黄河流域黏性泥沙群体沉速计算分析

针对黄河流域由黏性矿物组成的黏性泥沙群体沉降特征展开研究。基于泥沙颗粒受力分析和能量守恒定律,以处于稳态的泥沙颗粒为参照物,构建了泥沙颗粒水沙界面能量耗散物理图形;建立了考虑挟沙水流运动黏性系数和紊动黏性系数的泥沙群体沉速显式表达式,并采用黄河流域典型黏性泥沙红色砒砂岩颗粒开展了泥沙群体沉速试验研究。结果表明：红色砒砂岩组成的含沙水体中泥沙群体沉速整体随含沙量增大而减小并逐渐趋于定值;当垂向平均含沙量为0.34～0.45 kg/m³时,泥沙群体沉速表现为随含沙量的增加而增大。采用试验数据对建立的公式进行验证,公式能较合理地表达水流黏性和尾流分离对泥沙颗粒沉降阻力的影响。研究结果可为黄河流域黏性泥沙淤积和输移规律研究提供参考。     

黄河下游黏性泥沙的冲刷速率研究

由于黄河下游河床中黏性泥沙与非黏性泥沙的抗冲性明显不同,导致黄河下游河势畸形、河岸坍塌等现象频发。选取黄河下游花园口附近河床中3种不同颗粒级配黏性泥沙进行抗冲刷试验,建立不同淤积固结状态下黏性泥沙冲刷速率与相对剩余切应力的关系,分析黏性泥沙干密度、中值粒径对冲刷速率、冲刷系数、能量指数的影响。结果表明:对于不同颗粒级配的黏性泥沙来说,其冲刷系数随着干密度的增大而减小;能量指数随着干密度的增大而增大;能量指数与相对剩余切应力近似成2次方关系;泥沙中值粒径在6.1～804.0μm范围内时,冲刷系数随中值粒径的增大呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;能量指数随中值粒径的增大呈现出先减小后增大的趋势。     

ASM在近底泥沙浓度剖面观测中的应用研究

ASM是现场悬浮物浓度的高分辨率剖面观测仪,在测量悬沙浓度方面具有多点同步的优点。将ASM应用于长江口北槽近底三脚架观测系统,观测近底1m的泥沙浓度剖面。结合同步的OBS实测数据,对比分析了ASM所测浊度数据的可靠性及敏感度。通过对ASM的浊度参数进行含沙量转换的室内标定实验,分析了水体浊度、悬浮物颗粒和浓度间的关系,讨论了泥沙颗粒大小及级配差对ASM观测的影响。结合近底层水沙观测系统,给出了ASM的应用前景,可为基于该仪器的河口海岸滩槽水沙观测及相关研究提供科学依据。     

基于激光散射原理的含沙量快速施测方法研究

含沙量是水文基本资料收集的一项重要内容,传统的采集水样后烘干称重的方法已不能满足现代对时效性的要求。基于Mie散射原理,提出了采用激光粒度仪分析仪转换含沙量的方法。该方法的实施步骤是:首先配置若干悬移质含沙量已知的水样,然后通过激光粒度仪分析其泥沙颗粒级配分布的体积浓度,率定出体积浓度与重量浓度之间的转换关系,在分析泥沙颗粒级配分布的同时快速转换出悬移质含沙量。试验结果表明:该方法可在采用激光法进行悬移质泥沙颗粒级配分析的水文测站使用,因为水文测站固定断面悬移质泥沙颗粒级配分布精度可控,建立转换关系简单、速度快、精度高,在悬移质含沙量快速施测方面具有很好的推广前景。     

黄河高含沙水体光谱特性研究

根据野外实测资料进行的高含沙水体光谱特性研究得出:随着水体含沙量增大,光谱反射率增大,其峰值向近红外波段移动;当水体含沙量为10~(-1)公斤/米~3量级时,泥沙粒径大小对光谱反射率的影响比较显著。如泥沙粒径大于10微米的粉粒和沙粒所占比例增大时,产生非选择散射。泥沙粒径小于10微米的软泥和粘粒所占比例增大时,产生米氏散射,使400～600毫微米波段光谱反射率增大。水体含沙量在10~0～10~2公斤/米~3量级时,泥沙粒径对光谱反射率的影响为水体高含沙量本身的影响所淹没;含沙水体光谱反射率R(%)与水体含沙量(S)有较好的对数关系;分析表明:波长600～800毫微米是研究黄河高含沙水体的较好波段,900～1020毫微米(或Mss_7波段)更是判别含沙量在10~2公斤/米~3以上的高含沙水体的重要波段。     

极细沙含量对粗沙输移能力影响研究综述

从泥沙颗粒级配和挟沙能力两个方面分析了极细沙含量对粗沙输移能力影响的研究成果,认为:①冲泻质与床沙质的分界粒径还有待于进一步研究;②关于极细颗粒泥沙对粗颗粒泥沙输移的影响程度、粗细颗粒泥沙的分组挟沙力计算、影响机理以及极细颗粒泥沙的絮凝问题还有待于继续探索;③细颗粒泥沙对粗沙输移能力的影响研究成果在黄河上的适用性有待商榷;④对细颗粒泥沙的黏性作用、粗颗粒泥沙的隐蔽作用和絮凝动力机制还有待于深入研究.     

黄河下游引黄灌区管道输水临界不淤流速试验

为了研究黄河下游引黄灌区管道输水临界不淤流速的计算方法,在室内用U-PVC管道,以黄河泥沙为沙样,进行了90、110、125 mm三种管径、两种泥沙颗粒级配条件下,不同含沙量浑水管道输水临界不淤流速试验。结果表明:试验条件下,在含沙量、管径相同时,浑水中泥沙粒径越大,临界不淤流速越大;在管径、泥沙粒径相同时,含沙量越大,临界不淤流速越大;在泥沙粒径、含沙量相同时,管径越大,临界不淤流速越小。依据试验成果,利用回归分析方法建立了黄河下游引黄灌区管道输水临界不淤流速计算公式。     

絮凝对三峡水库泥沙沉降的影响

现场与室内实测的泥沙级配差异证实了三峡水库中存在泥沙絮凝现象,絮凝会加速水库泥沙淤积速率。为了确定絮凝对泥沙沉降速率的影响,现场采集了三峡水库原样泥沙,基于三峡水库水体环境,采用室内静水沉降试验对三峡水库中泥沙絮凝沉降规律进行了研究。研究结果表明,当试验采用的初始含沙量大于0.3 kg/m3时,部分单颗粒泥沙会聚集形成絮团,且泥沙絮凝程度以及沉速增加的幅度与水体中含沙量呈正比。参与絮团形成的单颗粒泥沙粒径均位于0.022 mm以下,小于临界粒径的泥沙占全沙的83%;采用絮凝因数和物质沉降通量因数分别表征絮凝对泥沙沉降的影响程度,这两种因数都随含沙量增加而增加,含沙量在1.5 kg/m3以下时其最大值分别为5.03和1.66,表明絮凝对三峡库区汛期的泥沙淤积有可能造成较大影响。     

黄河悬移质非均匀不平衡输沙挟沙力计算

基于非均匀非平衡状态下挟沙力级配的研究成果,利用系统的黄河干支流资料,进行了混合沙挟沙力与实测含沙量符合性的对比分析。表明在非均匀沙不平衡输沙条件下挟沙力级配不同于悬沙级配,用挟沙力级配计算挟沙力更确切反映黄河干支流泥沙多来多排的输沙特点,说明该项研究成果在理论上是必要的,在实际中是可行的。     

悬移质挟沙能力水槽试验研究

利用0.03 mm黄土和卵石碾成粉末制成的0.03 mm人工沙,0.06 mm黄土,0.13 mm黄沙,共计4种沙样,在槽长33 m,宽1.25 m,深0.5 m,可以调节坡度的钢板水槽内按系统试验方法进行饱和含沙量试验.进槽含沙量较高,含沙量沿程降低,底部泥沙淤积,形成沙波,待水流中含沙量在1～2 h内保持不变时,定义为极限或饱和含沙量.每次试验测定含沙量、流速、水深、水面比降、悬沙颗粒级配、槽底泥沙淤积比降、槽底泥沙颗粒级配等数据,探求细粒泥沙在一定条件下的饱和悬沙含量,即悬移质挟沙能力.试验观测及理论分析表明,在恒定均匀水流条件下,浑水悬沙饱和含沙量取决于悬浮泥沙的沉速、水流流速、水深、水力半径、水面比降、底部淤沙粒径各水沙因子.在寻求挟沙能力经验公式中,除水流本身紊动挟沙外,还应考虑底部含沙量,淤沙粒径,包括糙率(沙波高度)和底沙运动,对输沙的影响,所求得的经验公式包括Velikanov公式诸因子以及底沙受水流剪力流速和底沙粒径的比值的因子.天然渠道资料检验说明了公式的适用性.     

Calibration of turbidity meter and acoustic doppler velocimetry (Triton‐ADV) for sediment types present in drained peatland headwaters: Focus on particulate organic peat

Suspended sediments have a clear impact on fluvial water quality and aquatic habitats. As the concentrations are highly variable, continuous measurement offers a good way to provide accurate and precise values of sediment concentration and yield. However, there is a lack of information regarding the effect of organic peat particles, which typically appear in boreal fluvial systems. In the present study, the effect of different types of suspended sediments on calibration of a turbidity meter and an acoustic Doppler velocimetry (Triton‐ADV) was studied in laboratory conditions. The measurements were performed using particulate organic peat, clay and silt with several concentrations ranging from clear water to 3500 mg L^?1. The present study primarily provides organic peat sediment calibration data for used sensors. Regression equations were developed for the different sediment. The results indicate that particle size, shape, concentration and sediment type have an effect on calibration. When the turbidity and the ADV calibration were performed for different particle size groups, sediment types and concentrations, the calibration and suspended solids calculation error was reduced. For the turbidity sensor used, the reliable upper continuous measurement limit for clay, peat and silt sediments was found to be at 1000, 2500 and 3500 mg L^?1, respectively. The ADV‐sensor was noticed to be reliable only with fine particles. The results enable easy and first step calibration and error assessment for automatic turbidity and acoustic monitoring of the suspended sediment quality typically present in headwater fluvial systems. This study can be used to evaluate the effect of different sediments on turbidity and ADV‐measuring error and reliability during changing particles size distributions, characteristics and concentrations. The laboratory‐based approach used in this study indicates that the shape of organic peat particles has an influence on sensor calibration, especially when suspended sediment concentrations are high. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Rouse公式的紊流区悬沙粒径级配垂线分布规律

基于Rouse公式及紊流泥沙沉速公式,分别推导得到了紊流时的悬沙粒径及级配垂线分布公式,前者直接量化了泥沙“上细下粗”的垂线分布规律,后者则可用于计算不同水层及垂线上总的悬沙粒径级配。通过实例,应用粒径级配计算公式得到了不同水层的悬沙粒径级配。结果表明:泥沙粒径“上细下粗”的分布规律明显;在越远离床面的水层,细颗粒所占的比重越大,粒径分布越均匀。当考虑悬浮高度影响时,以最大粒径悬沙的最大悬浮高度为界,该高度之下级配“等宽”,该高度之上级配“上窄下宽”。     

OBS 500光学后向散射浊度仪在马口水文站泥沙监测应用分析

采用相关关系分析方法,通过马口水文站传统含沙量分析与OBS 500光学后向散射浊度仪泥沙监测应用比测分析,建立水体浊度与泥沙浓度的相关关系,进行浊度与泥沙浓度的转化,进而实现含沙量在线监测方式。OBS泥沙监测方法简单、处理速度快、可实现实时连续监测,对于在复杂珠江三角洲网河区域实现泥沙在线监测具有现实的推广意义。     

输沙管道高含沙水流阻力特性探讨

根据对实测资料的分析,得出了输沙管道高含沙水流沿程和局部阻力系数的变化规律及确定方法,提出了管道综合泥沙因子和综合阻力系数的相关关系,同时指出细颗粒组成对高含沙水流的阻力特性有很大影响。分析表明:随着含沙量的增大,悬沙级配的粒径分布范围变宽,细颗粒在悬沙中所占比重减小,当细颗粒增加到一定程度时,单位体积水流可以挟带大量的粗颗粒泥沙;在输送高含沙水流时,应确定其最优细颗粒含量,以降低水流阻力,提高输沙效率。     

Predicting suspended sediment concentration from nephelometric turbidity in organic‐rich waters

Nephelometric turbidity is an optical index for the side scattering of light caused by fine particles suspended in water. When a mixed composition of suspended inorganic and organic materials, including dissolved organic material, is present, turbidity measurements can be affected by the different optical properties of the organic and inorganic materials present, and different turbidimeters are more or less sensitive to these influences. Two different methods of nephelometric turbidity measurement were assessed (using instruments confirming to two different turbidity standard methods: EPA 180.1 and ISO 7027). We investigated the influence of particulate organic matter and coloured dissolved organic matter on relationships between turbidity and suspended sediment concentration for rivers in diverse Otago catchments, in the South Island of New Zealand. The presence of organic matter and dissolved colour affected turbidity measurement owing to light absorption; however, turbidity measurement following the ISO 7027 standard, which specifies near infrared radiation at wavelengths where organic absorption is very weak, was less affected by organics. As a result, rating equations between suspended sediment and turbidity may be significantly different with ISO 7027 compared with EPA 180.1 methods.     

OBS浊度计在三水、马口及岗根水文站含沙量比测试验研究

根据光学后向散射浊度计测量水体浊度与人工传统含沙量分析在三水、马口及岗根水文站同步比测试验研究分析,揭示了珠江三角洲部分河道水体浊度与含沙量的相互关系,探讨了光学后向散射浊度计应用于珠江三角洲河道含沙量分析的前景。     

Effect of Timber Harvest on Physical Water Quality Characteristics

The effect of 11% thinning on selected stream water properties in an oak-beech forest ecosystem in the Belgrad Forest of Istanbul, Turkey was studied with a paired catchment experiment. Regression equations for some physical properties of the stream water were developed between control (W-I) and treatment (W-II) watersheds for calibration (with their 95% confidence limits) and treatment periods. The study discovered significant linear regressions between control and treatment watersheds for color, turbidity, air and water temperatures, suspended sediment concentration, pH and electrical conductivity in the calibration period but not turbidity and suspended sediment concentration in the treatment period. The impact of the timber removal was calculated as the difference between measured and predicted values derived from calibration equations. Results showed that timber harvest caused significant decreases in the color, turbidity, temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity values of the stream water and air temperature under the canopy but did not affect the suspended sediment concentration in the stream water.     

Characteristics of storm runoff and sediment dispersal in the San Pedro Channel, southern California.

In-site measurements of particle size spectra were obtained from three offshore cruises to evaluate the physical consequences of increased sediment transport and deposition offshore which was caused by episodic storm runoff water from the Santa Ana River watershed, a highly urbanised coastal watershed in southern California. Of the total annual runoff discharge to the coastal ocean, 89.2% occurred in the 2003/2004 winter season, and 0.22 Mt of sediment mass was transported during the storm events. The runoff plume at surface taken offshore by cross-shore currents progressed rapid aggregation and sedimentation, while the initially high concentration of suspended sediment discharged from the river outlet was dominated by small particles. Vertical profiles of particle size spectra revealed two separated plumes near the river outlet and turbidity plume along the bottom consisted of an abundance of very fine and dense particles. It would appear to support the theory that even if the storm runoff does not carry a high concentration of sediment being capable of generating negative buoyancy, sediment deposition on the shelf might mobilise in dense, fluid mud transported offshore by gravity. In a coastal pollution context, sediment particle size spectra information may offer potentially useful means of characterising particle-associated pollutants for purposes of source tracking and environmental interpretation.     

水库排沙对下游河流鱼类影响研究进展

水库排沙对减轻水库淤积、延长水库寿命和恢复河流泥沙连续性等方面有着重要意义,但是水库进行水力排沙时水库下游河流水体的物理和化学性质的变化可能对鱼类等水生生物产生不利影响,严重时出现死鱼现象.国内外水库排沙时期下游河道含沙量及其颗粒级配、溶解氧浓度、污染物等水质变化对鱼类影响研究表明,微颗粒泥沙淤堵鱼鳃影响其摄入氧气功能和水体溶解氧下降是影响鱼类的两个主要因素,且含沙量及其持续时间、颗粒级配等对鱼类影响机理不同.最后展望了我国今后水库排沙对下游河流鱼类研究内容.     

OBS-3A在悬移质含沙量测验中的应用研究

传统悬移质含沙量主要采用烘干法测量,其操作繁琐、费时费力且无法实时连续施测,近年来越来越多地被光学仪器法（OBS-3A）替代。介绍了OBS-3A的测量原理、仪器结构,通过OBS-3A与传统方法测验悬沙浓度（SSC）比测试验,分析了传统方法测沙与OBS-3A测沙结果之间的关系。结果表明,只要样本覆盖一定范围且样本数达到一定数量,浊度和SSC之间能得到较好的相关关系。推荐采用0.6 H的水样率定工作曲线。OBS-3A的测量结果受泥沙粒径的影响较大,颗粒粒径越小,OBS-3A就越敏感,所测得结果也更为准确。