淮河淮南段底泥氮磷垂直分布研究

对淮河淮南段国家控制断面柱状样底泥的岩性、理化性质及氮磷形态的垂直分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,0～20 cm内底泥的含水率与有机质含量间有显著的正相关性(r=0.963).不同断面氮的含量及形态分布差异较大,一般都在20 cm处发生明显的转折,TN、NH+-4-N、NO--3-N含量的最高值均出现在姚家湾;NH+-4-N、NO--3-N含量总和占TN的比例极小,有机氮及地质氮可能是淮河底泥氮的主要存在形式;底泥磷的形态分布特征相似,钙磷(Ca-P)含量在各层所占的比例约占该层TP的40%;闭蓄磷(O-P)在峡山口、石头埠、湖大涧3个断面所占的比例仅次于Ca-P;铁磷(Fe-P)在姚家湾、石头埠相对较高.最具释放潜力的水溶性磷、Al-P、Fe-P在4个柱状样底泥中都较低;三者之和约占TP的20%左右.研究结论为:淮河淮南段底泥磷的释放不会对淮河的富营养化起太大的作用,外源输入和底泥氮的释放是淮河水体富营养化的主要原因.     

水源型水库底泥中磷形态及其分布特征研究

以长江下游某水源型水库为例,对水库表层底泥应用淡水沉积物磷形态的标准测试程序（SMT）测定了总磷（TP）、铁铝结合态磷（Fe/Al-P）、钙结合态磷（Ca-P）、无机磷（IP）和有机磷（OP）,分析了各形态磷之间的相关性。研究结果表明：水库总磷含量在652.55～889.78 mg/kg ,表层沉积物中 T P含量的增加主要来自Fe/Al-P部分,其次来自IP和OP部分。OP含量与 Ca-P和 Fe/Al-P的含量均有较好的正相关关系,而Ca-P 与 Fe/Al-P相关性较弱。5个采样点底泥中的铁铝结合态磷含量都低于钙结合态磷,且两者比值都小于0.5,应考虑环境酸化引起的磷释放风险。     

汾河水库沉积污染物赋存形态及释放特性研究

以汾河水库沉积物为对象,通过灭菌—未灭菌、投药—未投药(还原剂)静态对比实验,系统考察了PO3-4、NH+4-N、Fe等污染物的内源释放特性,并对沉积磷及其各组分形态进行分析。结果表明:微生物代谢活动促进底泥磷释放;ORP影响氮、磷释放,但NH+4-N释放对于ORP变化的敏感度不及PO34-;厌氧条件下(DO=0~0.5mg/L),灭菌反应器中NH+4-N、Fe释放强度均高于未灭菌组;Fe、P释放间存在线性正相关性(R2=0.7585~0.7656)。底泥磷释放以O-P、Fe-P为主,其中各形态无机磷占其总量的百分比排序为:Ca10-P(47%)>Fe-P(25%)>O-P(19%)>Ca8-P(5%)>Ca2-P(3%)>Al-P(1%);此外,还证明了碱性磷酸酶比活性(APA)变化与内源磷释放间存在负相关性。     

黄河典型地区沉积物中磷的赋存形态

采用改进的化学连续提取法,将所提取的黄河沉积物样品,用磷钼蓝分光光度法测定不同形态磷的含量。结果表明:黄河干流喇嘛湾、济南、花园口河段沉积物中磷的主要赋存形态是Ca-P,Org-P次之,Al-P、Ex-P、Fe-P和Obs-P含量均较少;沉积物中TP平均含量为1 219.169～1 543.588μg/g,主要以无机磷的形式存在,在所研究区域中,黄河花园口段TP含量最高;受人类活动、水动力条件、沉积环境等的影响,不同地段的各种形态磷的含量都有所差异。     

三峡库区香溪河消落带土壤磷时间动态研究

为探讨水华主要影响因子对三峡水库支流及库湾水华发生的影响,根据三峡库区水位变动规律,在香溪河消落带连续2 a(2013~2014年)开展了土壤磷素采样分析,并探讨了磷形态之间及其与土壤理化性质之间的相关性。研究结果显示:(1)2个水位涨落周期内,香溪河消落带土壤TP、水溶性磷(WS-P)、Al-P、闭蓄态磷(O-P)和Ca-P平均含量分别为749.43±56.43,9.05±1.10,26.41±5.55,46.62±7.57,112.49±17.47,228.76±11.26 mg/kg;消落带土壤中钙磷Ca-P和O-P是无机磷(IP)的主要赋存形态,Ca-P/IP均值为53.27%,O-P/IP均值为26.52%。(2)2014年消落带土壤TP和Ca-P与2013年相比呈增加的趋势;2个水位涨落周期内,土壤Al-P在泄水期含量显著高于出露期和蓄水期,而Fe-P在蓄水期含量显著高于泄水期和出露期(p0.05),两者呈相反的消涨趋势;消落带各海拔高程磷形态含量有所差异,变异系数分析表明,周期性淹水可导致消落带不同高程磷形态含量的变化,并增加了其分布的空间异质性。(3)冗余分析(RDA)排序和相关性分析得出p H是影响Ca-P的主要因素,土壤p H偏碱性是导致土壤Ca-P含量上升的重要原因;土壤有机质(SOM)是影响Al-P,Fe-P,O-P含量的主要因素;Al-P,Fe-P含量呈显著性正相关,而均与Ca-P含量呈显著性负相关(P0.05)。     

水位调控对河口沉积物磷赋存及生物可利用性的影响

以丹江口库区神定河河口持续淹水和间歇淹水积物为对象,探讨水位调控前后不同淹水沉积物的理化性质、磷赋存及生物可利用性变化规律。实验持续3个水位调控循环,水位变化速率分别为0,3,6 cm/d。结果表明:水位调控总体上促使沉积物OM流失和pH值升高。与对照速率(0 cm/d)相比,3 cm/d和6 cm/d水位变化使无定形铁氧化物分别增加了185.56%~204.92%(持续淹水沉积物)和185.28%~228.76%(间歇淹水沉积物)。水位调控后,持续淹水和间歇淹水沉积物的可交换态磷(Ex-P)、铝结合态磷(Al-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、钙结合态磷(Ca-P)和总磷(TP)含量均上升,OM流失降解和闭蓄态磷(O-P)活化转化造成有机磷(Org-P)和O-P含量降低。水位调控有利于Org-P和O-P转化为活性磷,因此应将二者也视作沉积物生物可利用性磷组分。     

广州城市河涌氮、磷污染研究

对广州市区典型河涌氮、磷污染进行分析研究。结果表明:上覆水中氨氮质量浓度为6.21~22.40 mg/L,间隙水中氨氮质量浓度为19.9~152.0 mg/L。河涌上覆水以及间隙水中的氮污染主要是无机氮污染,且以氨氮为主,占总无机氮的90%以上。各河涌的氨氮和总氮值之间表现出很强相关性,但上覆水的氨氮和总氮值与间隙水的氨氮和总氮值之间,却不存在明显相关性。底泥间隙水与上覆水磷形态差异较大,间隙水中可溶性正磷酸盐与总磷具有较好的相关性,且有机磷质量浓度比上覆水要高;底泥中可溶性磷(Psol)、铝结合磷(PAl)质量浓度较低,铁结合磷(PFe)质量浓度较高。悬浮物中各形态磷质量浓度整体上均比底泥样品要高。     

北运河通州城区段底泥间隙水污染状况调查分析

针对北运河通州城区段底泥间隙水中的污染物进行调查,分析北运河中游底泥污染状况。监测结果表明:北运河通州城区段底泥间隙水中,总氮、总磷和CODCr含量较高,均超过了地表水环境质量标准Ⅴ类标准值,且CODCr测值受环境温度影响明显。采用统计分析软件对各种污染物在间隙水与上覆水间相关污染物浓度进行相关性分析,结果表明两者之间没有明显相关性。     

升钟湖夏季水和沉积物中磷形态分布特征

为探究升钟湖水和沉积物中磷污染情况,于2019年8月(夏季),采集了升钟湖湖区15个样点的水样和沉积物样品,测定了升钟湖表层水、间隙水及沉积物的磷形态,并分析各种形态磷之间的相关性。结果表明:①升钟湖表层水总磷含量介于0.033～0.085 mg/L,各形态的磷含量由高到低依次为DTP(61.93%)、DOP(40.00%)、PP(38.07%)和DIP(21.93%);②间隙水的总磷含量介于3.49～7.57 mg/L,是水体磷的“源”,正磷酸盐仅占总磷的1.9%;③沉积物总磷含量介于299.04～1 138.69 mg/kg,Psenner法连续分级提取出表层沉积物共有5种形态的磷,各形态磷含量由高到低依次为残渣磷(Res-P:44.78%)、金属氧化物结合态磷+有机碎屑腐殖酸磷(NaOH-P:22.92%)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P:14.82%)、可还原态磷(BD-P:13.39%)和弱吸附态磷(NH₄Cl-P:4.09%),各形态磷含量均表现一定的空间分布差异,其中,总磷含量整体为西北部高于东南部;④相关性分析结果显示,沉积物中磷的释放主要通过BD-P、NaOH-P及NH₄Cl-P进行,间隙水正磷酸盐(PO^3-₄-P)与水体各形态的磷之间均无显著的相关性(P>0.05),升钟湖沉积物磷在夏季时释放潜力较低。研究成果对于管理升钟湖的政策实施及其资源的可持续利用可提供参考。     

南阳湖和微山湖表层沉积物磷负荷及吸附、释放特性

对南阳湖和微山湖表层沉积物磷负荷的研究结果表明,南阳湖和微山湖的Qmax分别为112.76mg/kg和93.91mg/kg,在48h沉积物对磷的吸附基本都达到了平衡。对磷吸附特性以及释放过程中磷形态转换等方面进一步分析发现,TQmax为NAP和Qmax之和,在吸附过程中,m不仅体现的是对外来磷的吸附效率,还应当包含对本身释放磷的再吸附的效率。两个湖泊沉积物磷释放过程中存在着磷形态不同程度的转化,其中NH4Cl-P、BD-P和HCl-P在沉积物中的含量减少,表现为释放,而NaOH-P的含量却有所增加,但NaOH-P增加的量要小于NH4Cl-P、BD-P和HCl-P减少的量。除了以上四种无机磷之间的相互转化之外,还存在着其它形态磷的转化关系。     

污水处理领域磷回收技术及其应用

介绍了国内外从污水中磷回收研究与应用现状,多以含磷丰富的污泥脱水上清液、厌氧污泥消化液以及富磷废水为磷源,鸟粪石、磷酸钙等沉淀是目前广泛采用的回收形式。简述污水处理领域的磷回收技术有沉淀法,结晶法,电渗析法、离子交换等。沉淀法中鸟粪石、磷酸钙等的研究相对较为成熟,应用较多。最后展望了我国污水处理领域磷回收前景,2005年我国污水中的磷量相当于2000年全国磷矿开采量的42.7%,具有广泛的回收前景和环境经济效益。     

Sediment phosphorus characteristics in the clearwater state of Lake Mogan, Turkey

This study examined the vertical distributions of total phosphorus (TP) and phosphorus fractions, and the iron and organic matter, in the littoral sediment in a macrophyte‐dominated, clearwater state in Lake Mogan between September 2005 and August 2006. Benthic macroinvertebrates and total bacteria in the sediment also were determined. No clear seasonal or depth‐related (0–20 cm) patterns were found in sediment concentrations for the measured parameters. The phosphorus release was quantitatively very low, and a negative phosphorus release (–0.132 µg m^?2 day^?1) was measured during the summer months. The TP concentrations of the sediment samples ranged between 675.00 and 1463.80 µg g^?1 dry weight (DW), and the trophic level of the lake was eutrophic. On average, inorganic phosphorus fractions comprised the largest fraction (63%), while organic‐bound phosphorus (Org ≈ P) constituted 37% of the TP in Lake Mogan. The most important phosphorus‐immobilizing factors are high iron content (14 200–47 750 µg g^?1 DW), the sediment's clay content (47.80–51.80%), and an abundance of macrophytes at the sampling station. The low abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates (510–850 individuals m^?2), which depend on sediments with high iron and low organic matter (5.42–13.30%), played a role in the sediment phosphorus retention. Although bacterial abundance in the surficial sediment appeared to be positively correlated to temperature, the overlying water did not experience anoxic conditions, supporting a state in which bacteria were able to retain phosphorus in their cell structures. Long‐term changes in the sediments of Lake Mogan must be monitored lake. In order to optimize the management of the lake, and to determine the longevity of a clearwater state following management measures and continued external phosphorus loading, long‐term changes in the sediments of Lake Morgan must be monitored.     

天津海河磷的分布特征

采集海河干流重要断面、相应排污渠以及部分支流(北运河、子牙河、南运河)共29个监测断面的水样,对样品中的溶解性活性磷(SRP)、总溶解态磷(TDP)与总磷(TP)进行测定,并分析其分布特征。结果显示:海河干流各断面的TP质量浓度为0.4~3.5mg/L,已超出GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水质标准,SRP质量浓度0.09~0.75 mg/L,TDP质量浓度0.24~1.42 mg/L;各排污渠(支流)TP质量浓度0.2~5.0 mg/L,SRP质量浓度0.01~3.63 mg/L,TDP质量浓度0.12~4.16 mg/L。排污渠(支流)多数断面的含磷量比相应干流的高。天津海河总磷以总溶解态磷为主要形态,这和海河悬浮颗粒物浓度较低有关。     

The composition of particulate phosphorus: A case study of the Grand River,Canada

We examined the fractions of particulate phosphorus (PP) in the lower reaches of the Grand River, Canada, to test the hypothesis that the river is a source of both particulate-bound orthophosphate and labile species of PP. At the mouth of the Grand River, the proportion of particulate organic P (POP) was, on average, 57.7% of total PP, which was significantly higher than the proportion of particulate inorganic P (PIP) in PP. Analysis with ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that the proportion of P species other than orthophosphate in the NaOH- EDTA extract was 1.75 times greater than that of orthophosphate. Labile P species (e.g. nucleotides and pyrophosphate) were present in the NMR spectrum; whereas, refractory organic P (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) was absent. These results suggest that during winter and spring, the Grand River supplies primarily bioavailable phosphorus species in organic forms to Lake Erie, rather than inorganic orthophosphate. These results suggest that labile organic P is contained in PP rather than alkaline extractable inorganic P. Future studies should examine POP species in other rivers of the Lake Erie watershed.     

河道水体磷的存在形态及混凝去除效果研究

研究北京转河磷的形态分布及混凝对各形态磷的去除效果。试验表明,颗粒态总磷约占水体总磷的67.57%,可溶性总磷占32.43%。从季节分布看,总磷质量浓度在当年的7~9月份达到最高,接近270μg/L,在12月,次年1月达到最低,接近120μg/L。在混凝沉淀后各形态磷大部分得以去除,颗粒态磷去除率达88.8%,缩合态磷去除率相对最低,为61.72%,正磷酸盐几乎完全被去除。     

Speciation and bioavailability of particulate phosphorus in forested karst watersheds of southern Ontario during rain events

Understanding riverine phosphorus (P) dynamics, its transport, and transformation mechanisms from sources in the watersheds to receiving water bodies are essential for the development of effective strategies to decrease excess P loading and reduce eutrophication. Karst watersheds are thought to be especially vulnerable to P pollution due to their geomorphological features. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of particulate P (PP) chemical phases in two karst watersheds from a Great Lakes Area of Concern in southern Ontario (Bay of Quinte, Canada). Suspended solids were collected during different hydrological regimes representing storm events with low and high discharge, and particulate P binding forms were measured using extraction techniques. Our results show that in these karst watersheds, particulate P is dominated by chemical species that are likely to be highly bioavailable and contribute 62–75% to total PP. Concentrations of these bioavailable P binding forms in suspended solids increase two- to three-fold on dry mass basis during periods of high river flow. Electron microprobe and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy suggest that the primary carriers of particulate P are aggregates of Fe oxyhydroxides and Al-silicates. Our results underscore the influence of particulate P sources on the ongoing eutrophication in the Bay of Quinte Area of Concern.     

Bioavailability of particle‐associated nutrients as affected by internal regeneration processes in the Nyanza Gulf region of Lake Victoria

Land‐use changes have been implicated a lot in the eutrophication of many lakes while forgetting the role of internal loading as influenced by the hydrological regimes of a given lake. The phosphorus loading of Nyanza Gulf is influenced both by internal and external loading with the internal loading playing a greater role in its eutrophication. The shear on the Apatite Phosphorus (AP) rich residual rock in the western end of the gulf through strong currents across the Rusinga Channel erodes the rock into non‐apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) which is readily available for primary productivity. The current suspends the phosphorus rich apatite sediment together with the reserved phosphorus within sediments to the water column. The NAIP concentration on the western end of the gulf is exceptionally high, >1500 mg kg^?1, and together with the hydrological forcing; is believed to be the driving force of Nyanza Gulf eutrophication. External loading through rivers and municipal discharges exacerbates the problem. The external loading mainly influences the inner gulf on the eastern shore while the internal loading affects mainly the western end of the gulf. Nyanza Gulf eutrophication can be managed by adopting the following measures: (i) the Mbita Causeway needs to be opened and a bridge erected in its place in order to reduce the strong current through the Rusinga Channel and the residence time within the gulf, by increasing the flushing rates; (ii) the farming communities within the basin need to be sensitized on the controlled use of fertilizers; (iii) the municipal wastes should be treated to tertiary level before discharge into the lake; and (iv) reduce erosion within the basin through re/afforestation.     

合肥市区周边地表水体形态磷的研究

选取合肥市周边代表性的地表水体董铺水库、天鹅湖、翡翠湖为研究对象,运用地表水和污水监测技术规范中的标准方法,对3个水体的TP、DTP、PP、DIP、DOP进行监测,并做了初步研究和分析。结果表明,天鹅湖水体中总磷的平均浓度为O,102mg／L,符合V类标准要求,水体中磷主要以DTP和DOP的形式存在,TP—DIP显著正相关;董铺水库总磷的平均浓度为0．031mg／L,达到Ⅲ类标准,磷主要以DTP和DIP的形式存在,其中TP与DTP之间高度显著正相关;翡翠湖水体中总磷的平均浓度为0．060meCL,达到IV类标准,水体中磷主要以ADTP的形式存在,其@TP与PP之间显著正相关,PP在该湖泊中占有重要的地位。     

Time-Dependent Solution of Multi-Segment Mass Balance Models of Contaminants in the Great Lakes

Time-dependent solutions of multi-segment mass balance models, such as Chopra's (1977) model of total phosphorus in the Great Lakes, can be found using similarity transformations, based, in most cases, on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the model coefficient matrix. The time-dependent solution may be used to evaluate year-to-year variations in the system response to time-variable forcing, or to determine model uncertainty due to temporal variation in the model coefficients.