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1.
1 . INTRODUCTIONOnce peoplebrokethroughthelimitationoftraditionalecologytostudyonthestaticrelationshipbetweenbiologyanditsenvironmentandcameabouttostudythemechanismoftheirinteractioninviewofbiochemistryandenvironmentdynamics,ecosys temdynamicsgainedwide…  相似文献   

2.
THE SIMULATION OF THE SAR IMAGE OF INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVES IN ALBORAN SEA   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6  
1 . INTRODUCTIONOceaninternalwaveisakindofgravitywavegeneratedinthestratifiedocean .Itproducebytheinteractionoftidecurrentandtopography ,seaquakeandmovingshipwhenthestrong ,shallowpycnoclineis present.Theinternalwavesinthecontinentalshelfarealmosttideprod…  相似文献   

3.
1 . INTRODUCTIONInthewesternequatorialPacificOcean ,thevigorousandcomplexcirculationischaracterizedbytheuniqueconvergenceofthesurfacecurrents,per manent,seasonalandmesoscaleeddies ,andsubsur facecurrents.Asanimportantcontributortothee quatorialandglobalmom…  相似文献   

4.
1 . INTRODUCTIONObjectiveofOceanFluxStudyintheShelfMar ginoftheEastChinaSeaistounderstandthevariousoceanicprocessescontrollingtheverticalfluxesofcar bonandotherbiogenicelementsandthemajorroleinhorizontalmassreplacementandredistributionplayedbytheoceanc…  相似文献   

5.
1. INTRODUCTIONOscillatingflowsoverperiodicripplesareofpracticalaswellasscientificinterestbecauseoftheirrelevancetobeachproces...  相似文献   

6.
1 . INTRODUCTIONOneoftheflowconfigurationsimportantintheenvironmental processes ,withsignificantbuoyancyeffects,isaverticalnegativebuoyantjetdischargedintoastagnantenvironment .Anexampleisanindustrialdischargesuchasbrine ,whichisreleasedintotheoceanthroug…  相似文献   

7.
1 . INTRODUCTIONJustaslightcanbedecomposedinto 7colorsandmusicinto 7notes,thecomplexverticalprofilesofoceandynamicalfactorsandsoundspeedcanalsobedecomposedintoaseriesofnormalmodes[1~ 5] .Basedonthisfact,intheearly 1 980sAmericaactu alizedtheOceanicAcousticTomog…  相似文献   

8.
1 . INTRODUCTIONInternalwavesmayexistinanybodyofwaterwithdensitystratification (Osborne ,1 978) .Large amplitudeinternalwavesareveryimportantforpor blemsofacousticalcommunicationoverlargedis tances,forhydraulicengineeringofdeepwatercon structionsandforthesafet…  相似文献   

9.
1 . INTRODUCTIONAhorizontalback and forthmotionproducednearasandbedby progressivegravitywavespropagationinshallowwaterusuallygivesrisetonearlysymmetricalbed formscom monlyknownasripples .Oscillatingflowsoverperiodicripplesareofpracticalaswellassci entific…  相似文献   

10.
1 . INTRODUCTIONWhenhigh speedairfloworcurrentpassesovergapsorcavitiesinaflatplate ,self excitedoscillationsmayoccur ,leadingtodramaticpressureandvelocityfluctuationandintensivenoise .Thesephenomenamayappearinmanyengineeringapplications .Forexample ,weaponb…  相似文献   

11.
Call for Papers     
正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.  相似文献   

12.
The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 106 t CO2eq km2 per year, or 24 × 106 t CO2eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO2eq MWh?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO2eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO2eq MWh?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.  相似文献   

14.
解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明:库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。  相似文献   

15.
Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.  相似文献   

16.
River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.  相似文献   

17.
Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.  相似文献   

19.
本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发,考虑固相、液相的相对运动,推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程,并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达,可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程,显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制,适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求,作了不同形式的简化。  相似文献   

20.
该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明:四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用,并具有巨大的社会效益,同时还有综合利用效益,说明修建中型水电站的优越性.  相似文献   

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