基于GLUE的流域水文模型参数不确定性研究

通过对三水源新安江水文模型参数分析,针对模型中的自由水蓄水容量、壤中流消退系数、地下水消退系数和河网消退系数4个敏感参数,以淮河息县流域为例,应用基于Bayesian理论的GLUE方法对参数进行不确定性分析。结果表明,GLUE方法以确定性系数0.85为临界似然判据,得到90%置信区间的洪水过程概率分布,能够很好地模拟实况流量过程。     

水文模型模拟水文极值的不确定性分析

以黄河源区为研究区,运用GLUE法分析了HBV模型和新安江模型模拟水文极值的不确定性。目标似然函数阈值分别选用0.7、0.6、0.5,将得到的洪水和枯水水文极值以及选出的模拟结果按丰水年、平水年和枯水年过程分别进行分析。结果表明:两个模型均擅长于模拟洪水,而且对洪水模拟的不确定性较对枯水模拟的不确定性低;从两个水文模型模拟日过程估计区间的差别看,HBV模型估计区间与实测相比,洪水年总体偏低,枯水年总体偏高,平水年不存在明显趋势,新安江模型则不存在这个特点;在相同的参数采样方法和策略下,HBV模型的不确定性比新安江模型更显著;两个水文模型对枯水指标Q_(90)和Q_(75)模拟的不确定性都较大;新安江模型对洪水指标Q_(25)和Q_(10)的估计区间小于HBV模型的,不确定性水平较低。     

面雨量的不确定性对洪水期间径流模拟的影响

降雨是洪水过程模拟的重要输入,研究降雨输入的不确定性对洪水期间径流模拟的影响是优化洪水预报的重要手段。为研究不同降雨数据密度下面降雨量的特征以及其对径流模拟结果的精度影响,以曹娥江流域上浦闸以上为研究区域,2021年“烟花”洪水为研究案例,选取不同数量的实测降雨站点数量,使用泰森多边形插值法对研究区域内实测点降雨数据进行空间插值得到面降雨量。在高密度降雨数据情况下,使用自研发的率定软件对NAM水文模型和HD水动力的耦合模型进行模型参数的联合率定。确定模型参数后,模拟不同密度的面降雨输入下的径流结果,计算实测径流过程与模拟径流过程的误差,量化面雨量计算的不确定性对模拟精度的影响。结果显示：降雨数据密度由低至高,各站的模拟径流确定性系数分别为,嵊州新市站0.84、0.83、0.83、0.76;嵊州站0.97、0.96、0.95、0.92;黄泽站0.83、0.91、0.89、0.90;东山站0.97、0.97、0.98、0.98。结果表明：在降雨数据较少的情况下,面降雨数据易受到单个站点的数据影响,径流模拟结果的不确定性较大。整体而言,降雨数据的密度越大,面降雨量的不确定性越小,径流模拟结果...     

分布式水文模型在大通河流域的应用研究

通过构建基于混合产流的分布式水文模型,将大通河流域内气象、水文站点观测数据与遥感数据结合起来,研究了大气、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理,确定了模型参数,并对大通河享堂水文站日均流量过程进行了模拟。结果表明:该模型能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下较好地模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区的水文过程,能较合理地揭示研究区的产汇流规律;模拟流量与实测流量高度相关,平均相对误差为-1.99%、确定性系数为0.75,模拟结果合理、可靠。     

流域水文模型不确定性研究进展

流域水文模型不确定性显著影响模拟结果的精度,科学分析流域水文模型的不确定性是实际应用过程中的重要环节,对流域水污染科学管理具有重要意义。针对不确定性的分类,着重对近年来流域水文模型在输入数据、参数以及结构方面的不确定性研究进行总结,概述每种不确定性的来源及影响,并从降低流域水文模型不确定性的角度展望未来的研究重点和方向：(1)空间输入数据具有尺度效应,应权衡好模型尺度与计算量、精度的矛盾;(2)优化多源数据融合算法,提高降水数据的完整性和准确度;(3)探究参数动态变化和空间异质性对参数组合的影响;(4)推动并行和集群等高算力手段在多模型耦合模拟中的应用。     

POS优化算法在SWAT模型参数优化中的应用

当前,分布式水文模型SWAT模型在国内水文模拟中应用较为广泛,但模型参数较多,人工经验设定参数存在工作量较为繁杂,且模拟精度不高的缺陷,为此本文引入POS优化算法,对SWAT模型参数进行批量优化,并以汤河西支流域为研究区域,结合区域实测水文数据,对比分析参数优化前后,对SWAT模型模拟精度的影响。研究结果表明： POS优化算法可实现SWAT模型参数的批量优化,相比参数优化前,参数优化后SWAT模型模拟径流深相对误差减少5.7%,流量过程拟合系数提高0.118。研究成果对于水文模型参数优化和自动率定提供参考价值。     

基于SWAT模型的北江飞来峡流域径流模拟

为满足北江飞来峡流域非点源污染负荷核算需要,利用SWAT模型对研究区1969-2011年日径流过程进行模拟。基于飞来峡流域水文、气象、地形、土地利用和土壤类型等资料构建SWAT径流模型,并运用SWAT-CUP中的SUFI-2方法对模型中的14个径流参数进行敏感性分析及参数率定,再进行径流模拟效果定量评价。结果表明:对径流过程有显著影响的参数主要为SCS径流曲线系数、主河道曼宁系数、地下水滞后系数以及地表径流滞后时间等;日径流率定期和验证期的效率系数均为0.83,相对误差分别为1.40%和0.58%,且大部分模拟数据落在不确定性区间内,模拟结果的不确定性较小,表明所构建的SWAT径流模型具有较高的精度,在北江飞来峡流域适用性良好。     

妫水河流域水文模拟及参数不确定性分析

以北京市延庆区妫水河为例,使用SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型对妫水河流域进行月尺度水文模拟,使用SUFI-2(Sequential Uncertainty Fitting)算法分析参数的敏感性,依据SWAT-CUP自动率定得到P因子和R因子分析模型的不确定性,从而完成本流域分布式水文模型的构建。率定结果显示,率定期确定系数R 2为0.65,效率系数NSE为0.61;验证期确定系数R 2为0.89,效率系数NSE为0.88;不确定性分析结果中P-factor均大于0.5,R-factor均小于0.3。通过以上分析可得该模型对妫水河流域的水文模拟有良好的效果。     

基于参数不确定性的概率预报研究

水文模型参数的选取通常依靠经验判断或者依赖历史库中的不完备数据集进行自动优选,所选参数并不一定能够准确反映流域降雨径流特点,更不足以反映不同洪水涨落阶段洪水特征的变化。基于水文模型参数存在显著不确定性的客观事实,以随机参数驱动水文模型,并结合数值模型实现概率预报。通过东湾流域36场洪水模拟试验,揭示了水文参数不确定性对洪水预报结果的显著影响,提出的概率预报算法能够给出精确、可靠的预报结果,说明该算法能够降低水文模型参数所带来的洪水预报不确定性。     

基于参数不确定性的洪水概率预报研究

水文模型参数的选取通常依靠经验判断或者依赖历史库中的不完备数据集进行自动优选,所选参数并不一定能够准确反映流域降雨径流特点,更不足以反映不同洪水涨落阶段洪水特征的变化。基于水文模型的参数存在显著不确定性的客观事实,以随机参数驱动水文模型,并结合数值模型实现概率预报。通过东湾流域36场洪水模拟试验,揭示了水文参数不确定性对洪水预报结果的显著影响,验证了概率预报算法能够给出精确、可靠的预报结果,说明该算法能够降低水文模型参数所带来的洪水预报不确定性。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明:库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。