Colorants based on renewable resources and food‐grade colorants for application in thermoplastics

A series of colorants based on renewable resources and food‐grade colorants have been evaluated for use in polypropylene (PP) and polyvinylchloride (PVC). It has been found that most of these colorants can be processed in PP at 200°C or even 260°C while maintaining good color intensity and color brightness. The colorants evaluated cover a large part of the color spectrum. In PP, the light stability of alizarin (red), carmine (red), indigo (blue), purpurin (red), quinizarin (red), and the aluminium lakes of quinoline yellow (yellow) and indigo carmine (blue) is close to the requirements for indoor applications. The blue colorants indigo and the aluminium lake of indigo carmine are, in principle, sufficiently light stable in PP for indoor applications. A few colorants showed bleeding from PP. Bonding of migrating colorants to the reactive carrier maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, however, reduced bleeding of the colorant to a large extent. Also after processing in PVC at 200°C, good color intensity and saturation is maintained. Quinizarin, a structural analog of alizarin and purpurin, shows a light stability performance that is close to commercial lead chromate/molybdate orange based colorants. The best performing natural colorants are sufficiently heat and light stable for applications where moderate properties concerning heat resistance and (UV) light stability are required, such as underground PVC water drainage pipes and indoor PP applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 2961‐2969, 2004     

Aggregation‐Enhanced Emission of Fluorescent‐Gemini Surfactants with High Photostability for Cell‐Membrane Imaging

In situ studies of the aggregation behavior of traditional surfactants at the liquid interface using spectroscopic methods are often significantly affected by the large volume of fluorescent groups, such as pyrene. Fluorescent‐Gemini surfactants provide an ideal solution since the fluorescent block can be designed as a spacer or a tail. In this work, we report the synthesis of a new fluorescent‐Gemini surfactant with a rigid spacer (referred to as 8‐TBT‐8). The aggregation behavior and application in cell‐membrane imaging were investigated. The unique aggregation behavior in an organic solvent and aqueous solution was studied using spectroscopy. UV–vis and photoluminescence spectra of 8‐TBT‐8 revealed that this new fluorescent surfactant forms H aggregates in organic solution to give blue emission, whereas it forms J aggregates in aqueous solution to give green fluorescence under UV light. In addition, the fluorescence intensity of 8‐TBT‐8 increases abruptly at concentrations higher than the critical micellization concentration. Good photostability and a unique structure make the synthesized Gemini surfactant very suitable for membrane imaging.     

两相滴定法测定甜菜碱两性表面活性剂活性物含量研究

两性表面活性剂在酸性条件下呈现阳离子性质,因此可在酸性条件下加入过量的阴离子表面活性剂,再用阳离子表面活性剂海明进行滴定。采用亚甲基蓝-百里香酚蓝混合指示剂测定甜菜碱型两性表面活性剂活性物含量并研究表面活性剂复配时其他复配剂(如非离子表面活性剂、聚合物以及无机盐)对测定结果的影响。实验结果表明该法可以快速测定甜菜碱型两性表面活性剂的活性物含量并且准确度较高,现象比较明显,易于判断滴定终点,一定浓度范围的复配剂及无机盐对测定结果有一定程度的影响。     

单壁碳纳米管显著增强的ZnO可见光催化活性

利用醋酸锌为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了单壁碳纳米管（SWMTs）和氧化锌的纳米复合物（ZnO/SWNTs）。用X射线衍射光谱（XRD）、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、热重分析（TGA）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）以及紫外-可见吸收光谱（UV-Vis）对复合物进行了表征。结果显示,粒径为10～20 nm的ZnO粒子均匀地负载在SWNTs表面,且在可见光区具有很好的光吸收性能。研究了ZnO/SWNTs光催化剂在太阳光照射下对甲基橙和亚甲基蓝的光催化降解情况。结果表明,复合物的催化活性明显高于ZnO。对于甲基橙,光照200 min后,降解率为99.8%,是纯ZnO（4.8%）的20倍;对于亚甲基蓝,仅光照20 min,降解率就达到了98.4%,是纯ZnO（4.0%）的25倍。     

Nd/ZnO制备及其光催化性能研究

以六水合硝酸锌、六水合硝酸钕和氨水为原料,采用直接沉淀法制备了纯净的氧化锌、掺杂钕的Nd/ZnO光催化剂,分别以甲基橙、亚甲基蓝、苯酚为光催化反应的模型化合物,考察了ZnO、Nd/ZnO光催化剂的紫外光催化活性。结果表明,当Nd在ZnO中掺杂质量百分数为0.5%时,三种模型化合物光催化降解率最大(甲基橙光催化降解率为85.9%,苯酚光催化降解率为27.8%,亚甲基蓝光催化降解率为71.2%);在相同条件下,三种模型化合物光催化降解率大小顺序为:甲基橙!亚甲基蓝!苯酚。     

β-Cyclodextrin functionalized graphene oxide: an efficient and recyclable adsorbent for the removal of dye pollutants

A novel method for the preparation of β-cyclodextrin grafted graphene oxide (GO-β-CD) has been developed. The GO-β-CD was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The ability of GO-β-CD to remove fuchsin acid from solution was also studied. The GO-β-CD had an excellent adsorption capacity for fuchsin acid and could be recycled and reused. The adsorption capacities of GO-β-CD for other dye pollutants such as methyl orange and methylene blue were also investigated. The absorption capacities for the three dyes are in the order: fuchsin acid>methylene blue>methyl orange.     

Modification of Karaya gum by graft copolymerization for effective removal of anionic dyes

ABSTRACT

A graft copolymer gel based on the ‘Karaya gum’ has been made by grafting Karaya gum (KG) with 2-(methacryloyloxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (METAC) via microwave irradiation technique. The swelling of the gel appeared to be a second-order kinetic process following Fickian diffusion. The material exhibited significant adsorption capacity for anionic dyes, namely, indigo carmine, methyl orange, Remazol brilliant blue R and Direct Black 38 from aqueous solution. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm models provided good correlation with the dye adsorption data on KG-g-PMETAC. Thermodynamic studies revealed the adsorption process to be endothermic in all cases.     

光敏性多元核-壳微球絮凝剂的制备

以Stöber法制备的单分散SiO2为核,采用溶胶-凝胶、界面沉积和表面活性剂模板法制备了多元核-壳结构微球SiO2@TiO2-Ag@SiO2,利用FT-IR、SEM、XRD、UV-Vis DRS、N2吸附-脱附、XPS对其结构和形貌进行了表征。结果显示：微球平均孔径、比表面积分别为2 nm、72.73 m2/g;受最外层SiO2影响,XRD未观察到锐钛矿相TiO2的特征衍射峰;紫外-可见漫反射光谱证实SiO2@TiO2-Ag@SiO2在365 nm处有吸收。在模拟太阳光照射下100 min,SiO2@TiO2-Ag@SiO2微球对亚甲基蓝(MB) 的光催化脱色率为97.6％;自然光下,对甲基橙溶液(MO)的絮凝沉淀时间为40 min,脱色率达99.7％。     

混合表面活性剂体系合成锆掺杂介孔分子筛

在水热体系中研究了以阳离子表面活性剂为主,阴离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂、中性伯胺等为辅的混合表面活性剂对合成锆掺杂介孔分子筛的影响,考察了水/SiO2摩尔比、晶化温度、晶化时间及混合表面活性剂/SiO2摩尔比对所制分子筛结构的影响,对优化条件下合成的样品进行了表征. 结果表明,锆掺杂介孔分子筛的最佳合成体系为阴阳离子表面活性剂混合体系,最佳合成配方为水/SiO2摩尔比58,混合表面活性剂/SiO2摩尔比0.15, 100℃下晶化48 h. 最佳条件下合成的样品在小角区域有一个明显的衍射峰,表明其具有一定的长程有序性,晶面间距d=9.71 nm,平均孔径为5.55 nm,壁厚4.16 nm,具有三维蠕虫状孔道结构,吸附亚甲基蓝、罗丹明B与甲基橙的混合溶液时,对亚甲基蓝的吸附选择性较好,吸附率达90.24%.     

Alkaline methylene blue method for determination of anionic surfactants and for amine oxides in detergents

The concn of anionic surfactants in alkaline media has been determined by modification of the methylene blue titration. The method is based on the oxidation of methylene blue chloride to dimethylthionoline, a red dye, in the presence of chloroform and sodium hydroxide. This method in conjunction with the acid methylene blue titration, also may be used to determine the amt of amine oxides in formulated products. For concns of less than 100 ppm a spectrophotometric method was used.     

Continuous Flow Methylene Blue Active Substances Method for the Determination of Anionic Surfactants in River Water and Biodegradation Test Samples

Anionic surfactants are commonly determined with the use of the methylene blue active substances (MBAS) standard method, which is time‐consuming and labor‐intensive. Therefore, new methods for determination of anionic surfactants are needed. In this study, the standard MBAS method for determination of anionic surfactants was modified and adjusted to work in a continuous flow system combined with spectrophotometric measurement. The developed method was found to be satisfactory in terms of sensitivity and precision, with a short time of analysis. The quantification limit for anionic surfactants was at 16 μg L^?1, with a relative standard deviation of 1.3 % for a model sample and 3.8 % for a river water sample. The results obtained for environmental samples were comparable to those obtained by using the standard MBAS method; however, the developed continuous flow method is faster, more sensitive and consumes smaller doses of chemical reagents.     

Separation of Neutral Red and Methylene Blue from Wastewater using Two Aqueous Phase Extraction Methods

Abstract

The aim of this work was the two‐aqueous phase extraction of neutral red and methylene blue from wastewater. This has been achieved on the basis of phase separation properties of non‐ionic surfactants above the so‐called cloud point curve and the solubilization phenomena of coacervate micelles (surfactant rich phase). Three commercial surfactants were used in this work; the Oxo‐C₁₅E₇ which is an ethoxylate fatty alcohol (Dehydol LT 7), Triton X‐114 (iso‐C₈H₁₇‐C₆H₄‐(OCH₂CH₂)_7,5OH), and Triton X‐100 (iso‐C₈H₁₇‐C₆H₄‐(OCH₂CH₂)_9,5OH) which are alkyl phenol ethoxylate surfactants. The phase diagrams of binary water/surfactants systems were drawn and the effect of sodium sulphate on water‐surfactant systems was therefore studied. Oxo‐C₁₅E₇ and Triton X‐114 were used for the cloud point extraction of neutral red and methylene blue from their aqueous solutions at 100 mg/L and 7 mg/L, respectively. The experimental extraction results were expressed by the following three responses: percentage of the extracted dye (E), residual concentrations of dye in the dilute phase (X_s,w), and the volume fraction of coacervate (φ_C) at the equilibrium. The results obtained for each parameter were also represented on three‐dimensional diagrams using an empirical smoothing method. The empirical modelling data were in agreement with the experimental ones. The main advantage was sought between E, which has reached 99% in the case of neutral red, whereas in the case of mehtylene blue 92% was obtained with respect to (φ_C), which should have a minimum value. At the optimal conditions, neutral red and methylene blue concentrations in the effluent were reduced to about 500 times and 7 times, respectively.     

MoO3/Cd0.5Zn0.5S复合材料光催化降解甲基橙

以MoO3、Cd0.5Zn0.5S、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为原料，水热一锅法制备了复合材料MoO3/Cd0.5Zn0.5S，通过XRD、XPS、SEM、UV-Vis DRS及PL对复合材料的结构、形貌以及光学性能进行了表征。可见光照射下，MoO3/Cd0.5Zn0.5S复合材料对甲基橙（MO）、罗丹明B、亚甲基蓝、孔雀石绿、酸性品红等染料具有光催化降解能力，其中对MO的光催化活性最佳。结果表明，可见光照射60 min，0.67 L/g 10%Cd0.5Zn0.5S/MoO3对MO的降解率达到98.0%，反应速率常数为0.06725 min-1，分别为MoO3和Cd0.5Zn0.5S 光降解MO的169倍和31倍。     

N-Al/TiO2催化剂的制备及可见光降解染料

采用溶胶-凝胶法分别制备了N、Al单掺杂与N、Al共掺杂的TiO_2复合材料,考察了4种催化剂在可见光下对染料甲基橙、亚甲基蓝、罗丹明B的光降解效率。采用XRD、SEM、XPS、UV-Vis DRS、N2吸附-脱附手段对催化剂进行表征和评价。结果表明:N、Al共掺杂后的Ti O2骨架晶型仍保持为锐钛矿型,比表面积增加,团聚现象略有减少,且N、Al共掺杂TiO_2催化剂在可见光下对甲基橙的降解效果最佳,脱色率可达70%左右。     

制备不同稀土掺杂的纳米氧化钛光催化剂及其光催化活性

以钛酸丁酯为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶法合成了Dy2O3-TiO2,CeO2-TiO2和Gd2O3-TiO2光催化剂。以甲基橙和亚甲基蓝为目标降解物,研究了3种复合光催化剂的光催化活性。通过紫外可见光光谱分析发现：3种光催化剂对不同降解物均表现出一定的光催化活性。掺杂质量分数(下同)为1．25％Gd2O3的光催化剂对甲基橙的降解效率较高,掺杂1．25％CeO2的光催化剂对亚甲基蓝具有较好的降解活性。因此,掺杂不同稀土氧化物的纳米TiO2光催化剂对不同有机物具有选择性降解活性。     

H2O2处理H3PW12O40/ZrO2-WO3光催化降解有机染料的研究

采用浸渍法将H3PW12O40负载在ZrO2-WO3上,通过H2O2溶液的敏化,制得H3PW12O40/ZrO2-WO3（x）光催化剂,明显提高了其在模拟自然光下的催化活性。然后以光降解甲基橙为探针反应,对各反应影响因素进行了探究。在甲基橙初始浓度为5mg/L,溶液pH为2.5,催化剂的用量为0.3 g的优化情况下,光降解2 h,甲基橙的降解率达到91.16%,H3PW12O40/ZrO2-WO3（x）光催化降解甲基橙溶液为一级动力学反应。且H3PW12O40/ZrO2-WO3（x）对甲基橙、罗丹明B、碱性品和和亚甲基蓝均具有较高的光催化活性,降解率达70%-91.16%。     

Thermodynamic study of the dimerization equilibrium of methylene blue, methylene green and thiazole orange at various surfactant concentrations and different ionic strengths and in mixed solvents by spectral titration and chemometric analysis

The monomer-dimer equilibrium and thermodynamics of ionic dyes were investigated by spectrophotometric and chemometric methods. The dimerization constants of methylene blue, methylene green and thiazole orange have been determined by studying the dependence of their absorption spectra at different concentrations of surfactants, ionic strengths and mixed solvents by means of UV-visible spectroscopy in aqueous solutions. The processing of the data, performed for the quantitative analysis of pure spectral profiles, was based on the simultaneous resolution of the overlapping bands in the whole set of absorption spectra. Utilizing the van’t Hoff relationship, which describes the dependence of the equilibrium constant on temperature, as a constraint we determined the spectral responses of the monomer and dimer species as well as the enthalpy and entropy of the dimerization equilibrium. The exciton theory was used for the elucidation of the angle between the monomer units and the interaction energy between the molecules of the dimers.     

离子液体表面活性剂的合成与应用(Ⅷ)——在分析中的应用

离子液体表面活性剂同时具有有机溶剂的属性和优良的表面活性,在分析中得到了广泛应用。在微波/超声波辅助下,利用离子液体表面活性剂水溶液的胶束增溶作用,可对各种固体中的有机物进行萃取,同时也可以在萃取结束后加入化学试剂使水溶性表面活性剂变成水不溶性表面活性剂,实现原位预浓缩提高分析的灵敏度。离子液体表面活性剂可以作为HPLC的固定相、胶束动电毛细管色谱的准固定相等实现有机物的分离和手性拆分。离子液体表面活性剂通过与金属离子形成络合物实现增敏光谱测定金属离子。离子液体表面活性剂修饰电极后能够促进电子传递和提高电分析灵敏度。     

Formulation of ultralow interfacial tension systems using extended surfactants

Inspired by the concept of lipophilic and hydrophilic linkers, extended surfactants have been proposed as highly desirable candidates for the formulation of microemulsions with high solubilization capacity and ultralow interfacial tension (IFT), especially for triglyceride oils. The defining characteristic of an extended surfactant is the presence of one or more intermediate-polarity groups between the hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic tail. Currently only limited information exists on extended surfactants; such knowledge is especially relevant for cleaning and separation applications where the cost of the surfactant and environmental regulations prohibit the use of concentrated surfactant solutions. In this work, we examine surfactant formulations for a wide range of oils using dilute solutions of the extended surfactant classes sodium alkyl polypropyleneoxide sulfate (R-(PO) _x −SO₄Na), and sodium alkyl polypropyleneoxide-polyethyleneoxide sulfate (R-(PO) _y -(EO) _z −SO₄Na). The IFT of these systems was measured as a function of electrolyte and surfactant concentration for polar and nonpolar oils. The results show that these extended surfactant systems have low critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and critical microemulsion concentrations (CμC) compared with other surfactants. We also found that the unique structure of these extended surfactants allows them to achieve ultralow IFT with a wide range of oils, including highly hydrophobic oils (e.g., hexadecane), triolein, and vegetable oils, using only ppm levels of these extended surfactants. It was also found that the introduction of additional PO and EO groups in the extended surfactant yielded lower IFT and lower optimum salinity, both of which are desirable in most formulations. Based on the optimum formulation conditions, it was found that the triolein sample used in these experiments behaved as a very polar oil, and all other vegetable oils displayed very hydrophobic behavior. This unexpected triolein behavior is suspected to be due to uncharacterized impurities in the triolein sample, and will be further evaluated in future research.     

三元复合驱体系油相中阴离子表面活性剂的分离方法

建立了一种快速、简便将驱油用阴离子表面活性剂从原油中分离出来的方法。即在极性硅胶柱上 ,用不同极性的溶剂淋洗分离 ,阴离子表面活性剂集中在淋洗液中。用指示剂法及红外光谱法对分离情况进行了监测 ,得到了很好的分离效果