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1.
关于潜水蒸发经验公式的探讨   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
潜水蒸发是浅层地下水消耗的主要途径。在平原区,当没有降雨、开采、沟河排泄及外泄地下径流的情况下,地下水位的消落,基本是潜水蒸发的结果。在地下水埋藏较浅的地区,其蒸发量极为可观,特别是在植被区作物生长时期尤为明显,构成了地下水垂直消耗的主要途径。在地下咸水区,潜水蒸发又引起了盐分的上升、积聚,造成土壤次生盐碱化。因此,研究潜水蒸发就成为研究地下水动态变化、地下水资源评价、保护  相似文献   

2.
为明确马铃薯块茎增长期短历时土壤水分蒸发规律,本文采用土壤水分动态观测法观测气象因子对马铃薯蒸发蒸腾量的影响。研究结果表明,在不同的土壤含水率情况下测筒的蒸发蒸腾量也不同。相对湿度、日照和风速是影响蒸发蒸腾量的直接因素。相对湿度日变化与气温日变化相反,相对湿度降低时蒸发蒸腾量增加,风速与相对湿度呈相反关系。蒸发蒸腾量与蒸发皿水面蒸发变化趋势基本一致。  相似文献   

3.
葡萄根系分区交替滴灌的土壤水分动态模拟   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
周青云  康绍忠 《水利学报》2007,38(10):1245-1252
在根系分区交替滴灌土壤水分动态和根系分布试验观测的基础上,提出了葡萄二维根系吸水模型,并确定了与土壤表层含水率有关的棵间土壤蒸发方程,然后在土壤水分运动基本方程的基础上结合交替滴灌的入渗特性,建立了根系分区交替滴灌的土壤水分动态模型(APRI-Model),模型考虑了该种灌水方式下棵间土壤蒸发和根系吸水的变化特征。通过与田间实测值进行比较,结果表明,模型的均方差在0.01~0.022cm3/cm3范围内,模拟值与实测值的平均相对误差在10%左右,因此,认为模型能很好的模拟干旱区蒸发力较大和作物根系分布不均匀条件下的土壤水分动态。  相似文献   

4.
以赵圈地下水、地上水联合运用试验区的地下水观测井降雨入渗补给资料为基础,并参照给水度相近地区的有关资料,探讨了降雨入渗补给机理,建立了一个考虑受土壤水分影响的新的降雨入渗补给模型,并介绍了它的具体应用。  相似文献   

5.
以土壤水运动理论为基础,构建了研究区三维饱和-非饱和土壤水运动模型,通过网格剖分模拟研究区各个位置土壤的体积含水率以及变换过程,并采用多个算例验证模型的稳定性和准确性。计算结果可知,土壤水分及地下水水位变化过程符合土壤水运动原理和日常经验,重现了特定土壤水运动的基本过程,为探究平原区水循环过程、水分转化关系以及进行大尺度平原区水文预报提供理论基础。  相似文献   

6.
干热河谷干季土壤水分动态研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
 为了开展植被恢复试验,对干热河谷土壤水分的动态变化规律进行初步研究。结果表明随海拔高度增加,干热河谷干季土壤水分呈逐渐增加趋势。干季相同海拔高度不同土地类型土壤含水量均较低,土壤含水量都低于 8% 。层间变化由于受降雨入渗分布与土壤水分向上蒸发的综合作用基本表现为增长型。利用变异系数对土壤水分的层间变化进行了分析和层次划分。  相似文献   

7.
为揭示城市化背景下草地植被根系层蒸散发和土壤水分的变动特性,选取扬州大学扬子津校区农水与水文生态实验场的禾草坪为研究区,对集中降雨事件同期的土壤水分变动过程进行分析,采用Penman-Monteith公式推求草地植被生长期内根系层(0~30 cm深度)的蒸散发量,并分析其变化特性。基于Richards方程构建研究区的一维土壤水分计算模型,在检验模型适用性的基础上,对草地植被根系层土壤水分变化过程进行模拟。结果表明:草地根系层土壤含水量在集中降雨期间有较明显的增加,而后逐渐减小,但不同深度的土壤含水量的增加幅度和变动过程存在较明显的差异;ET与降雨的联系密切,在集中降雨发生后,ET通常有较大幅度的增加;在计算时段内,所构建的一维土壤水分计算模型具有较高的计算精度。研究结果可以为城市化背景下草地植被根系层蒸散发及土壤水分运动的研究提供部分基础数据和方法上的借鉴。  相似文献   

8.
土壤水分监测结果显示,土壤含水量总体上随着降水量的增多而增加,随着降水量的减少而降低。变化显著的时期为:4~5月中旬降水少,春风盛行,蒸发强烈,但土壤墒情增加,根据观测结果证实,土壤水分在此主要受上一年土壤储水量的影响。  相似文献   

9.
采用厄瓜多尔147个气象站多年实测降水、温度、风速、湿度、日照等气象数据,分析研究了西部太平洋水系区、中部安第斯山区和东部亚马逊平原区降水、潜在蒸散发、土壤水分储存变化、实际蒸发量及土壤水的盈余或赤字量等水文平衡过程。研究方法基于Thornthwaite水平衡模型,需要输入降水量、潜在蒸散发量和土壤最大含水量等重要参数。潜在蒸散发量研究采用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith法和改进的Thornthwaite法。研究成果清晰展示了降水、蒸发、水量盈余或赤字的时空分布,对于研究该地区土壤水分的变化,优化农作物种植结构及播种、灌溉时机,水资源优化配置和水利工程规划可提供重要参考。  相似文献   

10.
赵文娟  黄凌 《人民黄河》2018,(2):152-156
将宁夏银北试验区夏季的蒸发、降雨、地下水埋深等数据作为求解土壤溶质运移方程的定解条件,同时确定试验区土壤的水动力学参数,结合有限体积数值计算方法对试验区土壤盐分含量在不同土层、不同时期的变化进行了数值模拟。结果表明:通过加密计算网格可有效提高模拟结果与实测值的吻合度;随着时间推移,土壤表层盐分含量逐渐增大、深层盐分含量则逐渐减小,模拟过程中出现了盐分含量恒定区域,该区域随时间的迁移逐渐缩小。  相似文献   

11.
根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。  相似文献   

12.
The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 106 t CO2eq km2 per year, or 24 × 106 t CO2eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO2eq MWh?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO2eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO2eq MWh?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.  相似文献   

14.
Call for Papers     
正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.  相似文献   

15.
The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.  相似文献   

16.
为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。  相似文献   

17.
A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).  相似文献   

18.
The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.  相似文献   

19.
River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.  相似文献   

20.
在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。  相似文献   

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