飞来峡水利枢纽视频监控系统的数字化改造

视频监控系统在水利枢纽的安全生产监控中应用非常普遍,并逐步由传统的安防监控向管理监控发展,进行模拟系统的网络化、数字化改造将是必然趋势。介绍了飞来峡水利枢纽模拟视频监控系统网络化、数字化改造的必要性,改造原理,分析了具体实现方案和改造中的技术难点。通过改造,实现了资源共享,更充分地发挥了视频监控系统的效用,提高了生产管理效率。     

PLC在中小型泵站机组监控系统改造中的应用

结合汤逊湖泵站机组监控系统的改造，介绍PLC在中小型泵站机组监控系统改造中的应用。图3幅，表2个。     

昭平水电厂计算机监控系统改造

介绍了昭平水电厂计算机监控系统改造的设备选型、LCU设备的组成与功能,以及电厂在计算机监控系统改造及调试过程中的经验。     

浅谈某蓄能水电厂计算机监控系统上位机改造

近年来我国经济水平增长迅猛,日新月异,人们对智能化、国产化电站提出了更高的要求与期望。抽水蓄能电站作为电网的重要组成部分,其监控系统国产化改造迫在眉睫。本文首先分析了原有监控系统存在的问题,对本次上位机改造的硬件设备进行了介绍,最后介绍了监控系统改造过程中采用的网络构架以及NC2000在监控系统中的应用。通过电站上位机监控系统改造,增强机组运行稳定性,增加社会效益。     

马鹿塘二期水电站计算机监控系统上位机改造

介绍马鹿塘二期水电站计算机监控系统改造的设计原则、系统结构和主要特点,并提出监控系统上位机改造中的一些心得体会。     

湖北白莲河二级水电厂计算机监控系统上位机改造

介绍白莲河二级水电厂旧监控系统的概况,简要地分析了原有NC2000监控系统的现状,提出了NC 3.0在白莲河电厂中的具体改造方案和主要配备设备,最后给出了NC 3.0在改造同类型机组和监控系统的优势。     

宝泉抽水蓄能电站计算机监控系统国产化改造方法研究

本文研究了宝泉抽水蓄能电站计算机监控系统国产化改造方法。该电站计算机监控系统是由国外供货且LCU主机采用工控机,这种监控系统的改造在国内没有先例。本文系统总结了宝泉抽水蓄能电站监控系统国产化改造方案研究方法,主要内容包括水电站现场安全测试、以太网协议类型筛选、通信应用层协议测试等方法研究,而通信应用层协议测试研究方法又是其中的核心内容。本文逐一研究了通信应用层协议,分析了这些方法各自特点及其在该电站应用的可行性。应用本文提出的数据包分析方法,顺利完成了宝泉抽水蓄能电站计算机监控系统国产化改造方案研究。     

EC2000在王甫洲水电厂监控系统改造中的应用与探讨

介绍王甫洲电厂旧监控系统的概况，深入地分析了原有Elin监控系统的现状和存在的主要缺陷，提出了EC2000在王甫洲电厂中的具体改造方案和主要配备设备，最后给出了EC2000在改造同类型机组和监控系统的优势。     

H9000系统在凌津滩水电站监控改造中的应用

随着国内水电站计算机监控系统的日渐成熟,具有自主知识产权的监控系统凭借其可靠的技术和优质的服务已经成为水电厂在选择计算机监控系统时的首选,也促使一些原本使用国外监控系统水的水电厂对其进行国产化改造。主要阐述了凌津滩监控系统改造方法以及带给我们的启示。     

一种适用于老电厂改造的全分布监控系统

根据计算机监控系统的发展和老电厂改造的需要，从系统结构、性能特点及系统功能等方面对全分布监控系统在老电厂改造中的应用进行了分析研究。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。