服务首都发展大局呼唤永定河统一管理

1永定河的特点和特殊的地位与作用 永定河是海河流域北系的主要河流之一,是首都北京的重要防洪、供水河道,它发源于山西省宁武县的桑干河和内蒙古兴和县的洋河,在河北省怀来县朱官屯汇合后始称永定河.永定河流经山西、内蒙、河北、北京、天津5省、市、自治区,在天津北塘入渤海,总流域面积4.7万km2,河道全长680km.永定河自河北省幽州进入北京市界,经门头沟、石景山、丰台、房山和大兴5个区后出市界,在北京市流域面积3 168km2,堤防全长122km.     

小浪底工程进水塔混凝土的温度控制

小浪底工程进水口集中布置,进水塔群由10座进水塔组成,呈"一"字形排列,体积庞大且结构复杂,故对温度控制要求高.洞群衬砌为C30～C70高等级混凝土,且厚度在1～4m之间,温控问题突出.本文从设计、施工及实施效果全面进行了分析、介绍.     

延庆地区的湿地保护

1湿地的定义及其沿革 对许多人来说,湿地是一个十分生疏的的概念,只是近年来,随着环境问题的突出,人们开始关注湿地."湿地"一词源自英文Wetland,是对地球三大生态系统(海洋、湿地与森林)中的与水发生关联的生态系统的总称.例如无论是天然或人工的湖泊、沼泽、滩涂、水库、蓄洪区、鱼塘、芦苇荡、荷花淀、烂泥坑……更大一些的有海滩、泛洪平原,只要水深不超过6 m的水域,无论咸淡,一律被称做湿地.     

以科学发展观为指导建设管理好北京的母亲河

永定河是北京的母亲河,它源源不竭的生命之水,在北京的形成、发展、繁荣过程中发挥了不可替代的作用.永定河又是一条汪洋恣肆、难以驯服的河,它暴虐的洪水年复一年地威胁着北京平原的安全.祈求永定成为世世代代生息在这里的人们对这条河的梦想,新中国的建立使这种梦想变成现实,永定河半个世纪安澜无患,写出辉煌的历史新篇章.     

北京城的沿革与水--元朝

元代为避开永定河洪水对都城的威胁,同时也为了使都城有更充足的水源可以利用,将大都城的城址向东北移动到永定河冲击扇脊部.公元1271年,元世祖忽必烈选定在白莲潭(今什刹海)一带建设元大都.为巩固元朝的统治,迫切需要从南方调运大批粮食和其他物资进大都,因而先后疏浚了南北大运河,同时试行海运.元代以前,漕船大多只能抵达通州张家湾.从通州到大都,虽有闸河和坝河可以通漕,但已废多年,坝河河窄水浅运量有限.史料记载:"通州而上,地峻而水不留,其势易浅,舟船不行",主要运输"常从事陆挽,人颇艰之".若"方秋霖雨,驴畜死者不可胜计".     

临泉县涎河闸底板混凝土施工技术

本文结合自己的施工经历,阐述了涎河闸工程闸室底板混凝土的施工技术,从混凝土的配合比、拌制、输送、浇筑、养护及温控等工艺流程上,介绍了混凝土工程施工的质量控制措施.     

水电站抗震保安全有力有序有效进行

[本刊综合报道]"5·12"汶川大地震导致四川等地水库、水电站严重受损，水利部领导高度重视.     

西藏皮达湖和龙巴萨巴湖除险的思考

由于自然、历史、社会等原因，人们对高原冰湖的研究甚少，除险施工更是少之又少。分析西藏定结县皮达湖、龙巴萨巴湖险情的成因与危害，通过对两冰湖除险施工的总结，揭示了高海拔水利工程施工的一些特点、面临的实际问题以及取得的实践经验，并从保护生态及环境的角度出发，对冰湖的保护和治理进行了有益的探索。     

热血融化冰雪真情融化灾情——追记在抗冰救灾中英勇殉职的大山人民的好儿子、电力职工彭显松同志

2008年1月29日下午5时54分,四川省水电投资经营集团筠连电力有限公司双腾供电所职工彭显松冒着严寒在风雪中抢修电路时,从7m多高的电杆上摔落,不幸英勇殉职,献出了他27岁年轻而宝贵的生命.     

岳虎滩水电站增容改造

岳虎滩水电站工程始建于1974年,原机组设备较为落后,经多年运行,下游河床内洪水堆积体抬高下游水位严重,且现有发电机组处于超龄服役期,水轮机效率、机组出力明显下降,加之原装机容量偏小,已不能满足电网需求.随着科技进步,在充分利用原有资源、采用新型机组设备条件下,通过对岳虎滩水电站进行综合改造,增加电站容量及机组出力,使电站效益得到大幅提高,同时也达到最大限度地利用水能资源目的.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。