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1.
肖莺  杜良敏  张俊 《人民长江》2019,50(8):87-90
目前,对长江上游降雨的研究多以过程和影响分析为主,对其低频特征研究较少。基于1961~2017年长江上游276站逐日降水资料,利用泰森多边形法得到长江上游7大流域逐日面雨量,分析了长江上游面雨量低频特征。结果表明:①长江上游面雨量存在着显著的低频振荡,但各流域周期不同,金沙江石鼓以上和金沙江石鼓以下2个流域具有10~40 d周期,而其他流域具有10~25 d周期。②长江上游夏季低频强降水事件在频次、持续天数、降水强度和最大面雨量特征量上排首位,秋季次之,春季最小,但各流域之间特征量存在着较大的差异。③低频强降水过程次数年际差异大,在15~25次之间,随持续时间、流域数量增加,过程次数呈减少趋势。  相似文献   

2.
面雨量达到中雨以上级别的降雨对防汛至关重要。采用1960~2017年期间长江流域气象和水文站降雨量资料进行逐日分区面雨量计算,对面雨量达到中雨、大雨、暴雨、大暴雨量级的降雨进行分类和统计分析。通过分析不同雨量级别降雨发生的时间、空间分布特征和发生频次,探索长江流域各分区不同面雨量特点和规律。研究结果表明:(1)长江中下游东南部全年都出现暴雨,而雅砻江全年没有暴雨量级的降雨;(2)长江上游降水在时间上较中下游更为集中;(3)鄱阳湖水系中雨、大雨、暴雨频次最高;(4)嘉陵江、渠江、三峡区间、汉江上游秋汛期9月降雨具有高强度的特点,乌江、三峡区间10月降雨更多是绵绵秋雨;(5)长江上游面雨量最大值依次出现在三峡区间、涪江、渠江,中下游依次为滁河、陆水、青弋水阳江。研究成果可为长江流域水旱灾害防御、水库群联合调度及水资源综合利用等决策提供科学依据。  相似文献   

3.
成都市降雨量及降雨侵蚀力年内分布特征研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
吴明洋 《人民长江》2019,50(4):81-85
根据成都市1991~2010年逐日降雨数据,分析降雨量和降雨侵蚀力的分布特征。结果表明:成都市多年平均降雨量先增大再减小,8月份降雨量为245.79 mm,占全年降雨量的27.76%。7,8月份侵蚀性降雨量为169.4 mm和211.4 mm,分别占多年平均降雨量的19.14%和23.89%,发生侵蚀性降雨天数为7.8 d和5.1 d。成都市多年平均降雨侵蚀力年内分布呈单峰式分布型,多年平均降雨侵蚀力为2 921.57 MJ·mm/(hm~2·h),7,8月份为1 000.65 MJ·mm/(hm~2·h)和1 008.97 MJ·mm/(hm~2·h)。降雨侵蚀力具有明显的季节性分布特征,春季、夏季、秋季、冬季的降雨侵蚀力分别为262.85,2297.46,350.06,11.2 MJ·mm/(hm~2·h),夏季占全年的78.64%。降雨侵蚀力与侵蚀性降雨量的相关性优于降雨侵蚀力与降雨量的相关性。研究结果可为成都市土壤侵蚀预报与评价提供科学依据。  相似文献   

4.
城市化对降雨特征影响研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
根据北京城郊雨量站1959~2001年逐月降雨资料,分析了北京城市化对降雨特征的影响。分析表明,城市化使北京地区降雨量等值线加密、年雨量增加,使城区雨量变差系数变化大于郊区。分析北京城市化对降雨特征的影响,可为城市雨洪排水工程设计提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
湖北省黄冈市属于低山丘陵地区,多发生小规模滑坡灾害,降雨是诱发滑坡灾害最主要的外因之一,分析降雨型滑坡各影响因素对滑坡数量贡献率的大小及其与雨量之间的关系,对黄冈地区的防灾减灾具有重要作用。利用2011—2020年黄冈市238个气象观测站雨量数据资料,结合滑坡灾情数据,分析了区内降雨型滑坡的区域性分布特点,并根据月平均降雨量、工程岩组和坡度对降雨型滑坡数量的贡献率,将区内降雨型滑坡划分为高易发区、中易发区和低易发区,选择关键期日均降雨量与前期日均降雨量作为雨量阈值判定标准,给出各个易发区在预报、预警和警报3种状态下所对应的降雨量参考值,为区域滑坡灾害防治提供了基础数据和科学依据。  相似文献   

6.
高分辨率面雨量雷达测雨系统是应用低空雨量雷达进行区域雨量监测,通过雨滴谱仪进行衰减订正后,获取区域内降雨分布和有效的降雨量。通过2台低空雷达组网的左江上游面雨量雷达测雨系统将左江上游平而河和水口河区域概化分为16个区,每小时自动分析、计算、处理16个区域有效面降雨量后,通过开展与相邻的传统雨量监测站数据对比分析,并与广西洪水预报系统衔接开展预警预报的应用,为今后高分辨率面雨量雷达测雨系统在广西的进一步有效应用打下基础。  相似文献   

7.
根据皖北平原15个雨量站点日降雨资料,采用降雨侵蚀力简易计算模型、Mann-Kendall趋势分析和滑动T检验等方法分析了该地区降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征及变化趋势。皖北平原降雨量和降雨侵蚀力由北向南呈增加趋势,皖北平原多年平均降雨侵蚀力为4 078.7 MJ·mm·hm~(-2)·h~(-1)·a~(-1),7个典型雨量站点的降雨侵蚀力变异系数在0.38~0.57之间,为中等程度变异;皖北平原降雨量呈增加趋势,除五道沟站外,其余各站降雨侵蚀力呈增加趋势,但增加趋势均不显著;四季的降雨侵蚀力变化明显,夏季占全年70%,占比最高;其次是春季和秋季各占14%,最低是冬季仅占2%。皖北平原降雨侵蚀力与侵蚀性降雨量和年降雨量呈显著正相关,与纬度呈显著负相关,与经度相关性不大。皖北平原降雨量和降雨侵蚀力在年内分布基本一致,表现为单峰型。夏季降雨侵蚀力较大,水土流失风险大,尤其注意皖北平原南部。  相似文献   

8.
罗倩  李厚永  毛北平 《人民长江》2017,48(24):15-19
山洪临界雨量是山洪灾害预报预警的重要基础,受降雨、土壤含水量以及下垫面的影响,其中降雨量空间分布是重要的影响因素之一。以湖北省崇阳县高堤河流域为例,采用HEC-HMS分布式水文模型计算设计洪水,试算法计算临界雨量,提出了降雨量空间分布系数,分析了降雨量空间分布系数与临界雨量的关系,探讨了降雨空间分布对临界雨量的影响。结果表明:当降雨从上游到下游逐渐减少时,达到相同成灾流量对应的临界雨量最大,暴雨中心在下游时临界雨量最小,说明降雨量空间分布对临界雨量影响显著。由分析可知,在山洪灾害预警实践中应根据实际的降雨空间分布对预警指标适当修正,对山洪进行动态雨量预警。  相似文献   

9.
为研究滇中抚仙湖、星云湖、杞麓湖流域(“三湖”流域)降雨对土壤侵蚀特征的影响,基于流域内梁王河、海口、茶尔山、沙沟嘴4个雨量站1992—2020年日降雨观测数据,用日降雨侵蚀力模型计算降雨侵蚀力,用M-K法分析降雨侵蚀力的时间变化特征,用Kriging插值法进行空间插值分析降雨量和降雨侵蚀力的空间变化规律。结果为:1992—2020年期间,“三湖”流域多年平均降雨量907.6 mm,多年平均降雨侵蚀力为3 088~4 172 MJ·mm/(hm2·h);年降雨侵蚀力变异系数为0.25~0.32;各站发生侵蚀性降雨日数686~759 d;年降雨量与年降雨侵蚀力相关关系较好,流域年降雨侵蚀力总体呈波动变化,系列为不显著增加趋势,无突变;降雨侵蚀力年内变化差异较大,夏季占全年的61.4%,汛期占全年的90.5%,降雨侵蚀力变化表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季;流域多年平均降雨侵蚀力空间分布趋势基本与年降雨量分布趋势一致,为北大南小;年、汛期、夏季和秋季,流域降雨侵蚀力基本呈从北向南逐渐递减的趋势;而非汛期、春季和冬季,降雨侵蚀力基本呈从东北向西南递减的趋势...  相似文献   

10.
长江流域面雨量变化趋势及对干流流量影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
根据长江流域1960~2001年42a间109个气象站的雨量资料和大通、宜昌水文站(分别为全流域、上游控制站)同期的流量资料,分别计算了全流域和上游年、季、月平均面雨量、流量的变化趋势及其相关性,分析了雨量对干流流量影响,发现:①全流域面雨量,冬、夏季显著增加,秋季显著减少,全年为弱增加趋势,主要发生在1、6、9月;而上游仅秋季明显减少,夏、冬季呈弱增加趋势,全年无变化,主要发生在1、9月.②大通流量,为冬、夏、年季显著增加,秋季无变化,主要发生在1~3、7~8月;宜昌流量仅秋季明显增加,冬、夏季为弱增加趋势,全年无变化,主要发生在1~2、10月.③全流域或上游的面雨量与同期流量均为显著正相关,尤其是年、春夏季,主要发生在全流域的1~8月、上游的3~11月.④全流域所有月份、上游1~3、10、12月面雨量与下月流量的相关性均比同期更好,表明流量对雨量的响应有一定的时空滞后性.  相似文献   

11.
根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。  相似文献   

12.
Call for Papers     
正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.  相似文献   

13.
The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 106 t CO2eq km2 per year, or 24 × 106 t CO2eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO2eq MWh?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO2eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO2eq MWh?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.  相似文献   

15.
A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).  相似文献   

16.
The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.  相似文献   

17.
The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.  相似文献   

18.
为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。  相似文献   

19.
岩石动态拉伸断裂特性的实验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用新近发展起来的拉伸式Hopkinson冲击装置(SHTB),对岩石切口圆柱断裂试样进行了动态拉伸断裂特性的实验研究。同时,利用MTS试验机进行了岩石的静态拉伸断裂实验,成功地获得了岩石试样的断裂韧度及断裂能随加载率而变化的实验结果。对静态和动态破坏后的试样断口进行的扫描电镜观察进一步表明,试样断口形貌的复杂程度与其断裂耗能有着十分密切的联系。  相似文献   

20.
River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.  相似文献   

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