鱼道应用现状与结构优化研究

通过研究国内水利工程中鱼道的运行情况,介绍了鱼道建设的主要类型和发展现状,归纳了我国鱼道设计运行中存在的问题,分析目前鱼道的主要缺陷及其引鱼、诱鱼困难的原因,提出解决鱼道问题的主要思路和修建复式断面鱼道的新想法,最后对鱼道的发展前景进行展望。     

水利水电工程中高水头鱼道的布置和设计

本文对国内外鱼道建设的发展历史和现状进行了介绍;对我国鱼道建设和管理中存在的问题,以及高水头鱼道布置和设计中的关键技术问题进行了分析;并结合某工程鱼道实例,对高水头鱼道的布置和设计进行了阐述。     

鱼道规划设计与建设的生态学方法研究

由于我国所建鱼道目前普遍存在有水无鱼、鱼道淤塞的现象,鱼道的利用率不高,较多水利工程对设计及修建鱼道采取弃而不用的态度。通过对水利工程中河道的阻隔作用的分析,提出修建鱼道的必要性。并运用生态学观点对鱼道规划设计与建设的现状进行分析,找出存在的问题,提出建议,并对鱼道的发展前景进行展望。     

鱼道设计与运行过程中影响过鱼效率的相关问题分析

在解决水利工程建设影响下的河流连通性问题方面,修建和优化过鱼设施是生态修复优先采取的重要措施。鱼道的有效运行是恢复鱼类等水生生物栖息地破碎的先决条件,为了研究鱼道的运行效果,针对现行鱼道设计和运行过程中普遍存在的问题,从鱼类的游泳能力和行为特征、鱼道进口的位置选择、鱼道淤积以及鱼类的下游迁徙等方面进行较为详尽的分析,并提出相应的措施和建议,以期促进鱼道的建设与发展。     

鱼道应用现状和研究进展

 通过国内外鱼道研究、应用资料以及现场调研,比较详细地介绍了国内外鱼道设施的建设、发展过程和鱼道结构所包含的主要类型;列出了国内外多个鱼道隔板型式和相应的水力特性;总结了鱼道设计的一般性原则;分析了国内外鱼道过鱼条件和适用情况的差异以及我国鱼道设计中存在的问题等。最后提出在现阶段及今后,我国水利水电工作者需要的鱼道设计资料以及开展鱼道研究的主要内容。     

鱼道规划设计研究进展

通过对国内外鱼道规划设计研究资料的探讨,总结了国内外鱼道建设的发展历程和现实状况,比较详细地介绍了鱼道的主要型式和鱼道设计参数的选取原则,并分析了我国鱼道建设存在的问题,结合问题提出了今后鱼道建设的建议。     

大渡河枕头坝一级水电站鱼道设计研究

枕头坝一级水电站位于大渡河干流上,为减缓工程对鱼类的不利影响,提出了修建鱼道来改善大坝上下游鱼类种群交流.枕头坝一级水电站鱼道工程设计总长1 241.74 m,是目前国内已建和在建规模最大的鱼道工程.在鱼类游泳能力测试和水力学模型试验的基础上,对鱼道的过鱼对象、鱼道建筑物设计进行了研究.最终确定,枕头坝一级水电站采用单侧竖缝式鱼道,鱼道内过鱼孔流速建议为1.10～1.25 m/s;进口流速应大于0.15～1.3 m/s;鱼道设置3个进口,并增设诱鱼系统;还在鱼道进口和出口分别设置1个观察室,以便指导调整鱼道运行方式.     

生态水工建筑物——鱼道的建设及研究进展

水利工程的建设将不可避免地影响河流的自然属性,破坏鱼类的生存环境,而在我国一直存在着重水利开发,轻鱼类保护的现状。为了促进我国鱼道的研究和建设,根据国内外已建的鱼类保护设施,从鱼类游泳能力、水工模型试验、数值模拟、实际观测等方面,分析总结了我国水利工程鱼道建设及研究的现状,探讨了鱼道建设方面存在的问题。在此基础上,提出了我国未来鱼道建设研究的方向。     

我国鱼道建设现状及典型案例分析

总结了国内近年来鱼道规划和建设情况,以长洲水利枢纽鱼道和崔家营航电枢纽鱼道为例分析国内鱼道的建设和运行现状,并从技术、监督管理、运行维护和政策制度等方面分析我国鱼道建设和运行面临的制约性因素,提出了加强关键技术研究、严格制定和落实流域生态环境保护规划、推行适宜性管理和加快完善相关政策制度等建议,以促进我国鱼道的健康快速发展。     

浅谈水电工程鱼道运行管理

近年来我国大中型水电工程已建或拟建近20座上行鱼道工程,由于国内鱼道工程技术尚不够成熟,且普遍存在着重前期设计,轻后期运行管理的问题,新建鱼道很少达到预期过鱼效果。通过调研典型上行鱼道运行现状,梳理了鱼道运行管理方面存在的问题,并借鉴美国相关机构的鱼道运行管理模式,提炼出鱼道运行管理工作要点,构建了鱼道运行管理体系,为水电行业鱼道规范化运行管理提供参考。     

Re‐establishment of fish passage for conserving threatened migratory species of West‐Indian Himalayas

Fish passes are structures (natural or manmade) bypassing barriers (e.g., dams), enabling satisfactory movement of migratory fish species. Reestablishment of fish passage, including facilitating overcoming barriers presented by impoundments or restoration of defunct structures, is attracting interest among scientists and policymakers as a mechanism to enable recovery of target fish species or fish communities. However, it is also important to note that fish passes may also act as ecological traps in some large neotropical rivers. A diversity of multispecies fish passage designs have been implemented in North and South America, Europe, and Australia, with varying efficacy for different species. However, field surveys between 2010 and 2018 supported by a review of published literature (N = 217) using Google Scholar search engine using six key terms reveal that few fish passes have been constructed in dams in the Indian Himalayan region, and their efficacy is largely unproven. Major problems associated with fish pass designs include uneven success across a range of species and largely untested effectiveness at the large scale of many major dams. The objective of this paper is to stress upon the requirement of a new approach to understand the operational drawbacks of different types of fish pass and to take an adaptive approach to both design and operation using field data to improve fish pass efficiency. These measures could contribute significantly to the conservation of threatened migratory fish in the increasingly impounded rivers of the Indian Himalayan region.     

环境友好的近自然型鱼道

鱼道是帮助鱼类顺利通过闸坝等障碍物的专用设施,在维系河流连续性与生物种群交流方面具有不可替代的作用。近自然型鱼道是目前国际上十分流行的鱼道布置形式,其典型特点是利用漂石与天然河道床沙质构建尽可能接近于天然河流的水流流态。与传统的工程鱼道相比,近自然型鱼道由于构建了鱼类熟悉的水流流态,因而往往具有更高的过鱼效率。本文全面介绍了近自然型鱼道的设计理念、类型、构造布置特点、设计原则、以及水力计算方法,并对我国鱼道技术的进一步发展提出了若干建议。     

鱼道进口水流对草鱼幼鱼上溯行为的影响研究

为使鱼类能够快速发现和顺利进入鱼道进口并成功过坝,设计了鱼道进口概化模型。以草鱼幼鱼为研究对象,在18±1℃的条件下研究了鱼道进口流速对鱼类上溯行为的影响。研究发现:鱼道进口水流存在一个最佳流速,在该流速下,鱼类进入鱼道进口的效率最高。利用诱鱼流道补水有助于进一步提高鱼道进鱼效率,诱鱼流道水流与鱼道进口水流之间存在一个最优流速比。针对草鱼幼鱼的鱼道进口最佳流速约为0.3 m/s,诱鱼流道水流与鱼道进口水流的最佳流速比约为2.3。通过对洄游区鱼类游泳轨迹以及流场耦合,可知草鱼幼鱼上溯的喜好流速范围是0.20~0.30 m/s。研究成果对于鱼道进口水力设计具有重要意义。     

Fish and fisheries of regulated rivers in the UK

This paper examines the historical and recent influences of river regulation on fish populations and fisheries in Britain. The construction of a series of canals and interconnecting waters during the 18th and 19th centuries facilitated the spread of some species between catchments. These slow-flowing habitats allowed many lowland species to thrive and this is reflected today in the fish community structure in some rivers. The problems of barriers to the movement of migratory species imposed by dams and weirs and the efficacy of compensation measures are discussed. The latter embrace fish passes, adult fish and smolt transport, and stocking. Potential problems for the future include the disruption of the homing of salmon to their natal rivers caused by transfers of water between catchments. River basin management in Britain attempts to reconcile the water resource requirements of fisheries with those of other water users. This can be seen in the practice of Regional Water Authorities to include ameliorative measures in many of their land drainage and flood prevention designs. However, more research is required on the long-term problems and benefits of these and other river regulation schemes on resident fish populations.     

Meta‐analyses,Metrics and Motivation: Mixed Messages in the Fish Passage Debate

Over recent years, there has been increasing challenge to the accepted wisdom that the environmental impacts of river engineering can be adequately mitigated through the installation of infrastructure, such as fish passes. This has led to a debate on the value of fish passage with some arguing that increased research and development will advance solutions for a variety of structures that are suitable for multiple species and transferable to different regions. Others suggest that policies and management strategies should reflect the realization that current mitigation technology frequently fails and can itself have negative impacts. Meta‐analyses of the results of studies on fish passage effectiveness have led to the challenge of conventional views by highlighting lower than expected efficiencies, wide variation between and within fish pass designs, and bias towards consideration of a limited number of commercially important species mainly from northern temperate regions. Results of meta‐analyses can also be controversial, and difficulties can arise when nuances associated with individual studies are lost and when metrics used are not standardized. Intrinsic variation in fish passage efficiency between and within species due to differences in patterns of movement and motivation may not be considered, and in many situations, current metrics are not appropriate. Quantification of variation in trends in fish passage efficiency over time and with spatial scale is lacking and should be the focus of future reviews. It is time to accept that fish passage does not provide a universally effective mitigation solution, particularly when designs and strategies are transferred to other regions and species for which they were not originally designed. Admitting to cases of failure is an essential first step to advancing water resources planning and regulation based on well‐informed decision‐making processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水平潜流湿地对城市湖泊污水的净化分析

简要介绍了人工湿地的定义、分类和发展历史及现状,以西安市兴庆湖为研究对象,在水力负荷为0.5m3/（m2.d）和水深0.7 m时,分析水平潜流湿地对城市湖泊污水中的SS、COD、氮、磷等的净化效果,为人工湿地在西北地区城市湖泊的推广应用提供借鉴。     

Fish passes design discharge requirements for successful operation

Longitudinal connectivity is one of the prime issues addressed in river restoration our days. At the same time, mitigation of climate change impacts by modes of renewable energy increasingly puts pressure on the remaining free flowing river stretches for hydroelectricity production. At the site level, this trade‐off manifests in the negotiation of water for upstream and downstream fish passage versus losses for hydroelectricity production. This study has compiled and analysed 193 studies evaluating fish passes designed to provide upstream migration for all species and size classes of the respective river system. The overall assessment of functioning and discharge dedicated to fish pass maintenance, site, and river characters were provided by the studies. The main objective here was deriving general guidance for the minimum amount of water needed for fully functioning upstream fish passage in relation to river size. There was a significant correlation between functionality and design discharge of a fish pass. Fully functioning fish passes (N = 92) had median design discharge of 5% of the mean average discharge of the river, restrictedly functioning of 1.1% and not functioning of 0.22%. A power model could be derived of design discharge needs in relation to river discharge, which is inversely related to river size. In large rivers, a rather small share of mean discharge is sufficient, whereas in small rivers, it cannot be further downscaled due to dimensions. This model might provide first guidance in adjusting needs for both hydroelectricity generation and fish conservation in regulated rivers.     

乌东德水电站左岸防渗帷幕布置方案优化研究

乌东德水电站在可研阶段设计的是左岸防渗帷幕穿过厂房上游侧后,向上游转折接Pt2-12y相对隔水层,防渗依托可靠,但防渗线路长、工程量大,且上接线路穿过溶蚀发育的灰岩地层,灌浆施工难度较大。根据施工期开挖揭露的地质条件和专项补充勘探成果,开展了防渗依托层论证、三维渗流计算分析、结构稳定安全复核等研究,将左岸防渗帷幕布置调整为下接Pt2-12y弱透水层,缩短帷幕线路长度达329 m,效益显著。研究成果对同类工程防渗依托层的选择及帷幕布置优化具有较好的参考意义。     

集运鱼船研究综述

水工程的大量修建在为人们提供便利、创造财富的同时,也破坏了河流生态系统的平衡,对水生生物的生存环境造成了严重影响。尤其是一些洄游鱼类如中华鲟、圆口铜鱼等,洄游通道的阻隔导致其近年来资源量不断下降。为了解决鱼类的过坝问题,科研工作者对众多过鱼设施进行了研究。其中,集运鱼船作为一种活动过鱼设施,能够弥补固定过鱼设施的不足,在恢复生态系统平衡及水电站保护鱼类等方面具有较大的研究和应用价值。对其国内外研究现状和亟待解决的关键技术问题作了介绍,并对其今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

流道宽度及来流速度对鲫鱼运动模式的影响

为考察鲫鱼在不同流道宽度和来流速度下的运动模式,在自循环型水槽中进行了鱼游运动观测实验。实验用鱼体长18~20 cm,体重180~200 g,流道宽度为7~60 cm,来流速度0.1~0.6 m/s。利用高速摄影对不同条件下的鲫鱼游泳运动过程进行了记录,使用image Pro等图像数据分析软件对鱼游运动的摆尾频率、振幅、体波数等参数进行了定量分析,并拟合得到了鱼游运动方程,归纳了各运动参数随来流速度和流道宽度的变化规律。分析结果表明:鲫鱼的摆动频率、摆动幅度及体波数随来流速度变化有明显的改变,而流道宽度对鱼游泳运动模式的影响有限;来流速度增大,鱼的运动频率、运动幅度、体波数均有所增加。目前与鱼游运动相关的研究多集中于流速对其摆尾频率和振幅的影响,少有探讨鱼体摆动的体波数这一参数,更少有探究流道宽度对鱼运动的影响。研究成果积累了相关实验数据,可增加对鱼游运动机理的认识,为鱼类洄游通道恢复措施的制定提供理论支撑。