Sauergasbasierte stoff- und energieautarke Trocknung von Klärschlamm und Gärresten

During the processing of biomass as well as during waste water treatment, residual materials with a high water content are produced. They must therefore be dried prior to thermal utilization. Classical drying processes often use fossil raw materials to generate the necessary energy. With sour gas-based drying based on carbon dioxide-air mixtures, an alternative is presented that considers CO₂ as a valuable raw material (second life) and uses it in the process for drying sewage sludge and fermentation residues. Especially in the drying of fermentation residues, significant differences in dry substance content (DS) were measured, which in individual cases amounted to up to 35 % DS with the same drying time. This is expressed, among other things, in a higher carbon content of 0.42 wt % (wf) in the dry material, accompanied by a heating and calorific value that is more than 1 MJ kg⁻¹ higher.     

Ausgleich der Volatilität der Erneuerbaren Energien mittels Wärmespeichern auf Salzbasis

To compensate for the volatility of renewable energies, solutions beyond fossil reserve power plants are needed. One approach is salt-based heat storage with phase change materials (PCM). In order to achieve economic efficiency, ambitious targets are required. A sensible and latent heat storage system for the temperature range around 400 °C based on salts and thermal oils with high development potential is presented.     

The structure of Stoehr's Glycerinäther

Stoehr's Glycerinäther has been shown to be the ether ofcis 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl) dioxane.     

Zeolites Promoting Quinoline Synthesis via Friedländer Reaction

Catalytic performance of zeolites H-BEA, H-MFI, H-FAU and H-MOR, exhibiting textural differences and with different Brønsted and Lewis acid sites concentration, have been studied in the synthesis of quinolines via Friedländer reaction. H-BEA and H-FAU efficiently promoted the condensation of 2-aminoaryl ketones 3 with ethyl acetoacetate (4a) or acetylacetone (4b) under mild reaction conditions, those being the first examples of zeolites as catalysts for this transformation. While H-FAU showed similar catalytic behaviour than that reported for (Al)SBA-15 affording mixtures of quinolines 5 and quinolones 6, H-BEA mainly led to quinolines 5 in almost total selectivity and good yields. However, H-MFI and H-MOR zeolites afforded quinolones 6 as the major reaction product. Methodology reported here was found to be useful for the synthesis of biologically active compounds with excellent yields avoiding unnecessary purifications protocols and tedious work-up procedures.     

Mössbauer spectroscopy study of iron-based catalysts used in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Mössbauer spectroscopy investigation of iron-based Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalysts from the US Department of Energy's LaPorte pilot plant demonstration run (August 1992) has revealed that the ratio of iron in the octahedral site to that in the tetrahedral site in magnetite correlates with the water-gas-shift activity. Studies of the catalysts from laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor indicate that activation of the oxide precursor with CO results in the formation of -carbide (Fe₅C₂) whose amount decreases with increasing SiO₂ content in the catalyst. The Fe₅C₂ is converted into Fe₃O₄ during FT synthesis. The FT activity of the catalyst is found to follow the trend of -carbide variation indicating that -carbide is active for the FT synthesis.     

利用κ-Köhler理论研究大气气溶胶的吸湿特性

利用κ-K?hler理论对西安、北京两地大气气溶胶体系的吸湿特性进行研究。选取多种代表性无机物（硫酸盐、硝酸盐、氯盐）及有机物（烯烃、芳香烃、羧酸）建立气溶胶体系模型，使研究体系更接近于真实大气成分。结果表明，在空气质量由清洁状态向雾霾发生状态转变的过程中，两种体系中均呈现有机物含量逐渐减少而(NH₄)₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃含量逐渐增多的趋势，这种变化趋势总是促使气溶胶体系整体吸湿能力增强，因此更易吸湿增长形成雾霾。对体系中不同组分对吸湿性的影响进行了定量预测，理论预测的变动趋势与实际观测的变动趋势相同，揭示了雾霾形成过程中各组分的变动趋势及影响程度，为针对性解决雾霾问题提供思路。     

The onset of Taylor-Görtler vortices in impulsively decelerating swirl flow

The onset of hydrodynamical instability induced by impulsive spin-down to rest in a cylinder containing a Newtonian fluid is analyzed by using propagation theory. It is well-known that the primary transient swirl flow is laminar, but with initial high velocities secondary motion sets in at a certain time. The dimensionless critical time Τ_c to mark the onset of instability is presented here as a function of the Reynolds number Re. Available experimental data indicate that for large Re deviation of the velocity profiles from their momentum diffusion occurs starting from a certain time Τ≈4Τ_c. This means that secondary motion is detected at this characteristic time. It seems evident that during Τ_c⪯Τ⪯4Τ_c, secondary motion is relatively very weak and the primary diffusive momentum transfer is dominant.     

Microstructural and Mössbauer properties of low temperature synthesized Ni-Cd-Al ferrite nanoparticles

We report the influence of Al³⁺ doping on the microstructural and Mössbauer properties of ferrite nanoparticles of basic composition Ni_0.2Cd_0.3Fe_{2.5 - x}Al_xO₄ (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) prepared through simple sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR), and Mössbauer spectroscopy techniques were used to investigate the structural, chemical, and Mössbauer properties of the grown nanoparticles. XRD results confirm that all the samples are single-phase cubic spinel in structure excluding the presence of any secondary phase corresponding to any structure. SEM micrographs show the synthesized nanoparticles are agglomerated but spherical in shape. The average crystallite size of the grown nanoparticles was calculated through Scherrer formula and confirmed by TEM and was found between 2 and 8 nm (± 1). FTIR results show the presence of two vibrational bands corresponding to tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Mössbauer spectroscopy shows that all the samples exhibit superparamagnetism, and the quadrupole interaction increases with the substitution of Al³⁺ ions.     

Keramische Membrantechnologie für die Verfügbarmachung biogener Stoffströme

Within the scope of this research work, an efficient membrane-based process with ceramic ultrafiltration membranes was developed for the recovery of purified lignosulfonates from the spent sulfite liquor of chemical wood pulping. The aim was to separate the lignosulfonates from low-molecular organic impurities (sugar, carboxylic acids, etc.) and process chemicals, to concentrate them, and to make them available for a targeted further use. One further aspect of the project was the separation of the products (target molecules) of lignosulfonate degradation using ceramic membrane technology.     

Synthesis of magnetic mesoporous silica composites via a modified Stöber approach

In this work, magnetic Fe₃O₄@mesoporous silica composites were synthesized by a microemulsion (oil-in-water/ethanol) approach which was applied with a modified Stöber reaction. Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide was employed as the surfactant, nano-Fe₃O₄ particles were dispersed in microemulsion. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) formed oil drops, and ammonia solution facilitated the hydrolysis polymerization of TEOS. The diameters of the magnetic Fe₃O₄@mesoporous silica composites can be tuned within the range 120–380 nm by varying the ratio of ethanol/water and the amount of nano-Fe₃O₄ particles. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas of magnetic Fe₃O₄@mesoporous silica composites were determined to be within the range 490–759 m²/g and their pore sizes were around 2.3 nm as it was determined by Barrett–Joyner–Halenda method. Furthermore, the encapsulation of poorly water-soluble drugs within magnetic Fe₃O₄@mesoporous silica composites was investigated using protoporphyrin IX. Magnetic Fe₃O₄@mesoporous silica composites showed a drug loading within 22–68 mg/g, which can be an excellent drug delivery platform for photodynamic therapy.     

Forschungsarbeiten am Institut für Verfahrenstechnik der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg

Since the founding of Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg (OVGU), the research activities in the field of process engineering have been steadily expanded. Today, the Faculty of Process- and Systems Engineering at OVGU comprises four institutes for Process Engineering, Chemistry, Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics as well as Apparatus and Environmental Technology. In this article, the five chairs of the Institute of Process Engineering (Bioprocess Engineering, Chemical Process Engineering, Process Systems Engineering, Thermal Process Engineering, and Mechanical Process Engineering) present their research activities based on selected projects.     

Investigations of Fe-Ru bimetallic catalysts by in situ Mössbauer and EXAFS studies

In situ Mössbauer and EXAFS investigations have shown that the reduction of iron in the monometallic Fe/SiO₂ catalyst is only partial, the reduction being mostly to a ferrous silicate phase. In the bimetallic Fe-Ru/SiO₂ catalysts, the proportion of the FeRu alloy formed on reduction increases markedly with the increase in Ru content; clearly, Ru significantly enhances the reduction of iron on SiO₂. In the Ru-rich compositions (Ru/Fe 1.0), most of the iron is present in the alloy phase and there is no segregation of -Fe. A comparative study of the different supports has shown that -Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ interact with iron strongly at low reduction temperatures while the TiO₂ support interacts at higher temperatures. The presence of traces of Fe³⁺ often found in reduced Fe-Ru catalysts is shown to arise from the oxidation of fine segregated iron particles on the support.Contribution No. 831 from the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit.     

Expanded hexadentate ligands of Jäger type: synthesis and X-ray analysis

The free ligand 2 of Jäger type was synthesized via demetallation of the copper complex 1. 2 was expanded by condensation with dicarbonyl compounds to yield further hexadentate ligands with [N₄O₂]-donorset suitable for transition metal complexation. The structures of 2 and 3 were described by NMR and X-ray analysis.     

Characterization investigations of glass-ceramics developed from Seyitömer thermal power plant fly ash

Glass-ceramic materials were produced from fly ash samples obtained from the Seyitömer thermal power plant in Turkey. Glass samples were crystallized by suitable nucleation and crystal growth heat treatments on the basis of DTA results. The microstructural analysis of glass-ceramic samples were carried out using SEM and XRD techniques. SEM investigations clearly demonstrated the presence of a tiny crystallized phase dispersed in the microstructure. XRD results revealed that the main crystalline phase was diopside [Ca(Mg,Al)(Si,Al)₂O₆]. It was observed that the mechanical properties and the thermal expansion coefficient of the glass-ceramic samples depend only on the amount of the crystalline phase. Furthermore, chemical durability of the produced glass-ceramic samples were high.     

Heterogeneous Catalytic Solvent-free Synthesis of Quinoline Derivatives via the Friedländer Reaction

A simple solvent-free heterogeneous catalytic method was developed for the synthesis of substituted quinoline derivatives via the Friedländer cyclization.