Factors affecting the enzymic susceptibility of alkali and acid pretreated sugar-cane bagasse

Acid and alkali pretreatments were studied to identify those factors which are critical in determining the susceptibility of a lignocellulosic substrate (bagasse) to enzymic hydrolysis. The different effects of each treatment on the structure of the bagasse affected the subsequent susceptibility to enzymic attack in different ways. The acid treatments appeared to act by disrupting the lignin structure, probably by hydrolysing the carbohydrate chains attached to the lignin, as well as the lignin itself. The attack on the carbohydrate content removed outlying material in the cell wall (i.e. hemicellulose and amorphous cellulose) to expose a ‘core’ of more resistant regions. The alkali treatments appeared to produce a more open structure by penetrating the inner layers and selectively removing hemicellulose molecules as well as breaking some lignin—carbohydrate bonds. The different treatments resulted in structural changes which were found to affect the hydrolysis mechanism.     

稻草秸秆3种预处理方法的比较

底物w(纤维素)和w(半纤维素)是木质纤维素转化为乙醇、乳酸和其他化学品最为重要的因素。为了提高底物w(纤维素)、w(半纤维素)和糖化得率,该文采用稀硫酸、氢氧化钠和氢氧化钠联合过氧乙酸等3种化学方法对稻草秸秆进行了预处理。结果表明,用ρ(NaOH)=20 g/L的碱液于85℃与ρ(过氧乙酸)=60 g/L酸液于75℃联合处理秸秆时,秸秆w(纤维素)从41.5%上升到81.5%,w(半纤维素)下降为13.7%,纤维素酶酶解48 h葡萄糖质量浓度达37.7 g/L,木糖质量浓度为12.8 g/L;用ρ(NaOH)=20 g/L碱液于121℃处理秸秆时,秸秆w(纤维素)为66.3%,w(半纤维素)为20.2%,酶解60 h后葡萄糖质量浓度为33.5 g/L,72 h木糖质量浓度为15.1 g/L。     

固态发酵中纤维素基质降解过程初步研究

利用斜卧青霉(Penicillium decumbens JUA10)对汽爆麦草和淀粉质的混合基质进行固态发酵，通过分析各种成份及酶活力变化，研究了各成份的降解速率，并探讨了纤维素、半纤维素降解与纤维素酶、半纤维素酶酶活力的关系. 纤维素基质固态发酵中木质纤维素的降解过程实际是同步糖化发酵过程，还原糖不会积累形成对纤维素酶、半纤维素酶的反馈抑制；纤维素降解与纤维素酶的酶活性、半纤维素的降解与半纤维素的酶活性不成正比. 木质纤维素的降解难主要是木质纤维素结构造成的. 半纤维素的降解甚至比纤维素降解更慢，淀粉容易降解，木质素几乎不降解.     

高温液态水中甜高粱渣半纤维素水解及其机理

为了回收甜高粱渣中的半纤维素衍生糖并了解其水解机理,在自行设计的Flowthrough反应器中对甜高粱渣进行了高温液态水水解,分别考察了不同反应温度和反应液流量下水解液中产物的生成情况。研究表明,相对葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖而言,木糖的生成受反应温度和反应液流量影响更大。温度高于195 ℃时糖降解加剧,总木糖浓度不断降低;低流量（5 ml?min-1）条件下生成的木糖不能被及时排出而进一步降解。通过产物分析可知,甜高粱渣半纤维素中含有典型的O-乙酰基-4-O-甲基葡萄糖醛酸基阿拉伯糖基木聚糖结构,木糖、葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖、各种低聚糖、乙酸和葡萄糖醛酸等是半纤维素水解的直接产物,糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛等是糖类的降解产物, 甲酸等小分子酸是它们的进一步降解产物。     

Valorization of residual woody biomass (Olea europaea trimmings) based on aqueous fractionation

BACKGROUND: Olive tree trimmings, a widely available agricultural residue lacking added value applications, were subjected to treatments with hot, compressed water under a variety of operational conditions. As a result of treatments, hemicelluloses were solubilized, and the treated solids were enriched in cellulose and lignin. Spent solids from autohydrolysis were assayed as substrates for enzymatic hydrolysis and for bioethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. RESULTS: Liquors from the aqueous fractionation stage resulted in the formation of soluble hemicellulose‐derived saccharides (mainly of oligomeric nature) at yields up to 26.2 g per 100 g oven‐dry raw material. Enzymatic hydrolysis of spent solids from the aqueous fractionation step led to solutions containing up to 58.8 g glucose L^?1 (corresponding to cellulose to glucose conversions up to 83.2%). Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation assays using spent solids as substrates enabled the production of media containing up to 38.2 g ethanol L^?1, corresponding to 72% of the stoichiometric amount. CONCLUSION: Aqueous (or hydrothermal) processing is a technology enabling the recovery of hemicelluloses (as soluble saccharides) and the production of spent solids with high susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis (suitable for bioethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation). Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

磺化碳固体酸催化剂的制备及其催化性能的研究

以微晶纤维素(MCC)为原料制备了碳基磺酸化固体酸催化剂,用该磺化碳固体酸MCC进行糖化水解,考察其催化水解微晶纤维素的最优条件及碳化温度对催化剂催化活性的影响,并对其重复使用性及再生进行了研究。结果表明,反应温度180℃、反应时间6 h、催化剂用量0.15 g为最佳反应条件,最高糖产率为68.71%;400℃为最佳碳化温度。催化剂重复使用后,由于表面磺酸基团的脱落其活性有所下降,可以通过再磺化得到恢复。     

氨预处理对大豆秸秆纤维素酶解产糖影响的研究

为了提高大豆秸秆酶解产糖能力, 以利于从大豆秸秆中提取生物降解性塑料的原料 ?? 乳酸, 对大豆秸秆纤维素预处理过程的影响因素进行了探索,对预处理前后大豆秸秆的物理结构变化、化学成分变化及预处理条件对大豆秸秆酶水解产糖的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明,粉碎结合氨处理对大豆秸秆酶水解影响较大,较适宜的预处理条件为大豆秸秆粉碎至 140 目,10%氨水处理 24h。经过预处理后大豆秸秆纤维素含量提高 70.27%, 半纤维素含量下降 41.45%, 木质素含量下降 30.16%, 有利于大豆秸秆酶解产糖。     

秸秆中木质素对其超低酸水解过程的影响

以湖北稻草秸秆为研究对象,研究了超低酸水解木质纤维素的适宜条件,测定了适宜条件下的超低酸法水解15种不同种类秸秆的纤维素及半纤维素的转化率、还原糖得率及结晶度的变化。实验结果表明:秸秆投料量3 g、硫酸投料量45 mL(硫酸质量分数0.05%)、搅拌转速500 r/min、反应温度210 ℃、反应时间10 min为适宜的水解条件。对15种不同种类秸秆的水解结果统计得到,随着秸秆中木质素含量的增大,纤维素和半纤维素的转化率都逐渐降低,还原糖得率逐渐降低;通过SEM和X衍射分析水解前后的木质纤维素结构,得到了木质素影响水解过程的方式:1)木质素含量越大,纤维素的结晶度越大,纤维素的非晶化越困难,从而影响了纤维素的水解;2)原木质素不溶于反应体系且在酸性条件下相对稳定,富木质素层的木质素阻碍反应物与产物扩散,使富木质素层内的纤维素、半纤维素水解速率降低;3)木质素含量越高,木质纤维素的富木质素层越厚、强度越大,水解时难以从颗粒表面脱落,进一步降低水解速率。     

Recent Advances in Production of Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass

Ethanol is considered the most potential next generation automotive fuel because it is carbon‐neutral and could be produced from renewable resources like lignocellulosic biomass. There are some technological barriers such as pretreatment, saccharification of cellulose and hemicellulose matrix, and simultaneous fermentation of hexose and pentose sugars which needs to be addressed for efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol. This paper reviews the various process options and kinetic models adopted towards resolving the technological challenges to develop a low‐cost commercial process.     

纤维素纳米晶体制备工艺优化的研究

以微晶纤维素(MCC)为原料经硫酸水解制备纤维素纳米晶体(CNC)。采用单因素法结合正交试验系统地研究了硫酸质量分数、反应温度和反应时间对纤维素纳米晶体得率以及平均粒径的影响,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、纳米激光粒度仪对CNC的性能进行了表征,揭示了酸水解制备CNC的机理。结果表明：CNC制备的最佳工艺参数为硫酸质量分数64%、反应温度45 ℃、反应时间90 min,在此条件下CNC的得率为24.6%,粒径为204.8 nm。CNC水悬浮液呈一种稳定的淡蓝色胶体状态,其微观形貌比较规整,呈短棒状,直径约10~20 nm,长度在150~300 nm之间;XRD结果显示CNC的晶型为纤维素Ⅰ型,结晶度为80.2%。     

弱碱性过氧化预处理对稻草秸秆酶解糖化的影响

为了提高稻草秸秆的酶解糖化率,对稻草秸秆弱碱性过氧化预处理条件进行了优化。结果表明:弱碱性过氧化预处理降低了稻草秸秆中木质素的含量,提高了纤维素的含量。最优预处理条件为温度40 ℃,时间24 h,H₂O₂质量分数为2.0 %,在此条件下稻草秸秆的酶解糖化率达到了83.23 %,而在相同酶解条件下,预处理温度30 ℃、时间24 h、 2.0 % NaOH处理后稻草秸秆的酶解糖化率为70.38 %。弱碱性过氧化预处理稻草秸秆的糖化率明显高于碱性预处理稻草秸秆的糖化率。同时试验结果表明,木质素的除去率与H₂O₂质量分数有关。当H₂O₂质量分数大于2.0 %后,H₂O₂对木质素的除去选择性降低,木质素的除去率基本保持不变,却增加了半纤维素的损失。     

水热预处理工艺参数对玉米秸秆组分与酶解效率的影响

采用间歇式水热预处理方法,考察了不同水热预处理温度和处理时间对玉米秸秆主要成分变化的影响以及水热预处理后的纤维素酶解效率。在180～220℃,10～25 min范围内,随温度升高和时间延长预处理后半纤维素移除率和纤维素损失率也随之增大,但木质素质量并未减少反而有所增加。在210℃,25 min时得到最大半纤维素移除率为86.0%。以半纤维素移除率、木质素移除率和纤维素损失率为因变量,处理温度和处理时间为自变量通过多元线性回归分析或二次方程(多元线性回归方程拟合度不佳时)拟合分别获得回归模型。模型显示处理温度和处理时间对三者均具有显著影响。分析敏感性显示处理温度对三种因变量的影响均大于处理时间。经210℃,20 min处理后,纤维素酶解率最高为76.2%,继续提高处理温度和延长处理时间半纤维素移除率提高,但纤维素酶解率下降。     

氧气辅助湿热预处理对玉米秸秆酒精发酵的影响

为了解氧气（O₂）在玉米秸秆湿热预处理中的作用,优化玉米秸秆酒精生产工艺,本文采用三种不同湿热预处理条件处理玉米秸秆,即条件1（195℃,15min）、条件2（195℃,15min,12bar O₂）和条件3（195℃,15min,12bar O₂,2g/L Na₂CO₃）,并利用酿酒酵母对预处理后的玉米秸秆同步糖化发酵酒精工艺（SSF）进行了研究。实验结果表明：经过预处理,玉米秸秆分为固体滤饼与水解液两部分,其中绝大部分纤维素以固体形式保留在滤饼中,而半纤维素和木质素由于不稳定则发生了部分水解或降解。三种预处理条件下纤维素总体收率分别为91.2%、94.6%和95.9%,半纤维素总体收率分别为74.5%、50.3%和68.2%,固体滤饼中木质素质量分数分别为25.2%、17.5%和13.7%,纤维素酶解葡萄糖率分别为64.8%、65.8%和67.6%。表明氧气对纤维素收率影响不大,能够促进半纤维素的溶出。氧气主要与木质素发生反应,尤其与碱性物质碳酸钠（Na₂CO₃）结合,能够促进木质素降解,从而获得了较高的纤维素收率和纤维素酶解葡萄糖率。因此在底物质量分数8%,经过酿酒酵母142h发酵,经条件3处理的玉米秸秆获得的酒精浓度最高,最终酒精浓度达到25.0g/L,并且整个发酵过程没有明显的抑制作用产生。     

醋酸水解玉米芯中木聚糖的动力学

利用醋酸作为催化剂水解玉米芯中半纤维素来制备还原糖,测定了温度在160-200℃、固液质量比为1∶15、搅拌速度为500 r/min下,不同水解时间水解液中还原糖的收率以及副产物糠醛的收率.利用半纤维素高温液态水的Garrote模型拟合还原糖生成过程.实验表明,该模型能够较好地描述还原糖生成过程以及副产物糠醛的产生过程...     

Effects of dilute acid pretreatment on enzyme saccharification of wheat stubble

BACKGROUND: Prehydrolysis of wheat stubble using moderate temperatures and dilute acid strength is an effective means for solubilizing hemicellulose fractions and improving cellulose hydrolysis. Variation in prehydrolysis parameters (temperature, time, and acid strength) and enzymatic saccharification conditions were examined for conversion of wheat stubble into fermentable sugars. RESULTS: Elevating temperature and acid strength maximized sugar release in prehydrolysate liquors. The optimal conditions of 2.0% H₂SO₄/60 min/121 °C effectively solubilized 79% of the available hemicellulose. Production of inhibitory hydrolysis and degradation products such as acetic acid and levulinic acid, were detected at levels of 3.4 g L^?1 and 0.64 g L^?1, respectively. Sugar yields in prehydrolysate and saccharified liquors were found to increase with treatment severity. Temperature had the greatest impact on sugar release, followed by acid concentration and time. Optimizing prehydrolysis conditions at 1.0% H₂SO₄/90 min/121 °C, produced a 3.2‐fold improvement in cellulose hydrolysis with recoveries approaching 82%. The addition of β‐glucosidase and xylanase to the cellulase preparations assisted monomeric sugar release. CONCLUSION: Although treatment conditions for hemicellulose and cellulose hydrolysis differ, the study's findings suggest a good degree of overlap and process flexibility which should permit high recovery of pentose and hexose sugars. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

微波烘焙预处理降解玉米秸秆

用微波可高效对生物质烘焙预处理,考察了不同微波烘焙过程对玉米秸秆主要组分的降解作用及酸、碱、甘油催化剂对纤维素转化效率的影响,并对预处理的玉米秸秆进行酶解实验。结果表明,单纯的微波预处理对玉米秸秆中主要组分纤维素、半纤维素和木质素均有强烈的转化作用。无催化剂微波烘焙后,样品中纤维素含量降低了30%。在微波烘焙中添加酸、碱、甘油催化剂,可选择性降解玉米秸秆中的半纤维素或木质素,有效提高预处理后玉米秸秆中的纤维素含量,添加NaOH后纤维素含量增加最明显,由33%增至42%,纤维素最高转化率达65%。     

Glukosesirup und Dextrose für Speiseeis

Glucose Syrup and Dextrose for Ice Cream Products obtained from saccharification of starch are important constituents of ice cream recipe. Dextrose and glucose syrup of various degrees of saccharification are obtained from starch by degradation by means of enzymes or acid. Low degree of saccharification means high viscosity, high molecular weight and low sweetening power; high degree of saccharification implies lower viscosity, low molecular weight and higher sweetening power. Molar concentration influences the melting point of ice cream mix. Thus at the same level of dry-substance, it is possible to depress the freezing point by adding dextrose and elevate the same by adding glucose syrup. Elevation of freezing point results in higher capacity of freezer, better melting behaviour and lesser danger from heat shocks.     

草酸水解甜高粱秸秆渣的Saeman动力学模型

利用草酸作为催化剂水解甜高粱秸秆渣制备木糖,测定了不同温度下的木糖收率和副产物糠醛产量;依据半纤维素水解的Saeman模型,计算得到了木聚糖水解和木糖降解的动力学数据,其活化能分别为5.89×104,1.38×104J/mol。分析结果表明:木聚糖水解反应速度快,但是生成的木糖容易发生降解;模型最优化反应条件为125℃和77min,实验得到的木糖收率为52.11%。草酸作为一种有机酸,能够用于催化半纤维素水解制备木糖,副产物糠醛的产率较低。     

玉米秸秆水解及水解液的净化处理

对玉米秸秆水解和水解液的净化处理进行了研究。结果表明,在水解温度为120℃时,半纤维素水解率为93.7%,纤维素水解率为19.7%。温度为160℃时,半纤维素水解率为98.1%,纤维素水解率为73.4%。采用CR系列大孔吸附树脂、阴离子交换树脂和阳离子交换树脂3种混合树脂床对水解液进行净化处理,能除掉水解液中96%的多酚类物质和94%的阳离子以及96%的弱酸根及无机酸根离子。     

基于TGA-FTIR和无模式函数积分法的稻壳热解机理研究

利用热重红外联用技术(TGA-FTIR)和无模式函数积分法,研究了不同升温速率(5、10、20、30 ℃/min)下,稻壳的热解特性和热解动力学,深入探讨其热解机理。TG和DTG研究表明,稻壳的热解过程分为干燥、快速热解和炭化3个阶段,随着升温速率的增加,TG和DTG曲线向高温一侧移动。稻壳热解气体成分含量最多的是CO₂,醛、酮、酸类以及烷烃、醇类和酚类等有机物。通过无模式函数积分法:FWO法和KAS法,计算得到的活化能随着转化率(α)增加数值波动明显,证明稻壳热解过程发生复杂的重叠、平行和连续的化学反应。0.1≤α<0.35,半纤维素的支链首先降解,然后是主链降解。0.35≤α≤0.7,纤维素首先转化为中间产物活性纤维素,然后活性纤维素再次降解。0.7<α≤ 0.8,主要是木质素降解,生物质中可降解的挥发分减少以及低反应活性的焦炭的不断生成是造成此阶段活化能快速增加的主要原因。总之,生物质三组分化学成分和结构差异造成不同转化率下活化能的差异。