倾斜式回流冷凝器中液泛速度的研究

本文研究了在各种倾斜角度下回流冷凝器中的液泛速度。在这样的冷凝器中液泛现象和两相流流型已经进行了观察。倾斜式回流冷凝器中溢流速度随倾斜角度而变化,当倾斜角在３０至５０之间时,液泛速度达到最大值     

A STUDY ON HEAT TRANSFER IN INCLINED REFLUX CONDENSERS

The condensation heat transfer in the inclined reflux condensers is investigated at various inclinations. A condensation heat transfer model is set up. The calculated values of the model agree well with the experimental data. Both the experimental data and the theoretical calculations show that the condensation heat transfer coefficient in the inclined reflux condensers varies with the inclinations and will be maximum when the inclination angle is about 10°.     

倾斜式汽液逆流冷凝传热研究

研究在不同倾角下回流冷凝器中的传热 ,建立了冷凝传热模型。模型的计算值和实验值吻合较好 ,实验数据和理论计算都表明 ,倾斜式回流冷凝器中冷凝传热系数随倾斜度变化 ,在倾角大约为10°时达到最大值     

垂直管中的液泛

本文较系统地研究了垂直管中的液泛现象,从液泛机理出发,明确定义两种不同的液泛——爬膜液泛和架桥液泛。并侧重研究了管子直径、管口几何形状对液泛的影响。提出平切口管,斜切口管的液泛关联式。指出提高液泛速度的途径。通过实验对所提论点及关联式进行了验证。     

Particle tracking velocimetry investigations on density dependent velocity vector profiles of a swirling fluidized bed

Swirling fluidized bed (SFB) is a newer version of the well-known bubbling bed and very little know. An insight study is therefore required for complete understanding of the hydrodynamics of a SFB operation. The current study was conducted on stable regime of a SFB operated at different blade fin angles, blade inclination angles, particle densities and superficial air velocities. Roughly one quarter of the fluidized bed was photographed and its velocity vector field plots were generated using a MATLAB supported particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) technique. At lower superficial velocities, Gaussian distribution of the velocity vectors was predicted along the radius of the bed. Particles in the vicinity of the bed walls moved relatively slower than those marching in the middle of the bed. However, at higher superficial velocities, the particles closer to the cone boundary were moving with velocities comparable to the particles in the middle of the bed. Unlikely, the particles closer to the outer bed wall kept on moving with lower velocities regardless of increasing superficial air velocity. A further look into individual velocity vector profiles revealed negligible influence of smaller blade angles (9° and 12°) on particles’ motion. The overall velocity magnitude decreased by 6% with 3° increase in blade fin angle and by 9% with 5° increase in inclination angle. Contrarily, the particle velocity underwent a monotonic decrease with particle density.     

Liquid circulation and mixing in an inclined bubble column

Gas and liquid velocities were measured in an inclined rectangular column, at inclinations in the range 0?45° and superficial gas velocities of 0.002 to 0.12 cm/s. Liquid circulation was also characterized by measuring the time to mix a pulse of salt solution in the column. Inclining the column by up to 10° from the vertical induced a drastic change in behavior, from a bubble column with evenly distributed gas bubbles to a segregated system with rapid liquid circulation pumped by rising gas bubbles. The liquid velocities in the inclined column ranged from 10 to 50 times the superficial gas velocity. Further inclination of the column in the range of 10?45° had little effect on liquid velocity or mixing time. A compartmental model for the recirculating liquid flow matched the observed mixing times, but predicted oscillations in tracer concentration which were not detected in experiments.     

喷动床内气固两相流体动力行为的数值模拟

引　言喷动床被广泛应用于不同工业领域中 ,如石油裂解反应 -再生器、煤和农业废弃物气化和燃烧 ,喷动床还被应用于粮食和药品的干燥等[1] .因此 ,喷动床设计应满足不同应用的要求 .喷动床内气相反应物的反应时间和停留时间依赖于床体几何结构和运行参数 .尽管已有许多的实验对喷动床内气固两相流动进行了研究 ,得到了喷射区、环形区和喷泉区内的气固两相流动流体动力特性 ,然而由于喷动床内气固两相流动的复杂性 ,人们对床体几何结构和运行参数对喷动床动力学的影响至今并不清楚 .因此 ,床体几何结构和运行参数等对喷动床动力学的影响成为…     

Numerical Simulations of the Effect of Conical Dimension on the Hydrodynamic Behaviour in Spouted Beds

The flow behaviours of gas‐solids were predicted by means of a hydrodynamic model of dense gas‐solid flow in spouted beds. Constitutive equations describing the particulate solids pressure and viscosity were implemented into a hydrodynamic simulation computer program. The effect of operating conditions (inclined angle and gas spouting velocity) on particle velocity and concentration in the spout, annulus and fountain regions were numerical studied. Both vertical and horizontal particle velocities increased with increasing spouting gas velocity. The diameter of the spout increases with decreasing the inclination angle. As the inclination angle is set greater than 60°, the spout cross‐section starts becoming bottlenecked, limiting the upwards flow of solids.     

Particle image velocimetry for characterizing the flow structure of oil–water flow in horizontal and slightly inclined pipes

The simultaneous flow of oil and water in pipelines is a common occurrence in the chemical and process industry. An experimental investigation of oil–water flow in horizontal and slightly inclined pipes is presented in this paper. The experiments are performed in a 15 m long stainless steel pipe section with internal diameter 56 mm at room temperature and atmospheric outlet pressure. Exxsol D60 oil (density 790 kg/m³ and viscosity 1.64 mPa s) and water (density 996 kg/m³ and viscosity 1.00 mPa s) are used as test fluids. The pipe inclination is changed in the range from 5° upward to 5° downward. The measurements are made for two different mixture velocities, 0.50 and 1.00 m/s at water cut 0.50. The cross-sectional distribution of phase fractions in oil–water flow is measured using a traversable single-beam gamma densitometer. The different flow regimes are determined based on visual observations. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) is utilized in order to obtain non-invasive instantaneous velocity measurements of the flow field. Based on the instantaneous local velocities, mean velocities, root mean squared velocities and Reynolds stresses are calculated. Stratified flow with mixing at the interface is observed at mixture velocity 0.50 m/s. Interfacial waves are observed in upwardly and downwardly inclined flows. At mixture velocity 1.00 m/s, interfacial mixing is increased and dual continuous flows are observed. The degree of mixing largely depends on the pipe inclination. In general, higher water hold-up values are observed for upwardly inclined flows compared to the horizontal and downwardly inclined flows. The slip between the phases increases as the pipe inclination increases. The maximum mean axial velocity is detected in the more viscous oil phase at equal volumetric flow rates of oil and water. In addition, measured mean velocity and turbulence profiles show a strong dependency with pipe inclination. The largest root mean squared velocities and absolute values of the Reynolds stresses are observed close to the pipe wall due to higher mean axial velocity gradients. A damping effect of Reynolds stress is observed around the oil–water interface due to stable density stratification. The presence of interfacial waves enhances turbulence fluctuations in inclined oil–water flows.     

Velocity distributions in moving powders by microwave Doppler radar

Analysis of the Doppler signals produced by the reflections of microwaves from moving powders, using a fast Fourier transform technique, gave a power spectrum of the various frequencies, and hence velocities, present in the signal. The width of this spectrum, which is an estimate of the range of velocities present within the flowing powder, was calculated for powders of various sizes and shapes flowing on an inclined chute. The effect of particle size and shape on the spectral width produced during flow down smooth and sand-roughened chutes was investigated for angles of chute inclination between 30° and 65°. Spectral widths for flow on chutes inclined at angles well above the minimum necessary to support flow were reasonably constant down the length of the chute and were larger for flow over a sand-roughened surface than over a smooth surface. At angles close to the minimum angle to support flow, where there was a fast-moving upper layer shearing over a slower or stationary base layer, the spectral width increased considerably.     

Low Inclination Oil‐water Flows

Two‐phase liquid flows at +5° inclination from the horizontal were studied experimentally for mixture velocities between 0.7 and 2.5 m/s and input oil fractions between 10% and 90%. The results were compared with a two‐fluid model that includes entrainment. The investigations were performed in a 38‐mm ID stainless steel test section, with water and oil as test fluids. Dual continuous flow (both phases remain continuous with inter‐dispersion) prevailed, while the two‐phase pressure gradient was found lower than the single‐phase oil or water. At low mixture velocities the velocity ratio increased with oil fraction while at high ones it decreased. Compared to horizontal flow, water holdup was higher and frictional pressure gradient lower.     

SAW devices based on ZnO inclined c-axis on diamond

A thin zinc oxide (ZnO) films with inclined c-axis are deposited on the nucleation side of self-standing diamond substrates with. r.f. magnetron sputtering and a zinc-oxide target. The films are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a χ-scan analysis. We have measured a c-axis angle of inclination of 45° in the case of ZnO/Diamond structure. The velocity and the electromechanical coupling coefficient is theoretically determined by the effective piezoelectric permittivity method for three angles of inclination (0°, 45°, 90°). Several SAW devices were developed on the ZnO(45°)/diamond structure.     

Visualisation research on characteristics of the cryogenic slug flow in vertical and inclined tubes

The statistical parameters of Taylor bubbles in cryogenic slug flow along glass tube were studied experimentally for various inclination angles θ (0°–60° from the vertical direction) and four tube inner diameters D (14, 18, 25 and 32 mm) by using high speed digital camera. The distributions and mean values of initial formation position, and the length and velocity of Taylor bubbles along the tube at various inclination angles were obtained. Initial position of Taylor bubbles increases as tube inner diameter increases and the effect of tube diameter on Taylor bubble initial position becomes more obvious at θ ≥ 30°. Taylor bubble length shows an allometric decreasing trend with the increasing of tube inner diameter. The influence of inclination angle and axial position on the length and velocity of Taylor bubble in cryogenic slug flow agrees qualitatively with conventional air–water system. The maximum mean velocity of Taylor bubble occurs at 30° ≤ θ ≤ 45° and the minimum mean length of Taylor bubble occurs at 0° ≤ θ ≤ 20°. The Mean length of Taylor bubble increases along the tube for x/D ≤ 60. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Gas holdup in a two-phase vertical tubular reactor at high pressure

Gas holdup in a tubular reactor was measured at pressures from 5 to 14 MPa at 300°C using a differential pressure cell. The effects on gas holdup of gas density, liquid superficial velocity and gas superficial velocity were studied using vacuum tower bottoms from a Venezuelan feedstock with 95.1 wt% +524°C material. Hydrogen was used at superficial gas velocities from 0.7 to 2.0 cm/s. The feed density at 15°C (0.1 MPa), 300°C (5.57 MPa) and 400°C (13.9 MPa) was measured and showed a linear decrease with temperature. Increased gas density at a constant temperature of 300°C increased the gas holdup at all superficial gas velocities. An increase in the liquid flow rate from about 0.04 to 0.1 cm/s did not affect the gas holdup.     

Control growth of catalyst-free ZnO tetrapods on glass substrate by thermal evaporation method

Novel three-step directions of glass substrate for catalyst-free growth of ZnO tetrapods (ZnO-Ts) without using catalyst or seed layer via thermal evaporation method were investigated. In this study, controlled synthesis of ZnO-Ts was achieved through glancing angle deposition by three-step directions of glass substrate with inclination angles of 0°, 45°, and 90° toward the gas flow at a growth temperature of 650 °C. The effects of substrate inclination angles on the morphological, structural, and optical properties were systematically investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV–vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectrum. Results showed that the substrate tilt angle is one of the most critical control parameters in determining the nucleation and growth of ZnO-Ts. This new approach provides a cost-effective and simple method for the synthesis of tetrapods, which can be useful in various optoelectronic applications and solid-state devices.     

Residual strength estimation of CFRP laminates subjected to impact at different velocities and temperatures

This paper demonstrates the results of an experimental study on cross ply carbon/epoxy composite laminates fabricated from high temperature hardener HT972 subjected to impact loading at different velocities and temperatures. The carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) samples were impacted at velocities 1.5 m/s and 2.5 m/s, each at a temperature level of 30°C, 60°C, 90°C, and 120°C. The impact response of the material towards various velocities and temperatures was determined using impact parameters like peak force, absorbed energy, maximum deflection, and rebound velocity. Result reveals that the velocity and temperature play a significant role in the impact response of the material. The variation in the trend of Flexural After Impact (FAI) strength of composite laminates at different velocities and temperatures was determined using FAI test and these results were further correlated with impact results. The dominating failure modes affecting the residual strength of the samples were found using acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2182–2191, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

功能热流体强化脉动热管的热输送特性

考察了以水为工质,在不同的加热功率和不同的充液率情况下,脉动热管在不同加热方式（垂直底部加热和水平一侧加热）时的热输送特性。固定充液率,对比了脉动热管采用不同工质（微胶囊流体、氧化铝纳米流体、水）在不同加热功率、不同放置加热方式下的热输送特性。结果发现：功能热流体（微胶囊流体、氧化铝纳米流体）作为脉动热管的工质都起到强化热输送能力的作用,均优于水。垂直底部加热时,1%微胶囊流体作为工质的脉动热管的热输送能力较优,水平一侧加热时,0.1%氧化铝纳米流体较优,但微胶囊流体稳定性要比氧化铝纳米流体好。     

倾斜喷射时喷雾冷却无沸腾区换热特性

采用雾化角60°的半实心旋流式机械雾化喷嘴,以水为冷却介质,对流量4.44～7.05 L•h^-1,倾斜角在0°～49°之间变化时无沸腾区换热进行实验研究,并且给出了反映喷雾换热特性的量纲1换热准则公式。结果表明,倾斜角固定不变时,当喷射底面椭圆长轴与换热面相切时所对应的喷嘴高度为最佳高度,换热效果最好,冷却效率最高,其次分别是喷射底面椭圆长轴和换热面内接、外接的情况;对比不同倾斜角度、最佳高度下的换热,发现倾斜角度越大换热效果越佳,冷却效率越好。     

Modeling of low viscosity oil-water annular flow in horizontal and slightly inclined pipes: Experiments and CFD simulations

To characterize the effect of pipe inclination, low viscosity, flow rate and inlet water cut on annular flow pattern, a low viscosity oil-water two-phase annular flow in horizontal and slightly inclined (+1°, +3° and +5°) pipes with diameter of 20 mm has been experimentally investigated. A modified VOF model based on the CFD software package FLUENT was used to predict the in-situ oil fraction and pressure drop. The experimental data indicate that annular flow appears at a medium-high water cut. The slip ratio increases with flow rate increase but decreases with increasing water cut. The changes are more significant as the degree of inclination increases. Pressure drop is strongly dependent on flow rate, as it increases rapidly as inlet flow rate increase. Good agreement between the experimental data and calculated results of slip ratio and pressure drop was obtained.     

倾斜管内热进口段自然强制复合对流传热

用数值分析方法研究了倾斜管内热进口段自然强制同向复合对流传热 ,分析了浮力、倾斜角及轴向导热对流动和传热特性的影响 ,得到了速度、温度、壁面剪切应力、局部及平均Nusselt数的分布和变化 研究结果显示Pe=71时平均Nusselt数的最大值位于 2 5°～ 45°之间 ,Pe=2 5时则在 90°处出现 .