硝酸改性活性炭纤维对镉的吸附性能研究

研究硝酸改性对活性炭纤维的表面物理化学特性的影响和镉在改性活性炭纤维上的吸附行为,考察了温度、pH、有机物(腐殖酸)对吸附的影响,并进行了相应的热力学计算。结果表明,硝酸改性能显著提高活性炭纤维表面含氧酸性基团的含量,降低pH_(PZC)值,对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附作用显著增强。吸附等温线能较好地符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型;△H~0和△S~0均为负,整个温度范围内吸附是自发的放热过程;改性活性炭纤维对Cd~(2+)吸附环境的最佳pH值应控制在6～8;一定浓度的有机物对Cd~(2+)的吸附有明显的影响,且两者之间存在竞争吸附。     

水中三种典型含氮有机物的活性炭吸附特性研究

利用三种类型活性炭(粉末炭PAC、活性炭纤维ACF、颗粒活性炭GAC),对三种典型含氮有机物(色氨酸、腺嘌呤和三聚氰胺)的吸附容量和吸附速率开展了研究。研究表明:PAC与ACF对色氨酸具有较高的吸附容量,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,拟二级动力学模型能够很好反应吸附速率变化;GAC吸附色氨酸等温线符合BET模型,其吸附速率变化符合内扩散模型。ACF与GAC对腺嘌呤均具有较高的吸附容量,其吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,拟二级动力学能较好地反应了吸附速率的变化;而PAC对腺嘌呤的吸附更符合Langmuir模型,吸附速率变化同样符合拟二级模型。三种活性炭对三聚氰胺的吸附均大致符合BET模型,在低于液相饱和浓度条件下,三种炭的三聚氰胺吸附容量均较小,三种炭吸附三聚氰胺速率的变化都符合拟二级动力学模型。     

粉末活性炭对水中灭草松的吸附性能研究

研究了粉末活性炭对灭草松的去除效果以及吸附时间、投炭量和水质对粉末活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明,粉末活性炭对灭草松有一定的去除率,吸附规律符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Freundlich吸附等温线;吸附时间为60min时,吸附率已达到45%以上;随着投炭量的增加,灭草松的去除率提高,粉末活性炭的吸附容量降低;在不同水质条件下,粉末活性炭的吸附等温线可能不同,因此在应急处理中,首先应该确定该水质下的吸附等温线,然后求出投炭量。     

溴酸盐和溴离子在活性炭上的竞争吸咐研究

高溴离子原水经臭氧氧化后同时存在溴酸盐和溴离子。考察了溴酸盐和溴离子的单组分和双组分活性炭吸附等温线及吸附动力学曲线。研究表明,溴酸盐和溴离子同时存在时会产生竞争吸附,活性炭对溴酸盐的吸附速率大于溴离子。应用动力学模型对双组分竞争吸附进行了拟合,双组分条件下活性炭对溴酸盐和溴离子的吸附过程用Langmuir动力学模式描述是合适的。活性炭对溴酸盐和溴离子的去除受pH和有机物的影响较大,较低pH和较低的有机物含量有利于活性炭的吸附。     

颗粒活性炭吸附饮用水中卤乙酸特性研究

采用颗粒活性炭(GAC)对饮用水消毒副产物卤乙酸中的三氯乙酸(TCAA)和二氯乙酸(DCAA)的吸附特性进行了研究和对比。研究结果表明:在单底质条件下,活性炭对卤乙酸的吸附等温线最符合修正的Freundlich方程,浓度小于200μg/L时,活性炭对卤乙酸基本表现为单层吸附。活性炭投加量为1600mg/L时,GAC对TCAA和DCAA的去除率分别达到98.49%和98.01%。活性炭对TCAA的吸附能力高于DCAA,当平衡浓度为0.3μmol/L时,其对二者的摩尔吸附容量比为1.17∶1。酸性条件下有利于活性炭吸附卤乙酸。多底质共存条件下,两种卤乙酸之间存在竞争吸附,与单底质条件下相比,活性炭对TCAA的吸附受影响程度低于DCAA。同时吸附速率比较表明活性炭对DCAA的吸附速率较快。     

溴酸盐和溴离子在活性炭上的竞争吸附研究

高溴离子原水经臭氧氧化后同时存在溴酸盐和溴离子。考察了溴酸盐和溴离子的单组分和双组分活性炭吸附等温线及吸附动力学曲线。研究表明,溴酸盐和溴离子同时存在时会产生竞争吸附,活性炭对溴酸盐的吸附速率大于溴离子。应用动力学模型对双组分竞争吸附进行了拟合,双组分条件下活性炭对溴酸盐和溴离子的吸附过程用Langmuir动力学模式描述是合适的。活性炭对溴酸盐和溴离子的去除受pH和有机物的影响较大,较低pH和较低的有机物含量有利于活性炭的吸附。     

热处理提高活性炭对水中MIB的去除能力研究

本研究主要目的是要提高活性炭对M IB的处理能力。活性炭分别用N2和H2进行热处理。活性炭快速小柱实验研究表明:用N2和H2热处理均能有效提高活性炭对M IB的吸附能力。H2处理对M IB吸附能力的提高要好于N2。N2处理后的炭一旦长时间暴露在空气,吸附能力会有所降低。H2处理后的炭则能长期保持其处理能力。     

饮用水中硼的活性炭纤维吸附研究

通过静态试验,对颗粒活性炭、粉末活性炭和粘胶基活性炭纤维进行吸附比较,同时对经过简单预处理的活性炭纤维的除硼效果及吸附时间、pH、温度等对吸附效果的影响进行考察。结果表明,粘胶基活性炭纤维吸附效果最佳;其过程符合Freundlich吸附等温线模式,以物理吸附为主;最佳吸附时间为1h;pH和温度对吸附效果影响均较大,最佳pH约为6,温度为17℃;采用不同再生剂对吸附饱和的活性炭纤维进行再生试验,3%NaOH溶液效果最好,再生后吸附效率可达89%。     

玉米秸秆制备活性炭纤维及其对水中荧光素的吸附能力研究

玉米秸秆经高温碳化为炭纤维,采用1mol/L H3PO4活化制备成活性炭纤维吸附剂,荧光素为吸附质,研究ACF吸附性能的影响因素,并对吸附机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明:碳化温度为750℃,投加量为0.2 g,pH为3时,ACF对溶液中的荧光素具有较强的吸附能力;ACF对低浓度荧光素溶液具有显著吸附效果,Langmuir方程能很好地描述等温吸附特征,吸附强度因子a为正值,表明吸附过程在本试验条件下可自发进行,根据Langmuir方程计算的理论饱和吸附量为19.608mg/g;吸附在8 h后达到平衡,带入试验数据校对得出准二级动力学模型能更好的描述ACF对水中荧光素的吸附动力学过程。实验结果和吸附机理表明,玉米秸秆高温碳化ACF能有效处理含荧光素废水。本研究从影响因子、吸附动力学以及吸附热力学方面探讨了玉米秸秆活性炭纤维对荧光素的吸附过程,以期为吸附法处理此类废水提供理论基础。     

不同吸附材料对水中高氯酸盐的去除效果比较研究

首先通过高氯酸盐的吸附平衡实验,比较8种不同吸附材料的吸附能力。实验结果表明:对高氯酸盐吸附,Langmuir模型拟合效果要优于Freundlich模型,吸附类型主要为单层吸附。对不同吸附材料的高氯酸盐吸附自由能计算也得出,高氯酸盐的吸附主要为化学吸附。8种材料吸附能力由大到小依次为:阴离子交换树脂>木质活性炭>椰壳活性炭>煤质活性炭>壳聚糖>沸石>膨润土>颗粒氢氧化铁。研究中还对高氯酸盐的吸附动力学进行探讨。并对吸附动力结果进行了一级和二级动力学方程拟合。二级拟和的线性相关系数明显高于一级。说明不同材料对本研究中所使用的高氯酸盐的吸附更符合二级动力学方程。对吸附速率的比较则得出,阴离子交换树脂和活性炭的吸附速率要明显高于其他吸附材料。     

Phenol adsorption by activated carbon produced from spent coffee grounds

The present work highlights the preparation of activated carbons (ACs) using spent coffee grounds, an agricultural residue, as carbon precursor and two different activating agents: water vapor (ACW) and K(2)CO(3) (ACK). These ACs presented the microporous nature and high surface area (620-950 m(2) g(-1)). The carbons, as well as a commercial activated carbon (CAC) used as reference, were evaluated as phenol adsorbent showing high adsorption capacity (≈150 mg g(-1)). The investigation of the pH solution in the phenol adsorption was also performed. The different activating agents led to AC with distinct morphological properties, surface area and chemical composition, although similar phenol adsorption capacity was verified for both prepared carbons. The production of activated carbons from spent coffee grounds resulted in promising adsorbents for phenol removal while giving a noble destination to the residue.     

Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose/organic montmorillonite nanocomposites and its adsorption behavior for Congo Red dye

A series of carboxymethyl cellulose/organic montmorillonite (CMC/OMMT) nanocomposites with different weight ratios of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to organic montmorillonite (OMMT) were synthesized under different conditions. The nanocomposites were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis. The results showed that the introduction of CMC may have different influences on the physico-chemical properties of OMMT and intercalated-exfoliated nanostructures were formed in the nanocomposites. The effects of different reaction conditions on the adsorption capacity of samples for Congo Red (CR) dye were investigated by controlling the amount of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), the weight ratio of CMC to OMMT, the reaction time, and the reaction temperature. Results from the adsorption experiment showed that the adsorption capacity of the nanocomposites can reach 171.37 mg/g, with the amount of CTAB being 1.0 cation exchange capacity (CEC) of MMT, the weight ratio of CMC to OMMT being 1:1, the reaction time being 6 h, and the reaction temperature being 60°C. The CMC/OMMT nanocomposite can be used as a potential adsorbent to remove CR dye from an aqueous solution.     

A comparison of different activated carbon performances on catalytic ozonation of a model azo reactive dye

The objective of this study is to compare the performances of catalytic ozonation processes of two activated carbons prepared from olive stone (ACOS) and apricot stone (ACAS) with commercial ones (granular activated carbon-GAC and powder activated carbon-PAC) in degradation of reactive azo dye (Reactive Red 195). The optimum conditions (solution pH and amount of catalyst) were investigated by using absorbencies at 532, 220 and 280 nm wavelengths. Pore properties of the activated carbon (AC) such as BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and pore diameter were characterized by N(2) adsorption. The highest BET surface area carbon (1,275 m(2)/g) was obtained from ACOS with a particle size of 2.29 nm. After 2 min of catalytic ozonation, decolorization performances of ACOS and ACAS (90.4 and 91.3%, respectively) were better than that of GAC and PAC (84.6 and 81.2%, respectively). Experimental results showed that production of porous ACs with high surface area from olive and apricot stones is feasible in Turkey.     

Adsorption of Cr(VI) in wastewater using magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotubes

Magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotubes were prepared with wet chemical treatments and characterized by a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). They were used as adsorbents for the removal of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions. The effects of adsorbent dosage, the concentration of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution, temperature, and pH value on the removal efficiency were studied. Results showed that the adsorption capacity of the magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotubes increased with the initial Cr(VI) concentration, but decreased with the increase of adsorbent dosage. The adsorption amount increased with contact time. The adsorption kinetics were best represented by the pseudo second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherms indicated that the Langmuir model better reflected the adsorption process. The obtained calculation results for the Gibbs free energy revealed that the adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process. The enthalpy deviation was 3.835 kJ·mol⁻¹. The magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotubes showed significant potential for application in adsorption of heavy metal ions.     

低温活性炭对养殖废水吸附特性

针对我国北方寒冷地区农村分散源养殖废水污染,以粒状活性炭为吸附剂,研究了低温（10℃）和常温（25℃）两种工况下静态吸附对养殖废水COD的去除效果和吸附特性。结果表明,低温下活性炭对废水COD的吸附饱和量为14.472mg/L,常温下饱和吸附量为7.564mg/L;二级吸附动力学方程可较好地描述该吸附过程;Langmuir等温吸附方程比Freundlich等温吸附方程能更好地拟合实验结果。本研究可为北方寒冷地区农村分散源养殖废水的处理提供数据参考和理论指导。     

Nitrogen speciation in wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents-the US and Polish case studies.

The fate of N species, particularly dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), through process trains of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was investigated. In this study, three fully nitrifying plants in Illinois, USA and biological nutrient removal (BNR) plants in northern Poland were sampled for N characterization in the primary and secondary effluents as a function of the particle size distribution. The correlations between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations were examined. The key findings are that DON becomes significant portion (about 20%) of the effluent N, reaching up to 50% of effluent total N in one of the Polish plants. The DON constituted 56-95% of total ON (TON) in the secondary effluents, whereas in the Polish plants the DON contribution was substantially lower (19-62%) and in one case (Gdansk WWTP) colloidal ON was the dominating fraction (62% of TON). The DOC to DON ratio in the US plants is significantly lower than that in the receiving waters indicating potential for deterioration of receiving water quality. In Polish plants, the influent and effluent C:N ratios are similar, but not in the US plants.     

Adsorptive performance of penta-bismuth hepta-oxide nitrate, Bi?O?NO?, for removal of methyl orange dye

The adsorption of methyl orange dye from aqueous solution onto penta-bismuth hepta-oxide nitrate, Bi(5)O(7)NO(3), synthesized by precipitation method, was studied in a batch adsorption system. The effects of operation parameters such as adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, pH and temperature were investigated. The adsorption equilibrium and mechanism of adsorption was evaluated by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm and different kinetic models, respectively. The results indicate that adsorption is highly dependent on all operation parameters. At optimum conditions, the adsorption capacity was found to be 18.9 mg/g. The adsorption data fits well with the Langmuir isotherm model indicating monolayer coverage of adsorbate molecules on the surface of Bi(5)O(7)NO(3). The kinetic studies show that the adsorption process is a second-order kinetic reaction. Although intra-particle diffusion limits the rate of adsorption, the multi-linearity plot of intra-particle model shows the importance of both film and intra-particle diffusion as the rate-limiting steps of the dye removal. Thermodynamic parameters show that the adsorption process is endothermic, spontaneous and favourable at high temperature.     

Characterization of cobalt ferrite-supported activated carbon for removal of chromium and lead ions from tannery wastewater via adsorption equilibrium

In this experiment, cobalt ferrite-supported activated carbon (CF-AC) was developed and characterized via the wet impregnation method for the removal of Cr and Pb(II) ions from tannery wastewater. Batch adsorption was carried out to evaluate the effect of experimental operating conditions (pH of solution, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature), and the removal efficiencies of Cr and Pb(II) ions by the developed adsorbents were calculated and recorded for all experimental conditions. These variables were estimated and reported as removal efficiencies of 98.2% for Cr and 96.4% for Pb(II) ions at the optimal conditions of 5, 0.8 g, 80 min, and 333 K for pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature, respectively. The equilibrium for the sorption of Cr and Pb(II) ions was studied using four widely used isotherm models (the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin isotherm models). It was found that the Freundlich isotherm model fit better with the coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.948 4 and a small sum of square error of 0.000 6. The maximum adsorption capacities (Q_m) of Pb(II) and Cr adsorbed onto CF-AC were determined to be 6.27 and 23.6 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process conformed well to pseudo-second order kinetics as revealed by the high R² values obtained for both metals. The thermodynamic parameters showed that adsorption of Cr and Pb(II) ions onto CF-AC was spontaneous, feasible, and endothermic under the studied conditions. The mean adsorption energy (E) values revealed that the adsorption mechanism of Cr and Pb(II) by CF-AC is physical in nature. The results of the study showed that adsorbent developed from CF-AC can be efficiently used as an environmentally friendly alternative adsorbent, for removal of Cr and Pb(II) ions in tannery wastewater.     

Removal of Cr(VI) by magnetite nanoparticle.

Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method. The highly crystalline nature of the magnetite structure with diameter of around 10 nm was characterized with transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The surface area was determined to be 198 m2/g. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the adsorption kinetics and mechanism of Cr(VI) by these magnetite nanoparticles. The Cr(VI) uptake was mainly governed by physico-chemical adsorption. The adsorption process was found to be pH and temperature dependent. The adsorption data fit well with the Freundlich isotherm equation. The Freundlich constants were calculated at different temperatures. The adsorption capacity increased with rising temperature. Preliminary results indicate that magnetite nanoparticles may be used as an adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater.     

Removal of volatile organic compounds by heterogeneous ozonation on microporous synthetic alumina silicate

A hybrid process combining adsorption and ozonation was examined as an alternative treatment for odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) was chosen to study the influence of operating parameters. Two synthetic aluminosilicates (faujasite-Y and ZSM-5) were tested for adsorption and reactivity with ozone. The adsorption equilibrium measurement on both adsorbents showed that adsorption performance depends on temperature but is not sensitive to relative humidity, due to the hydrophobic properties of the materials. Adsorbed VOCs were oxidized at low temperature when ozonated flow was sent to the reactor. Regeneration of the fixed bed was achieved at the same time, releasing mainly CO(2) and H(2)O. Intermediates of oxidation, such as 2,3-butanedione and acetic acid, were identified, leading to incomplete mineralization. The influence of concentration and humidity are discussed. Four successive cycles were tested: after the first adsorption/ozonation cycle, the adsorption efficiency was not affected during subsequent cycles. These results show that the same sample of adsorbent can be used in the treatment process for a long time. Ozonation regeneration is a promising process for VOC removal.