蒸汽—电联合动力在水泥厂余热利用中 的分析与实践

针对许多熟料生产线的剩余余热蒸汽,设计了蒸汽—电联合动力方式,通过工业汽轮机与电动机联轴运行,实施水泥厂大型转动设备的蒸汽—电联合动力。实现了以较低的成本,扩展水泥厂余热蒸汽的利用范围,降低熟料生产线的用电量。论文对比分析余热发电与蒸汽—电联合动力的效率,结果表明,蒸汽—电联合动力有更高的效费比,更低的投资与运行费用。     

化工总能系统与节能

根据化工生产特点，提出用总能系统观点和方法评价与设计化工厂．简化分析化工厂采用工业汽轮机驱动机泵的蒸汽动力系统的节能本质．指出化工生产与动力生产的联合是大型化工装置节能的关键措施之一．     

基于液态空气储能技术的新型整体煤气化联合循环系统分析

液态空气储能技术是一种环境适应性好、容量大的电能存储技术,将液态空气储能技术与整体煤气化联合循环发电系统(IGCC)相结合,利用液空储能技术获取燃气轮机发电所需的高压空气,提高燃气轮机的出功,同时提高IGCC发电系统调峰、调频的能力,提高电能质量。本文从热力学角度出发,对该新型整体煤气化联合循环发电系统进行分析计算,建立系统物质和能量平衡,计算了系统的主要工艺参数。结果表明,净功率为150MW的液态空气-整体煤气化联合循环发电系统,燃气轮机净功率为95.9MW,汽轮机功率为53.9MW,系统热效率为52.8%;相同参数下未应用液态空气储能技术的整体煤气化联合循环发电机组功率为151.4MW,而传统简单循环燃气发电机组热效率仅为35.8%。     

天然气转化水碳比分析与运行优化

通过对某 10 0kt/a甲醇装置的实际工艺分析和工业运行 ,取得了低水碳比的工业数据和经验 ,体现了低水碳比运行的经济优势     

Flexibility of Power-to-Gas Plants: A Case Study

Due to the increasing share of renewable energies in the power sector, the need for energy storage and flexible performance is rising. This study provides an in-depth investigation of the flexibility of a Power-to-Gas plant for the production of synthetic natural gas. Model-based analysis is conducted for the individual technologies PEM electrolysis, MEA absorption and fixed-bed methanation as well as for the continuously operated process. This study reveals that the Power-to-Gas plant offers a capacity flexibility of 87–125 %, corresponding to 4.79–6.88 MW electrical input power.     

An integrated computational fluid dynamics-process model of natural circulation steam generation in a coal-fired power plant

A semi-detailed 1D process model for steam generation in a natural circulation boiler (thermosyphon loop) is linked to a detailed 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the coal-fired furnace. The CFD model has been validated against typical data from a 500 MW_e subcritical power plant. The heat flux distribution data from the CFD model are regressed into a function of height and used to drive the process model. The complex physics occurring in the furnace are coupled with the thermosyphon steam loop, resulting in circulation flows of around 4 times the feed flow. The steam side heat transfer coefficients are predicted in the process model and so the overall heat transfer coefficient for use in the CFD simulation can be re-evaluated as a function of height. The recalculated heat flux distribution is almost identical to the original, because the dominant resistance to heat flow is on the furnace side.     

工业园区生态化发展的挑战与过程系统工程的机遇

生态化成为过程工业园区可持续发展的必然选择。基于多要素、跨介质、多过程和多目标协同的园区内在特征,其生态化过程有赖于过程系统工程的研究范式和方法。在介绍过程工业园区生态化历程及特点的基础上,提出园区生态化趋势与研究需求;重点综述了在工业园区尺度上应用过程系统工程方法驱动其生态化发展的研究现状;分别就可持续性分析评价、节能、节水、碳管理、物质集成、多重网络集成优化及园区信息化等展开系统化评述。提出工业园区生态化给过程系统工程发展带来的挑战和机遇。     

Technology Optimization of Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Process

Optimization of the wet limestone (calcite) flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process is described, with the focus on the layout of subprocesses and equipment. The aim of optimization was to check the effectiveness and reliability of alternative layouts, involving intermediate product (gypsum) storage in the absorber make‐up tank, instant production of limestone slurry from powder in a wet screw conveyer and automatic gypsum dewatering line operation. Three alternatives, standard layout, optimized layout and optimized layout without reheating of treated gas, were designed and tested in a small industrial FGD plant. The comparison included evaluation of desulfurization efficiency, economical feasibility (considering a 125 MW power plant) and reliability of operation. The efficiency of the system was not affected by the layouts. Investment costs were reduced by 5 and 15 % for alternatives 1 and 2, respectively, compared to standard offers on the market. With respect to operating costs, variable operating and maintenance costs could be decreased by 0.5 up to 2.5 %, respectively. As shown by risk and reliability analysis, the availability of the system in both alternative layouts remained unchanged or was better with regard to the standard layout.     

Integration of a Gas Fired Steam Power Plant with a Total Site Utility Using a New Cogeneration Targeting Procedure

A steam power plant can work as a dual purpose plant for simultaneous production of steam and elec-trical power. In this paper we seek the optimum integration of a steam power plant as a source and a site utility sys-tem as a sink of steam and power. Estimation for the cogeneration potential prior to the design of a central utility system for site utility systems is vital to the targets for site fuel demand as well as heat and power production. In this regard, a new cogeneration targeting procedure is proposed for integration of a steam power plant and a site utility consisting of a process plant. The new methodology seeks the optimal integration based on a new cogenera-tion targeting scheme. In addition, a modified site utility grand composite curve （SUGCC） diagram is proposed and compared to the original SUGCC. A gas fired steam power plant and a process site utility is considered in a case study. The applicability of the developed procedure is tested against other design methods （STAR？ and Thermoflex software） through a case study. The proposed method gives comparable results, and the targeting method is used for optimal integration of steam levels. Identifying optimal conditions of steam levels for integration is important in the design of utility systems, as the selection of steam levels in a steam power plant and site utility for integration greatly influences the potential for cogeneration and energy recovery. The integration of steam levels of the steam power plant and the site utility system in the case study demonstrates the usefulness of the method for reducing the overall energy consumption for the site.     

The effect of steam temperature on the economics of a cogeneration power plant

Using steady-state simulation, we have evaluated the effect of boiler superheat and reheat temperatures on the economics of the utility section of a Bayer Alumina Plant. These economics were compared with those of a steam plant which purchased power. Under this study's nominal economic conditions, producing steam and purchasing electricity was the cheaper option. A sensitivity analysis showed that the cogeneration plant became the better choice when the local cost of electricity rose above 10C/kWh. The plant economics improved monotonically with superheat temperature as did the thermo-dynamic efficiency. However, for reheat, the plant economics did not improve monotonically with temperature even though the thermodynamic eficiency did; thus improvement in the thermodynamic efficiency does not always yield improved economics.     

An innovative trigeneration system using biogas as renewable energy

One of the ways to decrease the global primary energy consumption and the corresponding greenhouse gas emissions is the application of the combined cooling, heating and power generation technologies, known as trigeneration system. In this research an innovative trigeneration system, composed by an absorption heat pump, a mechanical compression heat pump, a steam plant, and a heat recovery plant is developed. The low temperature heat produced by absorption chiller is sent to a mechanical compression heat pump, that receives process water at low temperature from the heat recovery plant and bring it to higher temperatures. The trigeneration system is fed by biogas, a renewable energy. A design and a simulation of the system are developed by Chem Cad 6.3? software. The plant produces 925 kW of electrical energy, 2523 kW of thermal energy and 473 kW of cooling energy, by the combustion of 3280 kW of biogas. Primary energy rate(P.E.R.) is equal 1.04 and a sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the effect of cooling capacity, produced electrical energy and process water temperature. The first has a negative effect, while other parameters have a positive effect on P.E.R. Compared to a cogeneration system, the trigeneration plant produces the 28% higher of power and the 40%lower of carbon dioxide emissions. An economic analysis shows that the plant is economically feasible only considering economic incentives obtained by the use of heat pumps and steam plant at high efficiency. Saving 6431 t·a~(-1) corresponding to 658000 EUR·a~(-1) of incentives, the plant has a net present value(N.P.V.) and a pay back period(P.B.P.) respectively equal to 371000 EUR and 4 year. Future works should optimize the process considering cost and energetic efficiency as the two objective functions.     

Quantitative Risikoanalysen in der chemischen Industrie

Quantitative risk analysis in the chemical industry . Consideration of risks on a qualitative basis is a useful, generally applied tool in safety engineering. However, attempts to quantify risk create problems. Quantifying studies have been published concrning nuclear and chemical plant, storage tanks, and port and transport facilities. At present, attempts are also being made in Germany to demonstrate that quantitative risk analysis is also possible for chemical processes. Instead of relying on past empirical values, an ab initio determination of risk from model calculations is being tried. A theoretical basis is already available for such calculations. However, practical execution and simplification of the complicated methods leads to numerous problems which are discussed in this paper. With the aid of selected examples attention is focussed on the following problems: (1) consideration of maintenance; (2) quality of starting data; (3) predictive power of weak-point analysis.     

甲醇气相法生产二甲醚装置的节能优化

对当前甲醇气相法制二甲醚生产装置节能优化进行总结,可通过优化转动设备的结构、提高变电系统功率因数来减少电耗;通过减少疏水过程余汽夹带,蒸汽分级使用,蒸汽冷凝液闪蒸回收蒸汽,达到余热回收目的;通过全过程系统能量优化改造,达到系统节能目的。并对潜在的节能优化措施进行了简要的前瞻。     

垃圾焚烧发电耦合电转气制备合成天然气工艺集成与优化

垃圾焚烧发电耦合电转气技术制备合成天然气工艺可同时实现温室气体减排和大规模储能。由于垃圾发电效率低和甲烷化反应热利用效率不高,此工艺能效偏低。为了提升工艺能效,本文采用Aspen Plus软件对垃圾焚烧发电耦合电转气制备合成天然气过程进行了全流程模拟,基于能量平衡分析,提出了一种利用甲烷化反应热优化垃圾焚烧发电过程的工艺集成方法。针对这个优化过程,设计了一套由一级绝热固定床反应器和一级低温流化床反应器串联组成的甲烷化工艺。借助绝热固定床反应器出口高温气体提升主蒸汽参数、优化蒸汽循环过程,可将发电效率从22.05%提升至31.72%。流化床反应器低温操作有利于提升合成天然气品质,其内置换热管束作为补充蒸发受热面。此外,还考察了垃圾焚烧炉烟气再循环方式对整体工艺的影响,结果表明采用烟气干循环工艺时能效较高。以上结果对于提升工艺经济性和竞争力具有一定指导意义。     

关于工业蒸汽管道的吹扫

以500 kt/a合成氨项目中蒸汽管道的吹扫为例,阐述了工业蒸汽管道吹扫的步骤及重要参数的选择,并讨论了蒸汽流量、吹扫压力对蒸汽管道吹扫的影响。     

涤纶短纤维干拉二级拉伸的特点及其控制

简要介绍了引进的德国吉玛公司 3万 t/ a涤纶短纤维生产装置干拉二级拉伸特点及其控制。其后加工特点是 :一级拉伸发生在蒸气浴槽内 ,二级拉伸发生在第二拉伸辊与定型辊之间。这套后加工设备与国内普遍流行的涤纶短纤维后加工设备相比 ,省却了用于二级拉伸的蒸气浴箱 ,简化了一道工序 ,节省了投资 ,降低了能耗     

H2 rich product gas by steam gasification of biomass with in situ CO2 absorption in a dual fluidized bed system of 8 MW fuel input

The steam gasification of solid biomass by means of the absorption enhanced reforming process (AER process) yields a high quality product gas with increased hydrogen content. The product gas can be used for a wide range of applications which covers the conventional combined heat and power production as well as the operation of fuel cells, the conversion into liquid fuels or the generation of synthetic natural gas and hydrogen. On the basis of a dual fluidized bed system, steam gasification of biomass is coupled with in situ CO₂ absorption to enhance the formation of hydrogen. The reactive bed material (limestone) used in the dual fluidized bed system realizes the continuous CO₂ removal by cyclic carbonation of CaO and calcination of CaCO₃. Biomass gasification with in situ CO₂ absorption has been substantially proven in pilot plant scale of 100 kW fuel input. The present paper outlines the basic principles of steam gasification combined with the AER process the investigations in reactive bed materials, and concentrates further on the first time application of the AER process on industrial scale. The first time application has been carried out within an experimental campaign at a combined heat and power plant of 8 MW fuel input. The results are outlined with regard to the process conditions and achieved product gas composition. Furthermore, the results are compared with standard steam gasification of biomass as well as with application of absorption enhanced reforming process at pilot plant scale.     

Technical and economic analysis for the integration of small reverse osmosis desalination plants into MAST gas turbine cycles for power generation

A technical and economic analysis concerning the integration of small reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants into mixed air steam turbine (MAST) technologies for power generation was carried out. The simulation tool used is the computer aid reverse osmosis calculations optimization algorithm. This user-friendly software takes into account the capital cost, fuel cost and operation and maintenance requirements of each candidate RO desalination plan scheme and calculates the least-cost configuration. The results indicate that the integration of a RO desalination plant into MAST gas turbines has a minor effect on the final operating cost of the power plant.     

Non‐Invasive Process Imaging – Principles and Applications of Industrial Process Tomography

In chemical industries, process diagnostics have traditionally been achieved using discrete sensors installed in the critical plant locations and linked into a plant control system. The usefulness of such an approach is limited, as important information about the processes is lost. This paper demonstrates a different way of looking into the spatial and temporal characteristics of the industrial processes by employing techniques of industrial process tomography. The principles behind tomographic measurements are outlined and examples illustrating the capabilities of this approach are presented. These include imaging of the processes confined within process vessels such as fluidization and nylon polymerization, as well as an example of a transport‐dominated process – flow in a pneumatic conveyor. The advantages, limitations and potential future uses of process tomography are discussed.     

On the integration of CO2 capture with coal-fired power plants: A methodology to assess and optimise solvent-based post-combustion capture systems

Amine and other liquid solvent CO₂ capture systems capture have historically been developed in the oil and gas industry with a different emphasis to that expected for fossil fuel power generation with post-combustion capture. These types of units are now being adapted for combustion flue gas scrubbing for which they need to be designed to operate at lower CO₂ removal rates - around 85-90% and to be integrated with CO₂ compression systems. They also need to be operated as part of a complete power plant with the overall objective of turning fuel into low-carbon electricity.The performance optimisation approach for solvents being considered for post-combustion capture in power generation therefore needs to be updated to take into account integration with the power cycle and the compression train. The most appropriate metric for solvent assessment is the overall penalty on electricity output, rather than simply the thermal energy of regeneration of the solvent used.Methodologies to evaluate solvent performance that have been reported in the literature are first reviewed. The results of the model of a steam power cycle integrated with the compression system focusing on key parameters of the post-combustion capture plant - solvent energy of regeneration, solvent regeneration temperature and desorber pressure - are then presented. The model includes a rigorous thermodynamic integration of the heat available in the capture and compression units into the power cycle for a range of different solvents, and shows that the electricity output penalty of steam extraction has a strong dependence on solvent thermal stability and the temperature available for heat recovery. A method is provided for assessing the overall electricity output penalty (EOP), expressed as total kWh of lost output per tonne of CO₂ captured including ancillary power and compression, for likely combinations of these three key post-combustion process parameters. This correlation provides a more representative method for comparing post-combustion capture technology options than the use of single parameters such as solvent heat of regeneration.