亭子口电站技术供水系统的优化改造

亭子口电站技术供水系统承担着发电机空气冷却器、推力轴承及导轴承油冷却器、水轮机水导轴承油冷却器、主变冷却器等设备所需的冷却用水和主轴密封用水。在实际运行过程中,存在较多问题,如主变冷却水仅一路水源,机组供水控制程序设计复杂等,经过对其进行改造优化,技术供水系统运行稳定可靠。     

设置清洁循环冷却水池进行机组冷却优化设计

在常规水电站供水系统优化设计中，机组技术供水系统采用清洁循环冷却水池的供水方案可避免泥沙的危害，还可减少机组技术供水设备的维修、维护工作量，有着一定的长期效益。阐述了该方案的适用条件、设置要求及优缺点。     

老挝南湃水电站技术供水系统技术改造

老挝南湃水电站技术供水系统采用尾水取水单元供水方式,因电站所处流域河水中含有大量Ca、Mg离子,电站技术供水系统虽然设置有滤水器过滤,但是受水质条件影响,机组各部位冷却器(上导、下导、水导油冷却器及空冷器等)管内壁慢慢结垢,冷却效果下降,机组各部位温度上升,影响机组安全稳定运行。鉴于此,将技术供水系统改造为循环技术供水方式,以彻底解决冷却水水质问题。     

闭式循环冷却器在小峡水电站技术供水系统中的应用

闭式循环冷却器在机组技术供水系统中应用，省略了专门的水冷却处理设备，简化了系统规模，有利于节约用水和节约投资。通过实际投运的结果来看，不但达到了冷却机组各部轴承冷却用水的目的，还解决了机组冷却器及供排水管路泥沙淤积堵塞的难题。文章主要从闭式循环冷却器的性能、技术特点和运行，介绍了在小峡水电站技术供水系统中的应用情况。     

水轮发电机组技术供水系统优化改造

水轮发电机组技术供水系统的主要作用是向机组的各导轴承及发电机空气冷却器提供冷却用水。以漫湾水电厂为例,对其机组的技术供水系统出现的问题展开分析。该水电厂机组的部分技术供水系统由于未与机组的开机、停机同步而处于常流水状态,造成了水资源的极大浪费。为此,经过分析研究,决定在机组技术供水总管的滤水器后加装电动阀,并将电动阀的控制接入到机组的自动开机和停机控制流程,实现了电动阀的自动开启或关闭。已完成改造的机组经过了近1 a的实际运行,运行效果表明,技术供水系统运行状态正常、可靠,水力损失得到了明显减少,电厂的自动化水平也得到了提高。     

向家坝左岸电站技术供水系统水力控制阀运行分析及对策

向家坝水电站技术供水系统采用单机单元自流减压供水方式,为避免长时间运行使冷却设备换热器管网内部淤塞,该水电站左岸厂房机组技术供水系统采用由四个水力控制阀组成的正、反向供水阀门组,以定期对管网进行正、反向冲洗,保证供水系统正常的冷却效果。     

石面坦水电站灯泡式水轮发电机冷却系统的改造

灯泡式水轮发电机的二次循环冷却系统的冷却水的冷却，多是通过炮泡体的冷却锥套表面与河水进行热交换的方式。石面坦、永兴、马骝滩、渭沱等水电站的灯泡贯流水轮发电机组，在刚投入运行时其发电机冷却 系统的冷却效果较好，但运行一段时间后，在其冷却锥套外壁都附着一层厚3－5mm的类似污泥或类似水垢的物质或水生物。对冷却锥套的热交换效果影响很大，致使发电机的运行温度升高，每年都需要组织人员进行清除。后经改造成敞开械循环冷却供水系统，取得了较好的效果。     

水轮发电机组技术供水系统优化改造——以漫湾水电厂为例

水轮发电机组技术供水系统的主要作用是向机组的各导轴承及发电机空气冷却器提供冷却用水。以漫湾水电厂为例,对其机组的技术供水系统出现的问题展开分析。该水电厂机组的部分技术供水系统由于未与机组的开机、停机同步而处于常流水状态,造成了水资源的极大浪费。为此,经过分析研究,决定在机组技术供水总管的滤水器后加装电动阀,并将电动阀的控制接入到机组的自动开机和停机控制流程,实现了电动阀的自动开启或关闭。已完成改造的机组经过了近1 a的实际运行,运行效果表明,技术供水系统运行状态正常、可靠,水力损失得到了明显减少,电厂的自动化水平也得到了提高。     

云南禄劝赛珠水电站技术供水系统改造

赛珠水电站技术供水系统技术改造中,针对现场实际情况,经认真研究,对管路走向、设备布置和土建改造等进行优化.改造后,机组运行正常,技术供水系统各项数据满足技术要求,改造是成功的.     

南津渡水电站发电机冷却系统技术改造初探

南津渡水电站机组冷却系统是引进奥地利ELIN的密闭循环强迫通风的冷却方式,运行多年实践证明冷却效果未到达国家相关技术标准。文章介绍了南津渡水电站冷却系统改造的技术方案、功能设计等,对国内同类型机组的改造有参考意义。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.