有限深度均匀水流中方柱阻力测试研究

为解决工程实际中方柱桩基码头与桥墩的水流绕流阻力计算问题,以指导涉及方柱桩基的物理模型试验和数值模拟计算等工作,在归纳总结已有的研究成果的基础上,通过先进的测力设备,对有限深度均匀水流中方柱绕流进行了阻力测试研究,进一步掌握其特性规律,并指出今后研究方向.     

绕流流场无穷远处流函数边值条件的数值研究

利用流函数－涡量方程求解二维不可压缩低雷诺数绕圆柱流动，在与其它学者计算结果一致的情况下，本文数值研究了无穷远处流函数边值对圆柱定常绕流、圆柱起动流动以及非定常周期性卡门涡街形成的影响。本文计算了各种条件下绕圆柱的阻力系数、流函数涡量分布以及扰动流函数等。计算结果显示，对于定常绕流及圆柱起动流动，几种无穷无流函数边值条件求得的结果基本一致。对于非定常周期性圆柱绕流，不同的无穷远流函数边值条件对计算     

绕物体水流中固体颗粒运动轨迹和冲击作用计算

含沙水流通过水力机械将造成对叶轮和流道的冲蚀。本文中计算了球形颗粒在绕圆柱和叶栅流场中的运动轨迹和冲击作用,综合前人的分析和实验结果给出了颗粒运动方程,因考虑的因素较全面,方程适用的雷诺数范围较大,计算结果表明,在上游来流一定范围内的颗粒将冲击物体其余颗粒则不和物体接触。这一范围被称为冲击颗粒分布宽度,它随粒径、来流流速和攻角的增加而增大,结果是合理的。根据计算估计的破坏部位与原型观测一致。颗粒冲击物体的总能量可用来估计冲蚀程度。文中用不同计算方法作了颗粒运动计算,结果间的偏差很小。     

探针杆挠曲对水流场测量的影响研究

绕流阻力引起探针杆弹性挠曲，针头挠度和转角造成测点位置误差和流速方向或分量测量误差。本文提出根据探针测定的原始速度分布求解针头在各测点处的转角，进而确定实际流速方向、流速分量和测点位置误差。方法成功地用于探针测定的三维流场的误差计算和修正。结果表明，沿杆长方向的流速误差最大，不能忽视。最后，给出误差修正计算实用近似方法。     

粗颗粒高浓度流体管道流动浓度分布研究

通过分析浆体中粗颗粒固体粒子垂直于流动方向上力的平衡关系,给出了粗颗粒浆体浓度分布模型。在分析相关研究成果的基础上,给出了模型中固体颗粒扩散系数的计算方法。通过三种粗砂颗粒高浓度管道流动试验,测定水平管道和倾斜管道不同条件下若干组浓度分布的一些试验数据。采用提出的模型,预测了粗颗粒高浓度分布值,并对浓度分布的实测值和计算结果进行了对比分析,给出了偏差的原因。     

多孔方型人工鱼礁绕流的数值模拟研究

数值模拟得到了5种不同来流速度(0.1 ～0.8 n/s)下的多孔方型人工鱼礁周围的水流场.过礁体中心的铅垂面上速度分布表明:①不同来流速度下,上升流的最大速度和平均速度均分别为来流速度的0.74倍和0.12倍,上升流最大高度均为礁体高度的2.6 ～2.7倍,背涡区的长度和高度均分别为礁体高度的4倍和1.25倍;②在靠近礁体背流面形成水流方向与来流方向相一致的透水区.过礁体中心的水平面上速度分布表明:①不同来流速度下,背涡区的长度和宽度均分别为礁体宽度的4倍和1.8倍;②在鱼礁内部形成水流方向杂乱的旋涡区.本研究还初步比较了多孔方型人工鱼礁绕流与无孔方型人工鱼礁绕流的流场效应异同点.     

亚临界雷诺数下电磁力控制圆柱体绕流场特性的脱体涡模拟

该文利用Maxwell方程直接数值计算表面包覆电极与磁极圆柱体产生的电磁力分布,将其加入到动量方程中,采用脱体涡模拟(DES)方法,在亚临界雷诺数(Re=5×104)下,对电磁力作用下圆柱体在弱电解质中的绕流场结构及其升阻力特性进行了数值模拟与分析.结果显示:电磁力可以增大圆柱体近壁面的流体动能,延缓流动分离,减弱绕流场的三维效应;同时电磁力还可以显著减小圆柱体阻力,抑制其阻力与升力脉动幅值,而且随着电磁力作用参数的增加,圆柱体平均阻力及其升力系数均方值均呈指数衰减特征.研究表明,在亚临界雷诺数下,电磁力可以有效地改善圆柱体绕流场结构,达到减小其阻力并抑制其升阻力脉动幅值之目的,因此是圆柱型结构一种有效流动的控制手段.     

促淤浮帘绕流阻力特性及其计算

基于促淤浮帘的参数设计和稳定性考虑,需探明浮帘的绕流阻力特性及其计算方法。通过试验研究,分析了绕流阻力随浮帘密度、高度和弗汝德数3个参数的变化规律,得到了在河床未发生冲刷时绕流阻力最大且随浮帘趾冲刷及帘后淤积的发展逐步减小的结论。根据试验数据,利用回归分析得到浮帘绕流阻力系数的计算表达式。试验结果表明,在所研究的范围内,浮帘绕流阻力系数与浮帘雷诺数无关。     

有限元-有限差分法对振荡流加任意方向均匀来流中圆柱绕流的数值模拟分析

本文用有限元—有限差分混合法解不可压缩非定常N—S方程来直接模拟振荡流加任意方向均匀来流流场中圆柱绕流情况。该方法的基本思想为:在同一时间步的不同计算步中,用三阶迎风格式离散动量方程中的对流项,压力修正方程用有限元离散,离散后的方程用直接法解。本文计算了Re=800,K_c=4时,均匀来流与振荡流幅值之比等于0.8,其夹角分别为30°、45°和60°三种绕流情况。首次用该方法系统地计算分析了振荡流中在考虑较多因素时圆柱绕流的涡脱泻现象。重点探讨了有夹角均匀来流情况下振荡流场中圆柱近迹复杂的涡结构及其非定常演化过程。     

文丘里定风量阀的实验研究

通过对文丘里定风量阀阀芯所受的绕流阻力进行理论研究,发现绕流阻力系数是描述文丘里定风量阀阀芯在运行过程中所受绕流阻力的关键因素,进而设计了实验装置,对绕流阻力系数进行实验研究。通过对不同阀体收缩角度、不同阀芯位置的绕流阻力及绕流阻力系数的实验研究,得出了如下结论:绕流阻力系数与当量直径呈良好的幂函数关系;绕流阻力系数随当量直径的增大而减小,且随着收缩角的增大,绕流阻力系数的变化幅度增大,并且在同一位置不同风量下绕流阻力系数基本保持不变。     

A STUDY OF DRAG COEFFICIENT RELATED WITH VEGETATION BASED ON THE FLUME EXPERIMENT

This study is focused on the effects of ecological factors (diameter and flexibility) and vegetation community composition on the drag coefficient related with vegetation. The single leafy shrub and three mixed communities (including shrub-grass, shrub-reed and reed-grass community) were studied. The flow velocity and water level were measured and used to calculate the drag coefficient based on the Bernoulli's equation, Darcy drag formula and the expression for the drag coefficient related with Darcy drag factor. The trend of the drag coefficient in the vertical direction was analyzed against flow depth, diameter, diameter Reynolds number, flow depth Reynolds number and relative roughness height in different discharges. The results show that beside the dense leafy shrubs community, the vertical trend of the drag coefficient among other cases against flow depth, diameter, diameter Reynolds number, flow depth Reynolds number and relative roughness height can be approximately expressed by power law functions under different flow discharges. Moreover, in a mixed community with two plants with distinctly different ecological factors, the one with the most distinct variations of ecological factors determines the vertical trend of the drag coefficient; the other one only affects the magnitude of the drag coefficient. Furthermore, if the ecological factors of the vegetation in the vertical direction are kept almost not changed, the drag coefficient can be approximately regarded as a constant.     

水锤泵内部流道优化及性能研究

水锤泵是一种不用电和油的自动泵水机械,在缺电、无电的山区、农村具有广阔的应用前景。为解决传统设计过程中难以对流道进行评析、研发周期长以及产品性能低的难题,提出了水头损失系数、阀瓣升力系数、阀瓣受力偏心距和出口流速分布均匀度的水锤泵内部流道评价指标和相应的数学模型,建立了采用前扩式和后扩式流道的水锤泵数值模型,并进行了分析对比。前扩式和后扩式流道的水头损失系数分别为4.51和3.72,泄水阀的升力系数分别为4.11和2.23,泄水阀受力来流方向的偏心距分别为0.21 mm和2.02 mm,泄水阀出口的流速分布均匀度分别为47.8%和69.2%。经对比,后扩式流道的水头损失系数和泄水阀升力系数小,受力偏心距大,出口流速分布均匀度高,是一种较为合理的布置形式。选择后扩式流道制造生产了新型水锤泵,在不同作用水头和扬程下进行多工况性能测试,建立了扬水量评估公式,给出了所需的来水量。     

不同布水方式下水平潜流人工湿地水动力学机制研究

通过6种布水方式（一般推流、多向入流、部分回流、波流、对角流、多点进水）下水平潜流人工湿地的脉冲示踪剂实验研究，获得其水力停留时间概率分布密度曲线。用4种不同概率分布函数（正态分布、对数正态分布、卡方分布、瑞利分布）对其水力停留时间的概率分布密度进行拟合分析，结果表明：对数正态分布的拟合效果更好。将对流扩散模型和连续反应器模型分别用于6种布水方式下的示踪剂迁移过程模拟，结果表明：连续反应器模型比较适合模拟部分回流式布水方式，对流扩散模型能够较好模拟其他5种布水方式。考虑多向入流和多点进水的示踪剂浓度叠加作用，进一步利用基于对流扩散机制的叠加模型进行示踪剂迁移过程模拟，结果表明：基于对流扩散机制的叠加模型能够较好模拟多向入流、多点进水类型的水平潜流人工湿地。     

含植物水流动力特性研究进展

鉴于植物与水动力之间复杂的相互作用过程,从植物对水流的阻力作用、植物引起的紊动作用以及植物对波浪的消减作用三方面,综述了国内外含植物水流动力特性研究进展,总结了不同水动力条件下含植物河道Manning系数、拖曳力系数与植物特性之间的定量关系,讨论了植物引起的纵向流速垂向分布和紊动强度变化以及植物在海岸带波浪消减中起到的作用。针对目前含植物水流动力特性研究中存在的不足,指出植物拖曳力系数、含植物水流紊动特征、植物-水流-波浪耦合作用机理为今后研究的重点。     

非淹没刚性植被流动阻力研究

摘要：水生植物环境中，水流受植被的阻碍作用，流动阻力增加。为了定量研究植被对水流的阻力，本文采用应力计对非淹没刚性植被的流动阻力进行了实验室测量。能量方程计算的拖曳力与应力计实测的拖曳力进行了对比，两者的一致性证明了拖曳力测力装置的有效性。对不同水深条件下的植被拖曳力的测量表明，非淹没刚性植被的流动阻力与速度的平方成正比，拖曳力系数受雷诺数和能量底坡的影响较大。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OVERLAND FLOW WITH GEOCELL

The hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow with a geocell slope are different from those of traditional flows because of its special structure. In this paper,a hydraulic flume with different slope gradients is used to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow with geocell. The differences of flow characteristics between the overland flow with the geocell slope and the traditional flows are studied, and the hydrodynamic characteristics are obtained, including the flow pattern, the flow velocity and the hydraulic friction factor for the slope flow with geocell under different flow rates and slope gradients. The results show that there is a positive power function relationship between the rill depth of the slope surface (h) and the drag coefficient of the Darcy Weisbach (f).There is a positive logarithmic function relationship between the drag coefficient f and the Reynolds number Red,and there is a negative power function relationship between the drag coefficient f and the Froude number Fr.     

3-D numerical investigation of the wall-bounded concentric annulus flow around a cylindrical body with a special array of cylinders

Concentric annulus flow around a combinational cylindrical body with a special array of cylinders at five high Reynolds numbers is investigated numerically using Fluent 6.3.26 in this paper. The numerical results show a good agreement with the experimental data in regard to the axial velocity of the flow. This study focuses on the flow structure and the hydrodynamic characteristics based on the velocity distribution, the pressure distribution, streamlines and vectors under 1-D, 2-D and 3-D conditions. Meanwhile, some global parameters including the pressure coefficient, the drag coefficient and the lift coefficient are analyzed. Numerical results show that the high velocity region and the reverse wake zone with low velocity exist in some spaces due to the disturbance of the cylindrical body. Negative pressures appear in some regions. Neither a wide area vortex nor the vortex shedding appears in the wall-bounded domain. The drag along the axial direction is the main force acting on the cylindrical body in the pipe domain. The annulus flow around the cylindrical body is analyzed to reveal the hydrodynamic characteristics of the complex turbulent concentric annulus flow field due to the multi-effects in the pipeline.     

不同长细比圆柱绕流的大涡模拟

自从人们对层流圆柱绕流现象有了系列研究及清楚的认识后,逐渐把目光投向湍流的圆柱绕流问题,但高雷诺数下的圆柱绕流具有很强的三维特性,因此在数值计算时模型轴向长度的选取是大家关心的问题。该文基于开源软件OpenFOAM运用LES计算了4种不同长细比圆柱的静止圆柱绕流(包括一个二维算例),重点分析和对比了结果中的一些基础参数如St数、平均阻力系数等,与实验结果吻合良好。文中还进一步分析了时均顺流向速度U在流场中沿流向和横向的分布,发现长细比为π的圆柱算例中,计算域的轴向尺度已经能满足圆柱下游靠近圆柱处的流场中的三维结构的发展。     

Parametric study on smoothed particle hydrodynamics for accurate determination of drag coefficient for a circular cylinder

Simulations of two-dimensional (2D) flow past a circular cylinder with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method were conducted in order to accurately determine the drag coefficient. The fluid was modeled as a viscous liquid with weak compressibility. Boundary conditions, such as a no-slip solid wall, inflow and outflow, and periodic boundaries, were employed to resemble the physical problem. A sensitivity analysis, which has been rarely addressed in previous studies, was conducted on several SPH parameters. Hence, the effects of distinct parameters, such as the kernel choices and the domain dimensions, were investigated with the goal of obtaining highly accurate results. A range of Reynolds numbers (1–500) was simulated, and the results were compared with existing experimental data. It was observed that the domain dimensions and the resolution of SPH particles, in comparison to the obstacle size, affected the obtained drag coefficient significantly. Other parameters, such as the background pressure, influenced the transient condition, but did not influence the steady state at which the drag coefficient was determined.     

Numerical investigation of drag force on flow through circular array of cylinders

A 2-D model for flow through a circular patch with an array of vertical circular cylinders in a channel is established using the Navier-Stokes equations with a hybrid RANS/LES turbulence model–the Scale Adaptive Simulation (SAS) model. The applicability of the model is first validated by test cases where experimental data are available for comparison with the computed results. It is verified that the present model can predict well the average velocity and turbulence structure. The drag force and drag coefficient are then calculated using the present model for a number of cases with different solid volume fractions, cylinder Reynolds numbers and patch diameters. It is shown that the drag coefficient increases with increasing solid volume fraction, but decreases with increasing Reynolds number. However, the drag coefficient is independent of the diameter of circular batch when the solid volume fraction and Reynolds number are kept constant.