小洋溪水库大坝除险加固设计

小洋溪水库碾压混凝土重力坝经鉴定为三类坝，需进行除险加固。在查明该水库病害现状及病害成因后，结合碾压混凝土的特点，进行了3种除险加固设计方案比选，最终采用了“主坝坝体灌浆防渗、1号副坝坝体上游面浇筑混凝土防渗面板”的设计方案，通过处理后蓄水观测证明该方案达到了除险加固的目的。     

补偿收缩混凝土面板的施工方法

碾压混凝土坝的防渗基本有两种类型：一是碾压混凝土自身防渗，二是在上游面设置专门防渗结构，龙门滩一级碾压混凝土坝防渗采用补偿收缩混凝土防渗面板，大大南昌市了坝体防渗能力，值得借鉴。     

浅谈混凝土重力坝上游面土工膜防渗技术

由于设计、施工、管理等种种原因,我国早期兴建的混凝土坝坝体渗漏问题严重,亟待加固处理.PVC复合土工膜在坝体防渗加固处理中具有施工方便、造价低、工期短、不受气候条件影响、节省工程量等优点.对混凝土坝体上游面设置土工膜防渗施工技术进行分析论述,采用PVC复合土工膜防渗处理,防渗效果良好.     

七里坡水库砌石拱坝裂缝渗漏原因分析及处理

为消除七里坡水库大坝由于砌石密实度低、未设置防渗面板等,导致高水位蓄水运行条件下坝体下游面及坝肩存在渗漏问题。经实地踏勘和钻芯取样,对大坝渗漏原因进行了全面调查分析。结合坝体应力和拱座整体稳定性复核成果,采取上游坝面增设混凝土面板与坝基坝肩增补帷幕灌浆为主的组合防渗方案进行防渗处理。大坝整治后,历经高水位和汛期大流量考验,各项指标运行正常,坝体和坝肩渗漏问题处理成功。     

土石坝排水设计分析

结合近年江西省中小型水库除险加固工程实际情况,运用工程实例,介绍土石坝坝体和坝面排水设计。文章以防渗体上游侧为坝体上游,防渗体下游侧为坝体下游。当库水向下游渗透时,穿过防渗体的坝体下游渗透水主要通过排水反滤体排向下游;当库水位下降时,未穿过防渗体的坝体上游渗透水主要通过护坡排水孔排回库区。坝面排水主要是排下游坝面及坝顶的雨水,坝面排水应与坝体排水分离排出。大坝加固实施后,下游坝脚处大面积散浸现象和多处集中渗漏点已消失,坝容坝貌得到有效改观。     

山口三级电站碾压混凝土重力坝主要施工技术

山口三级电站混凝土重力坝施工中采用全悬壁大面模板，混凝土运输以真空溜槽为主，门机运输为辅，真空溜槽布置在左岸坝肩上，真空溜槽与拌和楼之间的混凝土输送采用皮带机。本工程为全断碾压混凝土，坝体上游面采用R90200、W6二级配碾压混凝土作防渗体，防渗体以下部分则采用R90100、W4三级配碾压混凝土，由于是夏季施工，采取了遮阳处理、仓面喷雾处理等措施。     

桃林口水库(右岸)坝体工程施工

桃林口水右岸坝体工程，包括右岸非溢流坝段电站坝段泄水孔坝段计9个坝块全长147m。建基面高程74m－113m。坝顶高程146．5m。采用“金包银”坝型，RCC方法施工。坝体上游面常态混凝土防渗层厚35m．下游面常态混凝土防渗层后1．sin，中间部分为碾压混凝土。坝体主要工程量：钢筋223ot，混凝土33．2万m’。l岩面清理坝基岩面清理直接影响到混凝土的施工。保护层开挖后的岩面高低不平、风化、破碎带较多，必须采用人工清理，并采用高压风水冲洗，将岩石裂隙夹泥及碎渣冲洗干净。最后用手工将积水和泥渣清理干净，保证基岩面的岩石完好洁净．…     

观文水库大坝坝型方案比选

沥青混凝土心墙坝和混凝土面板堆石坝是当地材料坝中两种比较典型的坝型,心墙坝防渗体位于坝体内部,不易破坏,但是发生问题不好处理,面板坝防渗体位于坝体上游坝坡上,与外界接触,受外部环境影响较大,易破坏,但也方便修复,两种防渗体各有优缺点,文章结合观文水库现状实际情况对两种坝型进行了经济技术比较,最终采用沥青混凝土心墙坝型。     

观音阁水库混凝土大坝越冬面水平施工缝的开裂原因及处理措施

应用温度及温度徐变应力仿真计算和线弹性断裂力学理论，分析了观音阁大坝越冬面水平裂缝的原因是，越冬面混凝土上下层温差及内表温差的温度应力超过混凝土的抗裂强度，和越冬面附近混凝土层间抗拉强度低于本体抗拉强度所致．分析表明，随着高程的降低，其相应部位的裂缝及坝体层间稳定性越小，如不处理，其危害性越大．依据分析结果，各高程裂缝的处理原则亦不同．高程２１８．２５ｍ裂缝的上游面进行防渗处理；高程２３３．２５ｍ水平裂缝只作简单处理．具体防渗措施是采用沥青混凝土防渗面板．     

涌溪三级电站碾压混凝土重力坝结构设计

涌溪三级电站拦河坝为碾压混凝土重力坝，最大坝高81m，坝顶总长180m，本文对碾压混凝土重力坝的布置，上游坝面防渗型式，坝体横缝等进行简要介绍。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明:库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明:MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%～5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于MIDAS软件探讨施工工序对深基坑稳定性的影响

基于武汉地铁名都站深基坑工程与水文地质勘察资料,建立了三维工程地质仿真计算模型。依据名都站深基坑开挖支护方案,利用有限元软件MIDAS的摩尔-库仑本构模型,对武汉地铁名都站深基坑施工过程中,不同施工工序下每步开挖之后,基坑的变形情况做仿真模拟计算,并对比分析其对基坑稳定性的影响。结果表明:基坑围护结构的变形情况与施工工序有很大的关系,施工工序越合理,上部土体变形越小,反之越大。因此,在基坑工程的施工过程中,要注重施工步骤的划分与合理安排,从而保证基坑工程的安全。研究成果为以后武汉地区基坑工程的施工设计提供了值得借鉴的经验。