Filter clogging in coarse pore filtration activated sludge process under high MLSS concentration.

Coarse pore filtration activated sludge process is a type of hybrid process in which the secondary settling tank of the conventional activated sludge process is replaced by non- woven and coarse pore filter modules. The filter has pores, which are irregular in shape, and much bigger than micro-filtration membrane pores in size. The objective of the study is to find out the effect of the microbial community structure on filter clogging in the coarse pore filtration activated sludge process under high MLSS concentration in aerobic and anoxic/aerobic (A/A) conditions. Filter clogging started from day 65 and 70 in the A/A and aerobic process, respectively, but it was more severe in the A/A process compared to that in the aerobic process. EPS contents of sludge did not change significantly during the operation in both processes, and did not have a crucial effect on the observed filter clogging. There was no strong evidence for direct effect of the type and number of metazoa on filter clogging. The main difference between aerobic sludge and A/A sludge during the filter clogging period was the relative abundance of filamentous bacteria. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that a higher presence of filamentous bacteria could reduce the severity of filter clogging in a coarse pore filtration activated sludge process.     

Biological nutrient removal model No.1 (BNRM1).

This paper presents the results of the work carried out by the CALAGUA Group on Mathematical Modelling of Biological Treatment Processes: the Biological Nutrient Removal Model No.1. This model is based on a new concept for dynamic simulation of wastewater treatment plants: a unique model can be used to design, simulate and optimize the whole plant, as it includes most of the biological and physico-chemical processes taking place in all treatment operations. The physical processes included are: settling and clarification processes (flocculated settling, hindered settling and thickening), volatile fatty acids elutriation and gas-liquid transfer. The chemical interactions included comprise acid-base processes, where equilibrium conditions are assumed. The biological processes included are: organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus removal; acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. Environmental conditions in each operation unit (aerobic, anoxic or anaerobic) will determine which bacterial groups can grow. Thus, only the model parameters related to bacterial groups able to grow in any of the operation units of a specific WWTP will require calibration. One of the most important advantages of this model is that no additional analysis with respect to ASM2d is required for wastewater characterization. Some applications of this model have also been briefly explained in this paper.     

海绵城市入渗设施淤堵研究进展及长期性能改进方案探讨

针对海绵城市渗井、渗透管和渗透塘等典型入渗设施,阐述了淤堵机理和性能改进研究的意义。将淤堵影响因素分为淤堵物源性质、水动力条件和滤层特性3个方面,分别围绕这3个方面概述了淤堵研究进展。将我国海绵城市入渗设施淤堵问题研究的不足和需要加强研究的方面归纳为:淤堵物源特征仍然不够明确,水流条件研究不够全面,间歇运行的影响研究不够,实际组合滤层结构缺乏研究,时间效应研究不够,主要作用机制认识存在分歧,结构形式和运行维护方案研究不够,缺乏原型试验和实际工程研究。针对我国海绵城市建设,提出急需针对典型城市区域监测实际雨洪,尤其是久未下雨后暴雨中的第1波雨洪,研究入渗设施的淤堵物源性质。基于类似问题的研究工作,分析了入渗设施滤层性能改进的途径,认为可更换滤层方案可以突破入渗设施淤堵问题,促进入渗设施的更广泛运用,从而保障海绵城市建设的长期效果。     

堤防工程减压井淤堵及其应对措施研究

 通过现场调查和试验以及室内多种模拟试验，揭示了机械、化学淤堵的形成条件与发展规律，以及生物淤堵成因及其对机械、化学淤堵的促进作用。在室内、外试验基础上根据工程经验提出了淤堵应对措施，包括根据淤堵溯源特性发明的过滤器可拆换式减压井，并通过工程应用证实了其有效性和可操作性。指出可以通过合理的设计、施工和运行管理使减压井尽可能避免淤堵，已淤堵者也可以通过一定措施恢复其功能，并建议推广应用过滤器可拆换式减压井。     

Optimising the performance of a lab-scale tidal flow reed bed system treating agricultural wastewater.

A gravel-based tidal flow reed bed system was operated with three different strategies in order to investigate its optimal performance for the treatment of a high strength agricultural wastewater. According to the three strategies, individual reed beds were saturated and unsaturated with the wastewater for different periods while reasonably stable hydraulic and organic loadings were maintained. Experimental results demonstrated that the system produced the highest pollutant removal efficiencies with a relatively short saturated period and long unsaturated period, highlighting the importance of oxygen transfer into reed bed matrices during the treatment. Significant removals of some major organic and inorganic pollutants were achieved under all three operational conditions. Nitrification was not the major route of ammoniacal-nitrogen removal when the system was under high organic loading. Due to the filtration of suspended solids and the accumulation of biomass, gradual clogging of the reed bed matrices took place, which caused concerns over the long-term efficiency of the tidal flow system.     

针刺织物用于粉土反滤的实践

织物用于粉土反滤易发生淤堵，论文阐述了针刺织物成功应用于粉土堤防反滤的经验。按反滤准则及防堵性准则选择织物的规格，并采用梯度比方法进行不同水力坡降下的淤堵试验，试验结果均未发生淤堵。经长达10年的现场应用后取样测试，与试验结果对照也未发生淤堵。实践表明，只要织物选用合适，在较大水力坡降下也不会发生淤堵。     

Development and investigation of a pollution control pit for treatment of stormwater from metal roofs and traffic areas.

Source control by on-site retention and infiltration of stormwater is a sustainable and proven alternative to classical drainage methods. Unfortunately, sedimentary particles and pollutants from drained surfaces cause clogging and endanger soil and groundwater during long-term operation of infiltration devices. German water authorities recommend the use of infiltration devices, such as swales or swale-trench-systems. Direct infiltration by underground facilities, such as pipes, trenches or sinks, without pretreatment of runoff is generally not permitted. Problems occur with runoff from metal roofs, traffic areas and industrial sites. However, due to site limitations, underground systems are often the only feasible option. To overcome this situation, a pollution control pit was developed with a hydrodynamic separator and a multistage filter made of coated porous concrete. The system treats runoff at source and protects soil, groundwater and receiving waterways. Typically, more than 90% of the pollutants such as sedimentary particles, hydrocarbons and heavy metals can be removed. Filters have been developed to treat even higher polluted stormwater loads from metal roofs and industrial sites. The treatment process is based on sedimentation, filtration, adsorption and chemical precipitation. Sediments are trapped in a special chamber within the pit and can be removed easily. Other pollutants are captured in the concrete filter upstream of the sediment separator chamber. Filters can be easily replaced.     

南水北调中线京石段冬季调度策略

冰塞是南水北调中线工程冬季输水面临的主要冰害。冰塞的形成及发展与水力、热力、冰冻等多方面因素有关。因此,分析冰塞在不同因素下的变化特征,研究如何通过改变水位、流速等控制方式降低冰塞灾害发生的概率,对于保障中线工程冰期输水的供水安全至关重要。以中线工程中冰害风险较大的坟庄河节制闸 南拒马河节制闸渠段为研究对象,首先基于水动力学、热力学以及冰水力学等理论,构建冰情演变模型,并进行率定与验证;然后依据冰塞的形成条件以及影响因素,设置不同水深、流速与气温的组合情景并模拟冰情变化;之后基于水深、流速与水温变化对冰塞特征影响的定量分析,确定流速的控制指标以及气温的预警指标,提出渠段冬季输水的安全调度方式;最后采用冰塞最容易发生的水深、流速以及气温的组合情景对调度方式进行验证。验证结果表明,该调度方式能够显著降低冰塞发生概率,有效保障了冰期输水安全,能够为实际调度提供一定的参考。     

A high filtration system with synthetic permeable media for wastewater reclamation.

A novel filtration process with synthetic permeable media was investigated for secondary effluent reclamation. Polyurethane was chosen as the filter medium among three tested media. Compressibility and up-flow velocity were changed to determine the optimum operation for the system. An equation was introduced to express the relationship between the removal efficiency and up-flow velocity. In a pilot study, the synthetic medium filtration with compression showed very stable effluent quality without clogging trouble, though the system operated with three times higher filtration rate and much longer backwashing interval than conventional systems.     

泡沫塑料滤层的雨洪入渗物理淤堵模拟试验研究

泡沫塑料是一种新型滤层材料,在海绵城市入渗系统中具有较好的应用前景,迄今仍存在不同雨洪悬浮物特征下滤层规格的选取以及淤堵之后如何维护等疑难问题。针对雨洪悬浮物淤堵问题,通过在典型场地取样调查分析,得出研究区域雨洪悬浮物粒径级配及浓度范围,采用室内试验来模拟泡沫塑料滤层的物理淤堵过程。将雨洪颗粒划分为5个粒组,分别制备悬浮物溶液,系统开展了滤层入渗模拟试验,建议了滤层选型原则。即对于粒径[0.1,0.25) mm以及<0.1 mm的细颗粒,与其相对应的具有最佳截留效果的滤层规格分别为80 ppi和100 ppi。采用组合级配悬浮物颗粒制备不同浓度的悬浮物溶液,针对两种规格的滤层,开展了入渗模拟试验,获得了泡沫塑料滤层渗透系数下降速度随悬浮液浓度的变化规律。即相同滤层孔径下,雨洪悬浮物浓度越高,滤层淤堵速度越快;相同悬浮物浓度下,滤层孔径越小,淤堵速率越快。滤出液浊度的分析结果也证明了渗透系数的变化规律。     

Small wastewater treatment plants in mountain areas: combination of septic tank and biological filter.

Research work has been carried out for more than 20 years by Eparco and the University of Montpellier (France) on the application of biological wastewater treatment processes for small communities. This research has led to a new process which is particularly suitable for remote populations, taking into account several specificities such as as the seasonal fluctuations in the population, the accessibility of the site, the absence of a power supply on site, the reduced area of land available and the low maintenance. Thus, the process, which combines a septic tank operating under anaerobic conditions and a biological aerobic filter, is a solution for wastewater treatment in mountain areas. This paper presents the process and three full-scale applications in the region of the Alps.     

旋转网筒过滤器转速变化规律及影响因素研究

为了探索网筒转动对延缓过滤器堵塞问题的影响以及转速的影响因素,分别在不同流量和含沙量条件下进行室内物理模型试验,分析了转速随过滤时间的变化规律及其影响因素。试验结果表明：浑水条件下转速随流量的增大幅度低于清水条件,含沙量对网筒转速有重要影响;网筒转速随流量的增大而增大,流量增大的初始时刻网筒转速加快,网筒转动持续时间延长;相反,网筒转速随含沙量的增大而减小,含沙量越大,初始时刻网筒转速越低,网筒转速下降越快,网筒停止转动时间提前。分析认为,进水流量和含沙量的共同作用导致了网筒转速的变化。通过对过滤池内泥沙质量对比分析可知,网筒转动有利于延缓堵塞、提高过滤效率。因此,在实际工程中可以考虑利用网筒转动来达到延缓堵塞的目的。     

基质堵塞对人工湿地净化城市湖泊影响研究

以西安市兴庆湖为研究对象,研究了基质堵塞对水平潜流人工湿地净化城市湖泊水体的影响。针对利用基质进行过滤,生物量增长和分解,化学物质沉积和沉降时导致孔隙堵塞的问题,提出采用水解酸化预处理、间歇运行、药剂溶菌等方法解决。研究表明,基质堵塞问题的解决,使污水中悬浮物截流去除,可极大地提高后续湿地处理系统正常运行的可靠性。     

Study on purification mechanism in soil penetration facility for effluents from urban area and control strategies.

In this study, demonstration experiments for removal of pollutants from road surface runoff during storm events were carried out under natural conditions in an outdoor pilot-scale soil penetration facility. In general, soil retains suspended matter and removes dissolved matter by adsorption. However, issues such as reduced purification capacity resulting from clogging and recovery of purification capacity during periods of intermittent supply of the storm water affect the removal efficiency of pollutants. Therefore, this study aimed at clarifying purification mechanisms during storm events and understanding how the structural characteristics of the soil penetration facility affect purification capacity based on long-term continuous measurements. In addition, modeling the purification mechanism under changing characteristics of rainfall in the long-term was undertaken.     

Nucleic acids: indicators for dynamic processes of clogging in soil filter systems.

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-method was established to quantify the development and degradation of DNA, rRNA and tRNA in the Langenalb soil filter fed with combined sewer overflow. The DNA served as a parameter for the microbial biomass and the RNA/DNA ratio for the growth rate. For nucleic acids, quantification samples were taken at different depths and sections of the clogged and the unclogged soil filter. Highest DNA concentrations were found at a depth of 0-2 cm in the clogged soil filter. During a starvation period of three months the DNA- and RNA-concentrations decreased twofold at depths between 0-8 cm. The higher nucleic acid concentrations at depths of 10-40 cm in the unclogged soil filter were attributed to a shift of the starved microorganisms. Similar RNA/DNA ratios in the clogged and the unclogged soil filter indicate similar growth rates and metabolic activities. It could be proven that the clogging of the soil filter was due to the microbial biomass and the DNA concentration, respectively.     

Implementation of in-line infrared monitor in full-scale anaerobic digestion process.

During start up but also during normal operation, anaerobic reactor systems should be run and monitored carefully to secure trouble-free operation, because the process is vulnerable to disturbances such as temporary overloading, biomass wash out and influent toxicity. The present method of monitoring is usually by manual sampling and subsequent laboratory analysis. Data collection, processing and feedback to system operation is manual and ad hoc, and involves high-level operator skills and attention. As a result, systems tend to be designed at relatively conservative design loading rates resulting in significant over-sizing of reactors and thus increased systems cost. It is therefore desirable to have on-line and continuous access to performance data on influent and effluent quality. Relevant variables to indicate process performance include VFA, COD, alkalinity, sulphate, and, if aerobic post-treatment is considered, total nitrogen, ammonia and nitrate. Recently, mid-IR spectrometry was demonstrated on a pilot scale to be suitable for in-line simultaneous measurement of these variables. This paper describes a full-scale application of the technique to test its ability to monitor continuously and without human intervention the above variables simultaneously in two process streams. For VFA, COD, sulphate, ammonium and TKN good agreement was obtained between in-line and manual measurements. During a period of six months the in-line measurements had to be interrupted several times because of clogging. It appeared that the sample pre-treatment unit was not able to cope with high solids concentrations all the time.     

Probleme bei Planung und Betrieb von Absetzbecken für Straßenabwässer

Sedimentation basins are incorporated into runoff infiltration systems and serve as a retention system, in which the sedimentation of particles occurs as a result of gravitational force. The effectiveness of sedimentation basins in terms of removing particles is highly dependent on design parameters such as their dimensions and drainage times. To evaluate the flow distribution within sedimentation basins, a conceptual model was developed using a tracer and compared to the actual condition at the treatment system. Here, a significant difference in the height of the connecting tube between settling basin and filter basin was found. This leads to a drying out of the basin, which significantly affects the flow rates and hence the sedimentation there. Based on a model experiment with colour tracer, the flow paths were visually represented in the basin, and both the concrete variant and the effects of internal structures were considered. It was found that the incorporation of a baffle led to an improved utilization of the basin, and to water being retained for longer times. Due to the lower flow rate and these longer times, fine and medium-sized sediments could be easily settled. In a field study, the performance of a sedimentation basin for the removal of particles was evaluated based on the influent and effluent concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS). The street runoff treatment plant was monitored for one year and results showed that there was no particle accumulation in the sedimentation basin (there was no permanent retention of the particle loads). The mean TSS concentrations were 89 mg/L at the inlet of the sedimentation basin and 94 mg/L at the end of the settling tank, respectively. The structural design and operation of the system showed higher flow and turbulent flow conditions in the sedimentation basin, in which settlement of fine and medium sized particles was very low; as a result, the soil filter basin was loaded with runoff particles. Thus the particulate matter had to be removed either on the surface of the filter basin or within the porous space of the filter. The build-up of such particles can result in a significant increase of head loss due to clogging; therefore, filters must be maintained by removing the accumulated particles on a regular basis.     

河流潜流带渗透系数变化研究进展

介绍了河流潜流带的含义,即是河水与地下水发生物质能量交换的区域,其水力联系和交换水量大小受河床沉积物渗透系数的影响。对近年来国内外学者对河床潜流带渗透系数变化进行了大量研究。由于特殊的环境与水文地质条件,潜流带渗透系数的大小不仅取决于沉积物孔隙大小和孔隙的连通性,而且与生物扰动、河流流水等作用紧密相关:洪水带来的细小颗粒引起河床表面沉积物孔隙淤塞,致使渗透系数减小,但在洪水退后,潜流带的水文交换和生物扰动能破坏淤塞层,从而引起反淤塞作用,造成河床渗透系数增大。因此,淤塞-反淤塞作用改变着河床的渗透性能。最后,指出存在的问题今后的研究方向。     

动态法研究芦苇湿地土壤对苯酚的净化能力及其影响因素

用动态土柱法研究芦苇湿地土壤对苯酚的净化效果及其影响因素。结果表明，同原状生长芦苇土柱、原状不生长芦苇土柱相比，模拟土柱对高、中、低三个浓度的苯酚均具有较好的净化效果，且对低浓度苯酚的净化效果最好；芦苇可以通过改变根际和非根际土壤性质以及溶液在土壤中的滞留时间，从而影响湿地土壤对苯酚的净化能力。     

莲花水电站机组机型选择

通过对莲花水电站水轮机机型的技术经济比较，对水轮机主要技术参数的优化，最终选用了西德Ｊ．Ｍ．ＶＯＩＴＨ公司为我国五强溪电站设计的新转轮。由哈尔滨机电厂制造，转轮型号为ＨＬＡ５５１，这是目前国内国际上中低水头段流式转轮中一个优秀转轮。