黄河下游截渗墙对地下水影响的数学模型与评价

在分析水文地质条件和建立黄河下游(河南段)影响带数学模型的基础上,采用FEFLOW软件建立了三维地下水流模拟模型。详细描述了模型中截渗墙的处理,并用模型模拟了截渗墙建成后黄河侧渗量和地下水流场的变化。结果为截渗墙埋深为20m和45m时,黄河年间侧渗量减少率相应为5.50%和7.48%,影响范围位于大堤两侧10km以内。地下水位的变化表现为大堤内侧水位相应升高,大堤外侧水位相应下降。     

黄河下游截流墙对地下水影响的数学模型与评价

在分析水文地质条件和建立黄河下游（河南段）影响带数学模型的基础上，采用FEFLOW软件建立了三维地下水流模拟模型。详细描述了模型中截渗墙的处理，并用模型模拟了截渗墙建成后黄河侧渗量和地下水流场的变化。结果为截渗墙埋深为20m和45m时，黄河年间侧渗量减少率相应为5．50％和7．48％，影响范围位于大堤两侧10km以内。地下水位的变化表现为大坦内侧水位相应升高，大堤外侧水位相应下降。     

河渠水位对两侧地下水的影响

河渠水位与两侧地下水位关系密切,直接影响当地工农业生产的发展,沿河地区的地下水位变化,受水文、气象、河渠结构、两岸土壤、水文地质条件、地形等因素的制约。本文对河渠水位上升、下降引起两侧地下水位变化的范围、距河不同地点地下水位上升、下降速度和高度,以及河水与两侧地下水的相互补给流量进行了试验研究。并分别对河渠侧渗与降雨入渗,对两侧地下水位变化特征的影响进行了分析比较,试验结果表明,侧渗引起地下水位的变化出现在近河一定范围内,降雨入渗则引起大面积的地下水位上升。根据地下水位变化规律,探讨了修建截渗工程,发展井灌、建立田间排水系统等调节地表水与地下水的措施。     

流水壕泉域修建地下水库可行性分析

在分析流水壕泉域水文地质条件的基础上,提出设立地下截渗墙修建地下水库的办法,以拦蓄地下水资源。经过可行性分析,在流水壕泉域内修建人工地下水库是可行的,在古洼槽分布区补设开采井群抽取地下水,实现地下水库集中供水,并可获得开采量5400 m3/d。修建后可以解决由于附近煤矿不合理开采导致的缺水问题。     

大顶子山水库浸没治理方案设计与模拟探讨

以贯穿式截渗墙、25米悬挂式截渗墙及综合排水3种浸没治理方案为预设情境,分别利用地下水计算机模型计算后,得出模拟结果。结果表明,贯穿式截渗墙截渗效果一般,25 m悬挂式截渗墙截渗效果不明显,强排水方案治理效果较显著。     

多头小直径深层搅拌截渗墙成墙质量的影响因素分析

截渗墙成墙质量的影响因素较多,诸如地下水位的高低、水泥掺入量、水泥品种和标号、地下水和土壤含盐量及施工工艺等,均不同程度的对成墙质量发生影响.结合新疆生产建设兵团农一师胜利水库除险加固工程,探讨了多头小直径深层搅拌截渗墙成墙质量的影响因素,可供相关施工单位参考.     

平原水库“防-截-导”渗流控制对坝后地下水位的影响

针对干旱区平原水库渗漏引起的坝后土壤盐渍化问题,基于非饱和渗流理论,以恰拉水库坝后农田地下水位埋深为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法研究了平原水库"防-截-导"渗流控制对坝后地下水埋深的影响。从防渗措施,截渗沟深度,截渗沟内积水排导情况等方面对比分析。结果表明:截渗沟深度与截渗沟积水深度的变化都会影响坝后农田地下水埋深,截渗沟越深,沟内积水深度越小对降低下游地下水位越有利。在"截渗-导渗"的联合作用下,确定无防渗措施、水平铺盖、垂直防渗墙3种工况下联合截渗沟最适深度分别为4. 5、4. 5、3. 5 m。其中垂直防渗结合"截渗-导渗"的作用效果最佳,是无防渗措施条件下的1. 16～1. 30倍,是水平铺盖措施条件下的1. 15～1. 21倍。可见"防-截-导"的综合控渗机制可有效控制下游的渗流量从而降低坝后农田地下水位,防止坝后农田土壤盐渍化的发生,治理下游的生态环境。     

基于大坳灌区扩建地下水环境影响评价

依据大坳灌区水文地质、气象、灌溉、开采、地下水动态监测等方面的资料,在掌握灌区地下水水位动态变化机理及动态特征的基础上,建立了区域的水文地质概念模型。运用地下水数值模拟软件Groundwater Model System建立灌区地下水水流模型,对灌区地下水水位进行模拟。模拟结果表明:地下水位的计算值和实测值吻合较好,该模型可以用来对该灌区新渠系建设后的地下水位进行预测。模型预测结果为:灌区新渠投入运行多年后地下水水位大部分上升值小于0.2 m,最大上升值0.49 m,对区域地下水位总体影响不大,不会引起相应的生态环境问题。     

临淮岗淹没影响处理工程堤防截渗墙施工实践

1工程概况河南省临淮岗淹没影响处理工程是水利部临淮岗洪水控制工程的重要组成部分,位于河南省信阳市固始县沿淮地区,淹没影响区总面积306km~2,居住人口20．9万人。主要建设内容为堤防工程、闸、泵站工程、险工工程、撤退道路工程等。其中为了增加堤防的抗渗性,对部分砂基堤防设截渗墙进行防渗处理,截渗墙工程全长16902m,平均截渗深度4～6m,工程共计11处,其中史灌河堤防2处、泉河堤防7处、潘家沟堤防2处。2施工技术截渗墙工程施工工艺流程如图所示。     

地下水应急开采对兰州三滩傍河水源地的影响

通过建立兰州"三滩"傍河水源地松散岩类孔隙水地下水流数值模拟模型,并根据研究区水文地质条件合理设计地下水应急开采方案,分析了应急开采对黄河水侧渗补给的影响以及水源地地下水位未来5a的演化趋势。结果显示,应急开采条件下,激发了黄河的侧渗补给量,随着时间的推移地下水补采平衡,5a预测期内傍河水源地地下水位未出现持续下降,预测期末水位趋于稳定。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明:库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。