一种新的岩石损伤软化本构模型

结合岩石微元强度提出了损伤变量的新形式,据此建立了新的岩石损伤软化本构模型.根据岩石三轴试验,可确定该模型中表述损伤变量的双参数.算例表明,该岩石损伤本构模型能反映岩石应变软化性状.     

基于统计损伤理论的德鲁克-普拉格岩石强度准则的修正

德鲁克-普拉格强度准则是目前岩石力学中广泛应用的岩石强度准则之一，其计算结果较为保守，与实际存在差距，为此本文深入探讨了其修正方法。研究方法是在前人岩石损伤软化统计本构模型研究的基础上，通过探讨不同围压条件下模型参数与围压的关系,对模型进行修正，然后，根据岩石屈服或破坏的概念，利用岩石变形软化全曲线的极值特性，采用多元函数求极值的方法建立岩石强度理论，从而对德鲁克-普拉格岩石强度准则进行修正。修正后的德鲁克-普拉格准则能反映体积应力、剪应力、中间主应力和最小主应力对岩石强度的影响，同时还可以反映岩石强度莫尔包络线的曲线特征，它与试验结果吻合良好。工程实例计算表明，该强度准则能更好地反映工程实际。     

岩石损伤软化统计本构模型参数的确定方法

本文探讨了岩石损伤软化统计本构模型参数与岩石软化变形破裂过程的应力应变全曲线的特征参量的理论关系，建立了本构模型参数新的确定方法。该方法通过常规试验所得到的峰值点的应力应变值即能确定整个本构模型的其它参数，再将峰值点的应力应变值与围压的关系进行拟合，即能将该模型推广成任意围压下的岩石损伤软化统计本构模型。试验表明，本文模型曲线能较好地反映岩石破裂的全过程。     

饱和非饱和岩石损伤软化统计本构模型

基于概率论和损伤力学讨论了岩石在荷载作用下的破坏、损伤和变形等特征．在混合物理论基础上，建立了饱和和非饱和岩石损伤软化统计本构模型．该模型能反映岩石在单轴抗压试验中初始加载阶段全应力应变由线稍向上凹曲的特征，以及在岩石受力过程中损伤和空隙(或孔隙)中流体对应力应变关系所起的作用．     

岩石统计损伤软化模型及其参数反演

为了反映岩石应变软化现象,基于岩石微元强度服从Weibull随机分布的假定,结合连续损伤理论,建立岩石统计损伤软化模型。该模型含有2个待定系数,其中一个可通过岩石应力-应变曲线的峰值点确定,另一个取决于微元强度参数。通过研究微元强度参数对所建模型的影响,采用优化反演分析法确定模型参数,克服传统方法求解模型参数精度较低的难点,并依据微元强度参数选取合理的强度准则。采用YSJ-01-00岩石三轴流变试验机进行红层泥岩常规三轴压缩试验,对比试验曲线和理论曲线,验证了本文模型和方法的正确性与合理性。     

第三系泥岩隧洞围岩大变形成因及应对措施

围岩大变形是软岩隧洞建设中危及隧洞施工及长期安全的重大工程灾害之一。结合第三系泥岩隧洞出现的显著围岩大变形及支护结构破坏等现象的工程现场调查,通过开展围岩监测、室内试验及数值模拟等工作,获得了第三系泥岩隧洞围岩大变形的主要成因和发生机理。研究表明:触发该隧洞围岩大变形的主要因素是低岩石强度条件下隧洞开挖卸荷引起的塑性变形以及地下水对围岩的软化作用,围岩挤压膨胀变形和不同岩层间的非一致变形共同主导了支护结构的破坏;围岩大变形的发生机理主要体现在第三系泥岩洞段横穿一条常年流水的冲沟,加之隧洞中部透水性良好的砂砾岩层,使得隧洞开挖后围岩含水率显著增加,第三系泥岩遇水泥化、软化,强度显著降低并呈现出一定的膨胀性,最终促使围岩产生显著的大变形。在此认识的基础上,提出了提高钢拱架型号、增强钢拱架之间的纵向连接、增设底拱外八字锁脚锚管、施加初期支护与二次衬砌之间的聚乙烯缓释消能层等应对措施,实施后的现场监测结果表明,所提出的控制措施有效解决了第三系泥岩洞段开挖过程中的软岩大变形难题。     

粉砂质泥岩常规三轴压缩试验与本构方程研究

针对杭兰高速公路巫山至奉节段巴东组二段(T2b2)粉砂质泥岩地层中挖方高边坡易产生变形破坏的问题，采用TAWA-2000微机控制岩石三轴压力试验机对T2b2粉砂质泥岩进行了常规三轴压缩试验，获取了0~4 MPa围压下岩石的应力-应变全过程曲线。分析了岩石屈服强度、峰值强度以及残余强度与围压之间的关系，得出了岩石峰值抗剪强度参数以及残余抗剪强度参数。依据塑性力学理论，建立了考虑岩石应变软化的双线性弹性-线性软化-残余理想塑性四线性模型，并分段建立了本构方程，确定了各阶段方程的参数，研究成果可为高速公路挖方高边坡的变形破坏分析提供必要的资料。     

考虑裂纹闭合影响的岩石变形破坏过程模拟研究

岩石内部裂纹的分布对岩石损伤本构关系影响很大,然而目前的岩石损伤本构模型较少考虑裂纹的影响。为建立考虑裂纹闭合影响的岩石变形破坏模拟方法,引进裂纹闭合系数,假设岩石的微元强度符合Harris分布函数,建立了考虑Harris分布和裂纹闭合效应的新型岩石损伤本构模型。基于极值法确定了Harris分布参数,开展室内粉砂岩力学试验并借鉴其他岩石数据验证模型的合理性。结果表明,模型曲线与试验曲线匹配较好,提出的模型能揭示岩石的变形破坏规律,反映岩石的残余强度和延性特征及裂纹闭合效应的影响;对岩石破坏的损伤演化过程进行的分析符合“S”形曲线规律,能够较好地反映岩石的变形阶段划分。     

关于水对岩石的软化作用及软化系数问题的讨论

岩石浸水后渗入孔隙或裂隙中的水引起部分岩石强度的降低而造成软化，工程实践中用软化系数来表征软化作用的大小。考虑到水对岩石的软化作用在工程上有很重要的意义，笔者在室内无侧向单轴强度试验条件下对岩石的软化系数问题以及水对岩石的软化作用提出一些看法，供岩土工程界同行参考。     

考虑剪胀性和应变软化的粉细砂双屈服面本构模型

针对上海粉细砂不存在唯一临界状态线的特点,对传统的砂土本构模型进行了改进,提出了一个能合理描述粉细砂剪胀性和应变软化特性的弹塑性本构模型.该模型采用双屈服面形式,可同时反映剪切变形及压缩变形机理.模型对传统修正剑桥模型中的剪胀性公式进行了改进,考虑了反映塑性体积应变由正转为负时对应的特征状态应力比与初始有效围压的相关性.为了描述应变软化特性,提出了一个利用残余状态应力比和峰值应力比的应变软化公式,可较为合理地反映粉细砂的应变软化特性.通过对上海粉细砂的多组试验结果模拟,验证了本文模型的合理性和有效性.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明：基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。