黄河洪水演进洪峰增值现象及其机理

2004～2006年小浪底水库异重流排沙期间,在小浪底～花园口区间出现了下断面的洪峰流量明显大于上断面洪峰流量的洪峰增值现象.本文详细描述了洪峰增值现象发生过程和主要特征.通过对黄河小浪底水库及其下游河道实测资料的研究和水力学理论分析认为,洪水发生洪峰增值的主要原因是河道糙率的大幅度减小.河道糙率与水流含沙量、悬沙级配、床沙级配、床沙床面形态、河道断面形态及河岸周界情况等因素有关.在小浪底水库异重流排沙之前有清水下泄过程,使河道床沙粗化,糙率大幅度增大,当异重流出库后,高浓度细颗粒泥沙使水流黏性增加、紊动削弱,河床被极细沙填附,河道糙率大幅度减小,导致后续水流流速加大,并赶上前方水流,发生洪峰叠加.     

三门峡水库汛期排沙效果研究

三门峡水库汛期排沙是解决泥沙淤积问题、控制潼关高程的关键途径。"蓄清排浑"运用以来,非汛期蓄水期库区发生淤积、汛期降低水位运用排泄全年泥沙,基本保持了库区动态冲淤平衡。不同控制水位和入库流量过程存在不同的排沙效果,针对三门峡水库汛期排沙过程的差异,对"蓄清排浑"运用以来汛期排沙特征进行统计,分析了水库敞泄和不同控制水位运用对排沙效果的影响。结果表明,在汛期平水305 m、洪水敞泄的运用条件下,水库排沙具有多来多排的特点,汛期排沙总量与入库含沙量和水量密切相关;完全敞泄时库区冲刷取决于流量大小和敞泄时间,净排沙效率随着水量的增加和敞泄时间的延长而减小,冲刷效率降低;汛期控制运用期,当流量在1000 m~3/s以上时、水位在305～311 m也会产生一定的排沙,排沙效果取决于含沙水流在壅水段的滞留时间和出入库流量之比。研究成果可为三门峡水库运用方式的优化提供依据。     

Hydrological and sediment transport dynamics of flushing flows: implications for management in large Mediterranean Rivers

Flushing flows have been implemented in the lower Ebro River since 2003, with the principle objective of removing excess macrophytes. This paper describes the hydrology and sediment transport of these flushing flows in comparison with natural floods and discusses their effects in terms of riverbed adjustments. During flushing flows suspended sediment, concentration is more constant and double that of natural floods, although discharge is lower. Flashiness, measured as the rate of discharge increase per unit time, is an order of magnitude higher during flushing flows than during natural events. Consequently, flushing flows exhibit higher transport capacity than their natural counterparts despite their considerably lower magnitude and duration. Flushing flows remove up to 95% of macrophytes close to the dam, but their effectiveness reduces with distance downstream. Despite several constraints, flushing flows have significant potential to entrain and transport sediment and careful management of these releases may, therefore, play an important role in enhancing physical habitat in the river and supply sediment to the delta. The River Ebro case study shows that flushing flows are not incompatible with HEP production, and may actually result in a positive trade‐off due to reduced clogging of water intakes. Nevertheless, it remains important to reassess their effectiveness regularly and monitor adverse geomorphic effects such as riverbed degradation. In summary, flushing flows are an important instrument of river management, but one which must be employed as part of a spectrum of approaches to enhance physical habitat conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多沙河流水库“蓄清调浑”运用方式及其设计技术

系统总结了1950年代以来我国多沙河流水库运用方式发展历程，阐释了不同时期水库运用方式及其设计技术的发展变化，详细剖析了“蓄清调浑”运用方式及其设计技术。“蓄清调浑”运用将以往低壅水“拦粗排细”传统拦沙模式发展为“小水拦沙，大水排沙，适时造峰，淤滩塑槽”滩槽同步塑造运用和拦沙库容多元化利用，改变了只淤不冲的传统拦沙模式，正常运用期采用水沙分级分类调度辅以非常规排沙调度，实现协调水沙关系和拦沙库容再生利用，能在长期保持水库有效库容的基础上，进一步兼顾水库调水调沙需要，有效避免了泥沙淤积占用水库有效库容，减少了水库强迫排沙对下游水沙关系的不利影响，是对“蓄清排浑”运用的继承和对“调水调沙”的全面发展。在设计技术上，为了更好地满足调沙需要，要求科学合理设计调沙库容和排沙水位相应泄流规模，考虑调沙过程中的不同淤积状态，按照“深槽调沙、中槽兴利、高槽调洪”的库容分布规则进行水库库容配置；超高含沙量河流要在正常泄流排沙孔以下增设非常排沙底孔，形成“正常+非常”双泥沙侵蚀基准面；特高含沙量河流水库有效库容保持和供水调节之间难以协调，要采用水沙分置开发方式。研究成果将为当前和今后一段时期内多沙河流水库...     

基于水库群联合调度和人工扰动的黄河调水调沙

为减少小浪底水库及下游河段的淤积，通过水库群的联合调度充分利用万家寨、三门峡、小浪底等干流水库汛前蓄水，在小浪底库区人工塑造异重流，加大小浪底水库的排沙量。同时辅以人工的泥沙扰动措施，调整了库尾段不利的淤积形态。利用进入下游河道水流富余的挟沙能力，在黄河下游“二级悬河”及主槽淤积最为严重的卡口河段实施河床泥沙扰动，减轻下游淤积并扩大下游河道的主槽过洪能力。试验取得了预期效果，小浪底库区淤积三角洲冲刷泥沙1.329亿m3，设计淤积平衡纵剖面以上淤积的3850万m3泥沙全部冲刷消除，小浪底库尾淤积形态得到合理调整；下游卡口河段扰起泥沙164.13万m3，扰沙河段的平滩流量增加了510～640m3/s；下游河道利津以上各河段均发生冲刷，小浪底～利津河段共冲刷0.665亿t。说明通过调水调沙塑造适当的水沙过程，可以遏制黄河下游河道形态恶化的趋势。     

维持黄河下游排洪输沙基本功能的关键技术研究

以河床演变学理论为基础，结合黄河下游河道输沙特点，对河槽的排洪输沙作用进行了量化表述，界定了黄河下游河槽排洪输沙基本功能．提出了黄河下游排洪输沙基本功能的判别指标体系；利用实体模型试验研究和实测资料分析．建立了水沙过程与河槽冲淤及断面形态调整之间的响应关系，提出了近期基本满足黄河下游河槽排洪输沙基本功能的概化水沙过程及相应的水量。并形成了水沙调控指标体系；初步提出了维持黄河下游河槽排洪输沙基本功能的中游水库群水沙联合调度方案。研究成果可为黄河小浪底水库水沙调控提供科学依据．对黄河下游的防洪减灾及水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。     

Large-scale 3D numerical modelling of flood propagation and sediment transport and operational strategy in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Sediment deposition carried by flood flow is the main cause of reservoir sedimentation. This can be reduced by an appropriate operational strategy of flood flow and sediment in the reservoir. High-precision and large-scale hydrodynamic models to predict flood propagation and sediment transport in reservoirs are extremely important for an efficient flood forecasting and real-time joint regulation of water and sediment in reservoirs. In the present study, the three-dimensional (3D) numerical semi-implicit cross-scale hydroscience integrated system model (SCHISM) was adopted to model the flood propagation and sediment transport in the approximately 280-km-long reach in the Three Gorges Reservoir. This model is mainly focused on analysing the asynchronous movement characteristics of flood propagation and sediment transport and the operational strategy of sediment peak regulation. The flood event in July 2013 was reproduced by the numerical model, which was validated by a comparison with the measured data. The results indicated that the numerical model has the ability to accurately simulate the flood propagation and sediment transport processes. The time that the sediment peak lags behind the flow discharge peak increases as the flood waves propagate downstream, reaching 8.1 days at the dam site. During the rising period of the flood, the discharged flow is lowered to reduce the flood peak, and when the sediment peak reaches the dam, the discharged flow is increased to release high concentration sediment during the flood recession period so as to reduce sedimentation in the reservoir. The model results agreed well with the measured results. The 3D numerical model can be used for the real-time prediction of the arrival time of the flow discharge and sediment peaks for the joint regulation of water and sediment in the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

Reliability analysis for reservoir water supply due to uncertainties in hydrological factors,rainfall-runoff routing and operating rule curves

This study aims at developing a reliability-analysis model (RA_WS_RES) to quantify the effect of variations in uncertainties factors regarding the reservoir inflow and outflow at various 10-day periods on the reliability of water supply from the reservoir. The uncertainty factors considered are classified into three types: the hydrological factors (rainfall, baseflow, and initial water level of the reservoir), the reservoir operation rules for the water-allocation model (RIBASIM), and the parameters of rainfall-runoff model (i.e. Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting, SAC-SMA). In the proposed RA_WS_RES model, the reliability of the water supply attributed to the uncertainty factors considered can be quantified by collaborating the multivariate Monte Carlo simulation (MMCS) methods and uncertainty-risk (advanced first order and second moment, AFOSM) analysis. Shihmen Reservoir watershed in Northern Taiwan is selected as the study area and four associated demand nodes are regarded as the study nodes; the hourly rainfall data from 1987 to 2014 and other hydrological data (i.e. rainfall, baseflow, and initial water level of the reservoir) as well as the operation rule curves are adopted in the model development and application. The results from the numerical experiences indicate that among the uncertainty factors concerned, the average rainfall depth at the current 10-day period and the range between the lower and critical levels are more sensitive to the estimation of water supply from Shihmen Reservoir. Additionally, the impact of variation in baseflow on the reliability of the water supply from Shihmen Reservoir should be taken into account, especially in the dry season. In addition to rainfall and baseflow, the initial water level should be an important source for the water supply, and its effect gradually reduces with the 10-day period. Furthermore, the reliability of water supply is obviously impacted by the uncertainty in the range between the lower and critical rule level, especially in the dry season, due to its range being adversely related with the water supply. Eventually, the proposed RA_WS_RES model can effectively and reasonably quantify the reliability of water supply attributed to variations in uncertainty factors at different 10-day period under the consideration of climate change.     

三峡坝下游河道造床流量与水流挟沙力的变化

通过对三峡水库蓄水前后坝下游水沙条件代表站--宜昌水文站的资料进行统计,分析了三峡水库蓄水前后坝下游河道造床流量的变化,并结合水力学计算对水流挟沙能力进行估算,简要分析了坝下游河道水流挟沙能力沿程的变化情况。分析认为三峡水库蓄水后引起的坝下游第一、第二造床流量变化和水流挟沙能力变化反映了坝下游河床以纵向冲刷为主的发展趋势;三峡蓄水前后同流量级条件下沿程水流挟沙能力的变化反映了三峡蓄水以来坝下游河段以中低水冲刷为主、中枯水位下降相对明显及河床沿程变化受节点控制的客观事实。     

三峡坝下游河道造床流量与水流挟沙力的变化简

 通过对三峡水库蓄水前后坝下游水沙条件代表站——宜昌水文站的资料进行统计,分析了三峡水库蓄水前后坝下游河道造床流量的变化,并结合水力学计算对水流挟沙能力进行估算,简要分析了坝下游河道水流挟沙能力沿程的变化情况。分析认为三峡水库蓄水后引起的坝下游第一、第二造床流量变化和水流挟沙能力变化反映了坝下游河床以纵向冲刷为主的发展趋势;三峡蓄水前后同流量级条件下沿程水流挟沙能力的变化反映了三峡蓄水以来坝下游河段以中低水冲刷为主、中枯水位下降相对明显及河床沿程变化受节点控制的客观事实。     

湘江下游水位变化趋势与河床演变关系研究

湘江为长江中游洞庭湖水系的主要支流,是湖南省最大的河流,认识湘江水位的变化规律和趋势可为湘江流域乃至洞庭湖水系的保护和管理提供依据。利用M-K检验法分析1990-2014年湘江下游水位变化规律,基于实测地形数据分析湘江下游河段河床演变,并探讨湘江下游水位变化与河床演变之间的关系。结果表明:1990-2014年湘江下游年均水位整体呈下降趋势,长沙站、湘阴站和营田站水位均于2011年下降到历史最低点,分别为26. 62、24. 69和24. 42m,枯水期水位下降尤为明显。1990-2014年汛期最高水位呈缓慢下降趋势,枯水期最低水位总体上呈下降趋势,同流量下汛期水位变化不明显,枯水期水位基本上呈降低趋势。1983-2015年典型纵横断面出现2种形式,分别为横向展宽和纵向大幅度刷深,湘江下游河床下切严重,其中铜关滩下切深度达15. 7 m。汛期水位的变化与来水来沙及河床演变有关,枯水期水位下降主要归因于河床下切。     

龙川江防洪工程建设对河床演变的影响

应用一维恒定非均匀沙河床演变数学模型，分析了堤防工程建设及青山咀水库建成后，下游龙川江楚雄城区10．4km河段的演变规律，揭示了河床冲淤变化对防洪的影响。冲淤计算结果表明，堤防工程建设后，河床发生微量淤积，但使洪水位抬高有限，对河道过流能力影响不大。青山嘴建库后，下游河床将发生冲刷下切及床沙粗化，但年际间的变化不至于危及堤防安全。为青山嘴建库提供了一定的评价依据。     

金沙江梯级水库下游水沙过程非恒定变化及其对通航条件的影响

随着金沙江下游梯级水库陆续建设和投入运用,坝下游的水沙过程明显改变并影响通航条件。本文提出了水沙过程非恒定变化分析方法,分析了向家坝枢纽坝下水位、流量和含沙量非恒定变化特性及其对通航条件的影响。结果表明,向家坝枢纽运用后坝下水沙变化的非恒定强度较大,水位变化的变异系数可以达到0.10～0.12,流量变化变异系数可以达到0.20～0.40,虽然出库含沙量显著减小,但含沙量变异系数最大可以达到约1.0。向家坝水文站标准化年平均水位和流量约为1.0左右,向家坝枢纽坝下山区河道的通航条件总体上是稳定的,水库运用削减洪峰和增大枯水流量有利于改善坝下河道的通航条件,但水电站日调节和水库蓄水,以及泄洪增大流量和水位的非恒定性,对坝下河道的通航条件有一定不利影响。     

黄河下游游荡性河道双岸整治方案研究

作者针对黄河下游游荡性河槽极为宽浅，河床极不稳定，目前的河道整治宽度过大，不利于洪水期控导河势与河床的集中冲刷，必须双岸同时整治，缩窄河宽；从有利于排洪输沙需求出发，应按洪水较顺直河势，因地制宜，因势利导的原则规划流路。两岸同时整治后，在小浪底水库下泄清水冲刷期，可控制滩地坍塌、河槽展宽，使冲刷向纵深方向发展，有利于使河槽过流能力迅速增大。为水库泥沙多年调节排沙期利用洪水集中排沙入海创造条件，使近期作用与远期整治效果紧密结合。形成窄深、归顺 、稳定、且有窄槽宽滩的输水输沙通道。     

古贤水库效益评估和相关问题探讨

从防洪、拦沙减淤、防凌等方面分析了古贤水库拦沙期对小北干流的影响,以及古贤水库进库水沙特性、库区冲淤形态等,对古贤水库下泄清水时小北干流河床演变进行了预估,并提出了该河段的防治措施。认为:应控制小北干流河道冲刷与滩区放淤并重;古贤水库的调度运用不仅应考虑水库所承担的任务和产生的效益,而且应纳入黄河中下游水沙调控体系;古贤、三门峡和小浪底三库联合调度方案应及早研究与制订。     

小浪底水库对下游河道的冲刷效果及趋势预测

对小浪底水库对黄河下游河道的冲刷效果及趋势进行了分析和预测,结果表明:①小浪底水库投入运用以来,通过水库拦沙和调水调沙,黄河下游冲刷效果明显,至2010年10月,黄河下游河道累计冲刷泥沙19.4亿t,2 000 m3/s同流量水位下降1.6 m左右,下游河道主槽最小过流能力由2002年汛初的不足1 800 m3/s提高至4 000 m3/s;②在小浪底水库主要拦沙期的2008—2020年,下游河道基本不淤积,2020年以后下游河道快速回淤,在2028年左右回淤量达到建库前水平,届时小浪底水库拦沙期恢复的4 000 m3/s左右的中水河槽将难以维持。建议尽早开工建设古贤水利枢纽,争取在2025年前后建成生效。     

2010年汛前调水调沙小浪底水库排沙比分析

依据实测资料,从洪水过程、边界条件、水库运用等方面分析了2010年汛前调水调沙小浪底水库异重流排沙比偏高的原因:一是三门峡水库蓄水量大,塑造的洪水过程流量大、历时长;二是对接水位接近小浪底水库淤积三角洲顶点,使得三角洲顶坡段发生沿程冲刷及溯源冲刷;三是在三门峡水库泄空期间,潼关断面流量较大且历时较长.     

金沟河引水枢纽分水排沙试验研究

对金沟河引水枢纽设计方案进行了系列模型输沙试验,观察了泥沙在上游河段、泄洪闸、冲沙闸及进水闸前后的淤积情况及泄洪闸、冲沙闸的闸门运行方式。结果表明:金沟河引水枢纽总体布置基本合理,主要存在闸墩、上游冲沙槽及导流堤高程不够,进水闸和冲沙闸底板相对高差偏大,上游冲沙槽内淤积严重,下游冲沙槽边墙高度不够等问题。经过分析,对模型进行了相应修改,取得了满意的效果,满足了引水、防沙及泄洪的要求。     

大朝山水电站泄洪消能及排沙建筑物设计

大朝山水电站采用表孔和泄洪排沙底孔联合泄洪的泄洪消能方案。中小流量时，以泄洪排沙底孔、冲沙孔和机组泄流为主；中大流量时，则以表孔、泄洪排沙底孔、冲沙孔和机组联合泄流。表孔采用宽尾墩，台阶式坝面和戽式消力池消能工，泄洪排沙底孔和冲沙孔采用窄缝异型挑流消能。新型台阶式坝面对加快碾压混凝土坝的施工进度、节省工程量和提高工程效益具有积极的意义。     

溪洛渡、向家坝水库与三峡水库联合蓄水调度研究

由于溪洛渡、向家坝水库与三峡水库蓄水时间上的同步性,使三峡水库蓄水难度进一步加大,进而影响其综合效益的发挥。为满足下游地区在蓄水期对上游梯级水库下泄流量的新要求,研究金沙江溪洛渡、向家坝水库与三峡水库联合蓄水调度方案,优化梯级水库蓄水过程。在综合分析防洪、泥沙、库区、发电及供水等指标基础上,推荐梯级水库蓄水调度方案。防洪、库区淹没及泥沙淤积的影响分析表明,所提方案可进一步缓解下游地区的供水压力,对金沙江梯级水库联合蓄水调度一定实践指导意义。