Analytical Approach for Calculating the Separation Efficiency of Uniflow Cyclones

An approach for calculating the separation efficiency of uniflow cyclones for the separation of solid particles from gases is proposed. The analytical model is based on an equilibrium orbit concept, similar to that used in the Barth‐Muschelknautz model for conventional reverse‐flow cyclones, which has been proven to be successful for designing and calculating cyclones in a wide range of industrial applications. The proposed model takes into account the special flow pattern of uniflow cyclones, which differs substantially from that in reverse‐flow cyclones. The model provides correct dependencies of the separation efficiency on the main geometry and operation data of low‐loaded uniflow cyclones. Applying the calculation method to uniflow cyclones operated in test facilities indicates good agreement with experimental data.     

导叶式直流旋风分离器的研究与应用现状

与传统的逆流反转式旋风分离器相比,直流旋风分离器具有压降低的特点,在节能方面具有很大的优势,正逐渐引起研究者们的重视。通过对国内外资料的调研,对导叶式直流旋风分离器的研究和应用情况进行了综述,并对其结构和性能的改进提出了展望。     

Development of a new high‐efficiency simple structure cyclone

A novel uniflow cyclone design was evaluated using three prototype cyclones. For the first two, the efficiency and Euler number were determined using airborne solid particles with a number mean diameter of 12.5 µm. Then a larger scale prototype based on the optimized geometry was compared with an existing conventional high efficiency cyclone and a vane‐induced uniflow cyclone, using mineral oil droplets with a number mean diameter of 8.9 µm. Both sets of experiments showed that the newly designed cyclone had a higher efficiency at a higher pressure requirement, in addition to the feature of a small footprint.     

并联旋风分离器的旋流稳定性分析

分别选用2台和4台直径300 mm的相同PV型旋风分离器作为分离元件,共用进气管、集气室和排尘室,以中心对称方式组成两种并联分离器,并通过数值模拟比较单分离器与两种并联方案中各分离元件气相流动的特点. 气体介质为常温常压空气,入口气速15~30 m/s. 结果表明,2台或4台并联时各分离元件流量偏差分别不超过0.35%和0.28%,压降最大偏差为0.79%和0.43%,流量分配均匀,灰斗内窜流返混不明显,且4台并联时效果更好. 4台并联时分离元件排尘段的稳定性指数比2台并联或单分离器降低过半,旋流稳定性显著增强. 对称排列的分离元件在公共灰斗中会形成具有自稳定性的对称涡系,对分离元件内旋进涡核的摆动有约束作用,旋流稳定性增强.     

一种新型旁路式直流旋风分离器的性能研究

针对传统的直流旋风分离器分离效率低的问题,提出了一种新型旁路式直流旋风分离器。通过模型试验,对比分析了传统的、旁路式和带稳流器的旁路式等三种直流旋风分离器的性能。结果表明,采用旁路和稳流器可显著提高直流旋风分离器的分离效率。进而又通过数值模拟的方法,研究了其内部流场,分析了旁路和稳流器提高直流旋风分离器效率的流体力学机理。     

Study of the gas circulation patterns in a uniflow cyclone

A uniflow cyclone is being studied to achieve the separation of hot solids from the gaseous products of ultra-rapid fluidized (URF) processes. An experimental method with hot wire probes was developed to study the gas flow around the gas outlet, where the solids exit. The vortex penetration in the solids exit could be determined. The presence of solids greatly reduced the vortex penetration in the uniflow cyclone. Restricting gas circulation around the gas outlet dramatically impaired the cyclone collection efficiency. Therefore, good cyclone performance requires a proper design below the gas outlet.     

Experimental Study of Particle Collection by Small Cyclones

A new set of experimental data on the particle collection characteristics of small cyclones is reported. The collection efficiency for particles ranging from 2 to 10 μm in diameter was measured systematically for nine cyclones at flow rates ranging from 8.8 to 18.4 L/min. Special emphasis was given to the effects of the exit tube size and of the cyclone body size on the particle collection efficiency. The size ratio of the exit tube to the cyclone body was varied from 0.24 to 0.80. The experimental results show that the stiffness of the particle collection cutoff with size does not change noticeably with a change in the cyclone body size while operation of a cyclone at a low flow rate can cause the particle collection characteristics to become less stiff. It was also found that the exit tube diameter influences the particle collection efficiency substantially, with results showing that as the exit tube size is decreased, the collection efficiency increases. A large cyclone body size increases the efficiency. However, when the cyclone body is increased excessively, the collection efficiency appears to decrease somewhat. The experimental data were compared with existing cyclone theories and Barth's (1956) theory was found to be in good agreement. Finally, the exit tube was found to affect substantially the pressure drop of cyclones. As the exit tube size increased, the pressure drop decreased. However, when the exit tube size was further increased until it approached the body size, the pressure drop increased again.     

Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop for Small Long‐Cylinder Cyclones Operating at High Flow Rates

To address the gas flow pattern and pressure drop characteristics for small long‐cylinder cyclones (SLCCs) in the high operating flow rate range, experimental investigation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)‐based simulation were performed. The pressure drop coefficient depends insignificantly on the Reynolds number at high flow rates. The tangential and axial velocities present the Rankine vortex and the roughly inverted V‐shaped distribution, respectively, similar to those in typical cyclones. The CFD simulation approximated well the experimental data of pressure drop. The pressure drop caused by vortex loss, turbulent energy loss, and resistance loss accounted for 72.5 % of the total pressure drop. The Stairmand model was found to be relatively accurate among the classical pressure drop models for the proposed cyclone. The results may help in the design and applications of cyclone separators and reactors.     

Improving the Removal Efficiency of Cyclones by Recycle Stream

An innovative way to increase the overall efficiency of a cyclone is presented. By recycling a fraction of the output stream to the inlet duct, the efficiency of the cyclone can be improved. Experiments were conducted using bench scale (0.1 m diameter) and pilot scale (0.456 m diameter) cyclones. The overall efficiency was evaluated for both cyclones at different ranges of recycle ratios. In the presence of the recycle stream, the efficiency increases in a monotonic manner. It may approach 100 % with the use of very high recycle ratios, provided that there is agglomeration of the fine particles available in the feed stream and/or adhesion of fines to the coarse particles. From the experimental results, it is observed that the agglomeration of fine particles is the most important factor for improving the cyclone efficiency by use of a recycle stream. Moreover, the effect of the recycle stream persists, even if the inlet velocity surpasses the saltation velocity of the cyclone.     

A Mathematical Model to Compare the Efficiency of Cyclones

Tangential cyclones modified to form spiral cyclones are very efficient in separating solid particles from dust laden gases. They offer a lower gas pressure drop and higher particle separation efficiency when compared to basic tangential cyclones. Their high performance is believed to be related to their special structure. A mathematical model is introduced to explain why a spiral cyclone is more efficient than a tangential one. An experimental apparatus is designed to compare both the performances of spiral and tangential cyclones and to check the effectiveness of the model equations. The experimental data were found to be consistent with the model predictions.     

An analytical model for the fractional efficiency of a uniflow cyclone with a tangential inlet

An analytical model was developed to predict the fractional efficiency of a uniflow cyclone with a tangential inlet. The analysis showed that the separation efficiency is a function of particle Stokes number and the geometry of the cyclone body. Six sets of experiments were conducted under different conditions to validate the model. The experimental fractional efficiencies were determined by the total mass efficiency and the corresponding size distributions measured by using an offline particle sizer. Overall the experiments agreed with the modeling results well. Both model and experiments showed that the efficiency of this cyclone reached 99.5% and above when Stk > 1.0.     

入口抽滤预团聚提高旋风分离器性能试验研究

分析了旋风分离器对细粉捕集效率低的原因,并提出了对传统旋风分离器的改进方案,即将传统旋风分离器的排气芯管改进为一个过滤筒,并在滤筒内部加装转动清灰刷,这样的设计充分利用了旋风分离器和过滤除尘器各自的优点,使过滤除尘和旋风除尘有机结合在一起,节约了设备空间,提高了其综合性能,实验结果表明除尘总效率一般都在99.94%以上,完全除去了1.6μm以上的细粉尘。     

Study of a novel uniflow cyclone design

A 5 cm diameter scale-down model of a new uniflow cyclone for the ultra-rapid fluidized (URF) reactor with a gas residence time under 20 milliseconds has been tested at high solids loading (5/1 wt. solids/wt. gas) under cold modeling conditions. The body length, gas exit diameter and amount of gas withdrawn with the existing solids (gas underflow) were varied to obtain high separation efficiency (over 99.9%). Silica sand of 55 and 105 micrometer Sauter mean diameter was used. Grade efficiency curves were determined for several specific configurations to get a deeper understanding of the mechanisms influencing the separation.     

差异旋风分离器并联性能测量及流场分析

通过改变旋向和芯管直径,设计了3种差异旋风分离器,并按中心对称方式组成了3种并联方案：相同分离器、旋向差异分离器和芯管差异分离器并联。在冷态实验装置上,测量了单分离器和并联分离器的性能,并利用FLUENT软件分析了并联分离器的流场。结果表明,并联分离器的效率均高于单分离器,且效率-气速曲线未出现“驼峰”;与相同分离器并联相比,旋向交替变化时并联总压降较小,分离效率也更低,但各分离器流量分配均匀,未发现“窜流”现象;当芯管有差异时,并联总压降增大,各分离器进口流量分配不均匀,且进、出口流量平均相差6.0%,公共灰斗中存在“窜流”,旋流稳定性变差,效率降低。为了保证并联分离器的性能,应采用相同分离器对称并联的方式。     

去除亚微米粉尘的旋风除尘系统开发

本文开发出了亚微米粉尘的旋风除尘系统——环流循环除尘系统。并通过实验测试了该除尘系统的性能。结果表明 ,亚微米粉尘的旋风除尘系统的分割直径 d50 达到了 0 .5 μm～ 0 .7μm,压降小于 35 0 0 Pa,只比常规旋风除尘器的单台压降略高。该工艺系统可使半密闭和开放式电石炉气达到环保排放标准 ,亦能保证密闭电石炉除尘的需要 ,且可用于水泥立窑、锅炉等窑炉除尘     

环缝内衬固液分离耐磨旋流器磨损的数值模拟

旋流器由于结构简单、安装方便、操作便捷等优点,被广泛应用于各个工业领域。从旋流器使用以来,磨损问题就一直受到人们的极大关注,虽然在耐磨材料方面进行了大量研究,但事实表明,旋流器磨损问题仍然存在。为了提高固液分离旋流器的耐磨性,延长旋流器的使用寿命,本文提出一种环缝内衬固液分离耐磨旋流器。基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法,应用ANSYS软件中雷诺应力模型和离散相模型,对其磨损进行了模拟研究,并与普通固液分离旋流器进行对比分析,最后对模拟准确性进行实验验证。结果表明:旋流器磨损最严重的位置位于壁面入口处、圆锥体与圆柱筒体交界处及底流口附近。对于环缝内衬旋流器,由于环缝的存在,大幅度降低了旋流器壁面的磨损。另外,因为较大固体颗粒穿过环缝进入到环缝内衬和器壁的空间中,使靠近内衬的浆体浓度降低,从而也降低了环缝内衬的磨损,这一结果体现出环缝内衬旋流器的重要工程实用意义。     

三产品重介质旋流器研究的历史性跨越

介绍了一种新型的三产品重介质旋流器专利产品,通过改变一二段旋流器的布置形式、连接方式以及内设螺旋导流装置等,使一段旋流器内已形成的分选床层平稳过渡到二段旋流器内,进一步改善二段旋流器的分选条件;设计人员从系统工程角度,首次提出“真正的三产品旋流器”的研究思路,打破了现有三产品旋流器是由两个二产品旋流器简单组合的传统模式;该旋流器具有分选精度高、压力损失低、处理能力大等优点。     

Performance of a Degassing Cyclone with Main and Subsidiary Chambers

Based on the premise that large bubbles are removed in larger cyclones and small bubbles in smaller cyclones, a combined degassing cyclone with main and subsidiary chambers was designed to enhance liquid degassing. The pressure loss, liquid flow rate at the gas outlet, split ratio, gas flow rate at the liquid outlet, and degassing efficiency of the degassing cyclone were measured and calculated. Pressure loss correlations were established which relates the Euler number to the gas and liquid Reynolds numbers in the main chamber. Most cases exhibit a degassing efficiency greater than 0.998 when the liquid flow rate is more than 0.7 m³h^?1. The contours of pressure loss, split ratio, and degassing efficiency provide an effective guidance for designing a degassing cyclone.     

CFD analysis of flow field in square cyclones

In this study, computational fluid dynamic method is used to predict and evaluate the flow field inside a square cyclone. The flow field is calculated using 3D Reynolds-averaged Naveir-Stokes equations. The Reynolds stress transport model (RSTM) is used to simulate the Reynolds stresses. The Eulerian-Lagrangian computational procedure is implemented to predict particle trajectory in the cyclone. The Newton's second law is used to study the particle trajectory with modeling the drag and gravity forces acting on the particles. The velocity fluctuations are simulated using the discrete random walk (DRW). Two square cyclones which have different geometries are studied. The cyclones are simulated at different flow rates. The details of the flow field are studied in the cyclones and the effect of varying the flow rates is observed. Tangential velocity is investigated in different sections inside the square cyclone. Contour of pressure and turbulence intensity is shown for different inlet velocities inside the cyclones. It is observed that different geometries, also different inlet velocities, could affect on the pressure drop. The collection efficiency and the flow patterns obtained numerically are compared with the experimental data and good agreement is observed.     

重介质旋流器在平沟选煤厂的应用

平沟选煤厂针对两台有压给料两产品重介质旋流器分选效果差异大、出现间断性排料、指标不稳定等问题,进行了单台旋流器工艺的技改方案;改造后单套旋流器系统比并列式双套旋流器系统生产稳定,数量效率较高,能有效分选出质量合格的精煤和中煤。