟的径流深相对误差和确定性系数均好于分布式水文模型VIC模型,SWAT模型更适合于汤河流域水文模拟。研究成果对于汤河流域分布式水文模拟提供参考价值。     

章江干流的水文模拟与干旱预测评价

SWAT模型是流域水文模型发展的必然趋势,具有十分重要的应用价值。简要介绍了SWAT模型原理与构建过程,以章江干流的实际情况为基础,建立并评价了SWAT模型在水文模拟的可行性,并结合SWAT分布式水文模型的输出结果,预测评价该地区的干旱情况。     

SWAT模型在缺资料地区的应用——以高明河为例

将SWAT分布式水文模型应用于珠江三角洲地区的佛山市高明河流域,利用GIS强大的空间分析与数据处理能力,对流域流量、气象、DEM、土地利用、土壤等水文气象和下垫面资料进行分析处理,率定模型参数,研究SWAT模型在降雨资料系列短、无长系列实测的河道水位流量数据、缺少有效的水文预报方案等缺资料的中小流域或区域的适用性,并分析误差原因。采用相对误差、相关系数以及Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数三项指标对模型进行评价检验,率定期和验证期的相对误差均在0.2以下,相关系数均在0.6以上,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数均在0.5以上。结果表明,SWAT分布式水文模型能够对高明河流域日时间尺度水文过程进行准确模拟,达到GB/T 22482—2008《水文情报预报规范》中精度评定的丙级,在缺资料的珠三角中小流域具有较好的适用性。     

SWAT模型在金沙江上游小流域径流模拟中的应用

为探讨SWAT分布式水文模型在金沙江上游小流域水文过程模拟中的适用性,选择金沙江一级支流冲江河流域为研究区,利用该小流域控制站来远桥水文站1961~2012年月径流量数据进行模型参数率定与模型验证研究。结果表明：SWAT模型对金沙江上游山区小流域径流模拟精度较高,冲江河流域率定期和验证期月径流模拟值与实测值的相关系数分别达0.97和0.81,平均相对误差分别为16%和20%,纳什系数Ens分别为0.84和0.82。     

CMADS在霍童溪流域SWAT模型径流模拟中的应用研究

中国东南沿海山区中小流域同样存在气象数据稀缺问题,导致流域水文模型研究受限。中国大气同化驱动数据集(CMADS)是一类可获得再分析气象数据集,用于填补水文模型数据空缺,研究其在SWAT径流模拟中的适用性显得尤为重要。以福建霍童溪流域为研究区,以测站数据为参照,通过数据一致性评价、SWAT模型径流模拟的检验系数以及水文要素空间分布对CMADS进行适用性评价。研究结果表明:两类数据降水空间分布一致,温度数据相关性较高;CMADS和测站数据在月、日尺度SWAT模型径流模拟中R~2和NSE系数均达到了较好的结果;CMADS模式水文相关分量与测站模式偏差较小且空间分布一致,CMADS数据集在东南沿海代表性流域径流模拟有较好的适用性。     

POS优化算法在SWAT模型参数优化中的应用

当前,分布式水文模型SWAT模型在国内水文模拟中应用较为广泛,但模型参数较多,人工经验设定参数存在工作量较为繁杂,且模拟精度不高的缺陷,为此本文引入POS优化算法,对SWAT模型参数进行批量优化,并以汤河西支流域为研究区域,结合区域实测水文数据,对比分析参数优化前后,对SWAT模型模拟精度的影响。研究结果表明： POS优化算法可实现SWAT模型参数的批量优化,相比参数优化前,参数优化后SWAT模型模拟径流深相对误差减少5.7%,流量过程拟合系数提高0.118。研究成果对于水文模型参数优化和自动率定提供参考价值。     

SWAT模型在赣江流域径流模拟中的应用研究

利用赣江流域1961—2005年水文数据、数字高程图(DEM)、土地利用类型、土壤类型、气象数据等构建了SWAT分布式水文模型,采用SUFI-2算法进行模型参数敏感性分析、率定,并对赣江流域径流量过程进行模拟。结果表明:率定期和验证期的模拟值和实测流量拟合程度较好,决定系数(R2)和纳什效率系数(ENS)均高于0. 80,模拟结果较理想,有很好的适用性。该研究可为赣江流域分布式流域水文模型构建及未来的水资源规划和管理提供参考。     

SWAT模型在流域LUCC水文效应研究中的应用

土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）的水文效应是GLP研究的热点。分布式水文模型SWAT是目前被广泛应用于LUCC水文效应研究的水文模型之一。论文首先概述了SWAT模型的发展历程和最新版本SWAT 2005的功能,其次就模型在不同土地覆被条件下水文效应应用中的几个方面进行了总结和分析：流域径流模拟,区域水量平衡分析和非点源污染的模拟及其对BMP评价研究的贡献。最后,归纳探讨模型应用中存在的一些问题,通过合理的情境设计以及关键参数的实测等方法,可以实现模型在流域LUCC水文效应研究中的高效应用。     

基于二元水循环的灌区分布式水文模型的应用研究

针对中国北方灌区的水文特点,在二元水循环理论的指导下,对自然流域水文模型SWAT进行了改进,构建了灌区分布式水文模型,改进了SWAT模型的灌溉水运动模块、稻田水分循环模块、稻田水量平衡各要素和产量模拟的计算方法,增加了渠系渗漏模拟模块等.以河南省人民胜利渠灌区为例,利用改进的SWAT模型对该灌区的水循环过程进行了模拟.为验证模型的有效性,选用Nash-Suttclife效率系数(纳西效率系数)E、线性回归系数R2来评估模型在校准和验证过程中的模拟效果.结果表明:该模型适合灌区水分循环的模拟.模型的构建和改进,对分布式水文模型在高强度人类活动影响区域的水资源、水环境研究和管理起到积极的作用,为灌溉水文学提供了新的研究方法.     

SWAT模型及其应用研究

利用数学模型来模拟水文、泥沙、非点源污染过程是流域管理中对特定管理措施的效果进行评估的重要工具，也是研究环境变化条件下水资源管理的重要手段。SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）模型就是一个集成了遥感（RS）、地理信息系统（GIS）和数字高程模型（DEM）技术的目前国际流行的分布式水文模拟工具。该文介绍了SWAT模型的发展历程、原理及特点，概述了SWAT模型目前在径流模拟、非点源污染模拟与控制、气候变化对水文响应的影响、模型参数敏感性分析方面的进展情况，并对SWAT模型今后的应用和改进做了初步探讨。     

基于SWAT模型的长江源区巴塘河流域径流模拟

为了分析长江源区巴塘河流域气候变化与径流的水文响应关系,根据研究区的DEM(digital elevation model)、气象数据、土壤类型和土地利用数据,建立了SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型,并选用SUFI-2(Sequential Uncertainty Fitting)算法进行SWAT模型参数的矫正及验证。模拟结果表明:矫正期与验证期的模拟径流量与实测流量的峰值出现月份基本一致,均在巴塘河流域的6—9月份,最小值出现月份均在巴塘河流域的1,2月份,地下水延滞参数为影响模拟结果的首要因子。矫正期与验证期的模拟径流量与实测径流量之间的确定性系数及效率系数都高于0.8,该模型对巴塘流域的模拟效果良好,但受冻土影响较大。通过径流模拟及影响因子分析,可为巴塘河流域的山洪泥石流灾害预测、风险分析与管理提供参考。     

西南岩溶灌区水文特性及其模拟模型的构建

从岩溶水文和灌区水文两方面分析了西南岩溶灌区水文的特殊性和脆弱性。针对西南岩溶灌区水文特点,在对自然流域水文模型SWAT改进的基础上,构建岩溶灌区分布式水文模型。建立的岩溶灌区分布式水文模型主要添加了表层岩溶带水循环模块、岩溶地下河汇流过程,改进浅层岩溶水计算方法、稻田水分循环模块、渠系渗漏计算模块,增加塘堰的灌溉功能等,并介绍了模型的流域离散方法和水循环结构。岩溶灌区分布式水文模型的构建可为西南岩溶灌区水文特性及其对变化环境的响应等研究提供有效的工具和手段。     

Using SWAT for Strategic Planning of Basin Scale Irrigation Control Policies: a Case Study from a Humid Region in Northern Germany

The eco-hydrological model SWAT is used worldwide for simulating hydrology and water quality of agricultural catchments. One of the main water uses is irrigation, predominantly in arid and semi-arid regions. Climate impact simulations show that a future increase of irrigation demand can be expected for humid regions. Options for adaptation include the improvement of irrigation techniques and the modification of crop patterns. In our study we investigate the application of SWAT for the development of water saving irrigation control strategies in a humid river catchment in Northern Germany. We developed different scenarios using both soil moisture deficit control and plant water demand control. The results show plausible changes of irrigation amounts when changing the trigger points of both control methods. By deficit control strategies, the water consumption could be reduced with only a moderate decrease of crop yield. Differences between soil characteristics were well shown in the SWAT simulations, but the model consistently overestimated irrigation values. Furthermore we found a high variability of the model errors between the different years, even if the long term average values are considered acceptable. Future research is needed to improve the model accuracy in automatic irrigation control.

     

Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool for six watersheds of Lake Erie: Model parameterization and calibration

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a physically-based watershed-scale model, holds promise as a means to predict tributary sediment and nutrient loads to the Laurentian Great Lakes. In the present study, model performance is compared across six watersheds draining into Lake Erie to determine the applicability of SWAT to watersheds of differing characteristics. After initial model parameterization, the Huron, Raisin, Maumee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, and Grand SWAT models were calibrated (1998-2001) and confirmed, or validated (2002-2005), individually for stream water discharge, sediment loads, and nutrient loads (total P, soluble reactive P, total N, and nitrate) based on available datasets. SWAT effectively predicted hydrology and sediments across a range of watershed characteristics. SWAT estimation of nutrient loads was weaker although still satisfactory at least two-thirds of the time across all nutrient parameters and watersheds. SWAT model performance was most satisfactory in agricultural and forested watersheds, and was less so in urbanized settings. Model performance was influenced by the availability of observational data with high sampling frequency and long duration for calibration and confirmation evaluation. In some instances, it appeared that parameter adjustments that improved calibration of hydrology negatively affected subsequent sediment and nutrient calibration, suggesting trade-offs in calibrating for hydrologic vs. water quality model performance. Despite these considerations, SWAT accurately predicted average stream discharge, sediment loads, and nutrient loads for the Raisin, Maumee, Sandusky, and Grand watersheds such that future use of these SWAT models for various scenario testing is reasonable and warranted.     

Assessing an Enhanced Version of SWAT on Water Quantity and Quality Simulation in Regions with Seasonal Snow Cover

Winter soil-temperature simulations with soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) are generally inaccurate in snow-dominated areas of the word, because the existing empirically-based soil-temperature module in SWAT does not account for snow-insulation effects. This problem, in turn, leads to all subsequent projections including water flow and nutrient loading biased. To address this issue, a physically-based soil-temperature module was developed and incorporated into SWAT as an alternative to the empirical formulation, which was found generate better overall estimates of winter soil temperature in a previous study. In the current study, we continue to examine the modified version of SWAT performance on watershed modeling by making pairwise comparisons between the outputs from the original and modified versions of SWAT against related field measurements in a testing watershed. Results show that the physically-based soil-temperature formulation helps to dramatically improve SWAT estimations of base flow discharge and NO₃-N loading for the watershed as a result of improvement in modeled winter soil temperatures. Compared with the original version of SWAT, the new version of SWAT predicted overall lower surface runoff and soil moisture content, as well as higher percolation and lateral flow in winter, resulting in clear differences in modeled flow paths and fate of chemical pollutants. Adding a physically-based treatment of soil temperature in SWAT is an important generalization that has potential of making the model more relevant to snow-dominated areas of the world.     

SWAT和WetSpa Extension在罗玉沟流域的应用比较

近年来,运用水文模型来研究流域水文状况越来越普遍,本文以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区第三副区的典型小流域为例,基于SWAT和WetSpa Extension两个模型,从模型的输入数据、模型的参数和模型模拟结果等方面进行比较,以期为该区水沙模拟选择合适水文模型并为将来模型性能的改进提供参考。连续15年的校准验证表明:两个模型都能得到较好的结果,而SWAT模型能应用于水文及泥沙等模拟过程,相对来说功能更全面;WetSpa Extension模型目前仅能提供水文模拟的模块,优点在于模拟时间步长较任意,可进行洪水模拟。     

昆明市松华坝水源区小流域土壤侵蚀分析

以1993-2009年松华坝水源区及昆明市的气象资料、2009年土地利用资料、第二次全国土壤普查资料、水源区牧羊河小流域的径流和泥沙观测资料为基础,用SWAT模型模拟分析了牧羊流域土壤侵蚀的空间差异。结果表明：牧羊河小流域输沙在年际上表现为与年降水量和输沙量峰谷变化具有较好的一致性,在年内表现出,输沙主要集中在6-9月;空间上牧羊河土壤侵蚀模数多年平均值介于21.4~4 586.5 t/(km²·a),且以中轻度为主,土壤侵蚀模数的空间变化与土地利用类型和地形坡度密切相关;土壤侵蚀模数与降水在年际变化上有较好的一致性。这一研究可为水源区土壤侵蚀空间分布的掌握和估算,以及制定有针对性的水土保持措施提供重要的理论依据。     

乌伦古河流域SWAT模型基础数据库构建

以西北内陆干旱区新疆乌伦古河流域为例,构建了乌伦古河流域SWAT模型土壤属性和气象数据库。土壤数据库的构建过程为：通过查阅《新疆土种志》获得所需基础土壤数据;运用MATLAB编程转换土壤粒径;采用SPAW软件计算土壤的水分参数。气象数据库的构建过程为：在中国气象共享服务网上下载地面气象数据并整理该数据为所需格式;运用SwatWeather．exe软件计算降水、气温、露点、风速和辐射数据,从而获得SWAT模型天气发生器参数。成功构建SWAT模型基础数据库,为模型在此流域的应用奠定基础。     

SWAT模型土壤数据库建立方法

从SWAT模型在中国应用的角度出发，针对模型土壤数据库与我国参数资料不一致的问题．提出了从苏联制土壤质地转化为美国土壤质地的方法，并给出了转换计算方法。应用该方法使用SPAW软件计算SWAT模型部分参数，进行了实例验证得到了理想的结果，为该模型在中国的应用提供了方便。     

SWAT Setup with Long-Term Detailed Landuse and Management Records and Modification for a Micro-Watershed Influenced by Freeze-Thaw Cycles

In the widely used soil and water assessment tool (SWAT), the standard hydrological response units (HRUs) delineation method has low spatial resolution with respect to model inputs and outputs and renders difficulties in using long-term detailed landuse and management records. In addition, the modified universal soil loss equation (MUSLE) uses a constant K-factor which cannot address seasonal variation in soil erodibility caused by freeze-thaw cycles in cold regions. The current study presents a simple method to incorporate detailed landuse and management inputs in SWAT. The method delineates HRUs based on field boundaries and associates each HRU with a particular field. As a result, long-term detailed records can be incorporated into the SWAT management files. In addition, the existing MUSLE in SWAT was modified by introducing a variable K-factor to address effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil erosion for cold regions. This modified version of SWAT was calibrated and validated for an agricultural micro-watershed, i.e., Black Brook Watershed in New Brunswick, Canada. The results showed that, compared with the standard HRU-delineation method, field-based HRU-delineation method was able to improve landuse and management practice input accuracy for SWAT and save time and effort for long-term simulation, and provide high resolution outputs in the watershed. As a result, the field-based HRU-delineation method can facilitate decision making not only at the subbasin scale but also at the field scale. In addition, results showed that sediment loading simulation accuracy was improved with the modified-MUSLE compared with the original-MUSLE.