新刊导读

农 药新型旋光性农药的研究与展望/蒋木庚等/农药.-2000,39(12).-1～3 综合论述了研究旋光性农药的意义、制备旋光性农药的途径与分析鉴定方法、对旋光性农药的展望。分别简要介绍了S(+)-戊菊酯和[S,S]-氰戊菊酯的拆分合成;三唑类杀菌剂、植物生长调节剂:S(+)-烯效唑、R(-)-烯唑醇和R(-)-己唑醇的定向催化合成;芳氧丙酸类除草剂光学异构体的制备;三碳环菊酸酯和卤三代碳环菊酸酯光学异构体的制备。     

水解酶在制备旋光性农药中的应用

介绍了可用于制备光学活性化合物的水解酶的基本特点及其催化反应的基本要求 ,并从该类酶所催化的立体选择性水解、酯化与酯交换反应方面分别列举了制备可作为旋光性农药或其中间体的醇、酸及羧酸酯的实例 ,同时对水解酶在旋光性农药制备中的应用前景进行了讨论。     

金坛旋光性农药获国家发明奖

由金坛市民营科技企业─—江苏科达化工科技有限公司与南京农业大学等单位联合开发的新型旋光性农药,最近通过国家科技奖励评审委员会的评审,荣获国家科技发明三等奖。江苏科达化工公司研制生产的新型低毒旋光农药具有活性高、污染小、广谱、安全等优点,特别是光学活性拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂中的溴氰菊酯更是一枝独秀。目前国内还没有生产厂家生产,产品依赖进口,原药价格每吨高达２００万元。江苏科达化工公司研制并生产的新型旋光性农药,填补了国内空白,替代了进口原药,不但具有相当的社会效益,而且还将产生可观的企业经济效益。金坛…     

金坛新型旋光性农药获国家发明奖

由金坛市民营科技企业———江苏科达化工科技有限公司与南京农业大学等单位联合开发的新型旋光性农药，日前通过国家科技奖励评审委员会的评审，荣获国家科技发明三等奖。江苏科达化工公司研制生产的新型低毒旋光农药具有活性高、污染小、广谱安全等优点，特别是光学活性拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂中的溴氰菊酯，是迄今世界上最高效的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂，目前国内还没有生产厂家生产，产品依赖进口，原药价格每吨高达２００万元。江苏科达化工公司研制并生产的新型旋光性农药，填补了国内空白，不但具有相当的社会效应，还将产生可观的经济效益。…     

旋光性聚酰胺研究进展

按化学结构对旋光性聚酰胺进行了分类,包括用非手性单体制备的旋光性酰胺、侧链含手性原子及主链含手性原子的旋光性聚酰胺。对旋光性聚酰胺的合成方法进行了总结,介绍了链增长缩聚法、溶液聚合法和界面缩聚法在合成旋光性聚酰胺方面的应用。     

2,2-二甲基环丙烷甲酸的合成与拆分

2，2-二甲基环丙烷甲酸是合成医药和农药的一种重要中间体，目前有多种合成方法。总结了国内外不同的合成路线，包括利用手性催化剂直接合成旋光性产物，并对合成的消旋产物拆分方法也进行了综述。     

萘丙胺除草剂及其中间体的光学异构体分离研究

萘丙胺为芳氧链烷酰胺类水用除草剂，它是含有萘塞的植物激素类水田除草剂，α-氯代丙酰替苯胺是合成萘丙胺类除草剂的重要中间体，它有一个手性碳，使得萘丙胺也具有旋光性。研究表明，其R异构体具有除草活性，丙S异构体无除草活性，而S异构体无除草活性。随着环境保护要求越来越严格，该类农药产品最好以单一异构体形式出现。     

萃取剂对旋光性戊醇-异戊醇气液平衡的影响

研究了溶剂和盐对旋光性戊醇-异戊醇体系气液平衡的影响。结果表明,加入合适的萃取剂可有效地提高旋光性戊醇对异戊醇的相对挥发度,减少分离所需的理论板数。体系在旋光性戊醇质量分数为25%时相对挥发度最高可达1 42,比无萃取剂时提高了40%;所选的最佳萃取剂为氯化锌。实验发现,溶剂的影响与其形成氢键能力及分子直径大小有关;而盐效应的大小与阳离子半径、电荷数及其酸软硬度等因素有关。     

光活性体N-马来酰基-L-丙氨酸/苯乙烯的合成

以过硫酸钾为引发剂,在微乳液中合成了具有旋光性的N-马来酰基-L-丙氨酸(AMI)与苯乙烯(St)的共聚物。用元素分析法测定了共聚物内氮摩尔分数,从而确定了共聚物摩尔组成与单体配比之间的关系,进而计算出AMI与St的竞聚率分别是0．05,0．10,并计算出相应的AMI单体活性值为1．59、AMI单体极性值为1.50,讨论了共聚物旋光性的成因以及旋光性共聚物的结构。结果表明,该共聚物具有交替共聚合的倾向。     

芳氧苯氧羧酸类旋光性除草剂的研究进展

综述了芳氧苯氧羧酸酯类(APP)旋光性除草剂自20世纪70年代起至今的发展过程及其主要除草剂品种。总结了芳氧苯氧丙酸酯类除草剂及其重要中间体4-芳氧基苯酚、R-2-(4-羟基苯氧基)丙酸酯主要的合成方法,展望了芳氧苯氧羧酸酯类旋光性除草剂的发展前景。     

2004～2005年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2004年7月-2005年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2004年～2005年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界几大区域塑料的产量、增长率及所占份额；美国、德国、日本、韩国、法国、比利时、印度、西班牙、中国台湾、加拿大、巴西、英国等国家和地区的不同树脂的产量及消费量；各国、各地区塑料原料的产量、进出口量、国内消费量和人均消费量；日本塑料原料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮、聚砜）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

Recent Advances in Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol

The article underlines and discusses the state-of-the-art accomplishments in the catalytic conversion of glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol) to fuels and value-added chemicals in the past five years (2008–2012). The reactions include steam reforming, aqueous-phase reforming, hydrogenolysis, oxidation, dehydration, esterification, etherification, carboxylation, acetalization, and chlorination. Typical products are hydrogen, propanediols, dihydroxyacetone, glyceric acid, acrolein, glyceride, polyglycerol, glycerol carbonate, acetals, ketals, and epichlorohydrine. Recent studies on the catalysts, reaction conditions, and possible pathways are primarily discussed. They indicate that major breakthroughs are achieved by the use of multifunctional catalysts, process intensification and integrated reactions. Literature survey suggests that future work on the catalytic conversion of glycerol for commercial goals particularly requires new catalysts, innovative reactor engineering, and close multidisciplinary partnership.     

树脂基复合材料成型工艺研究进展

主要综述了树脂基复合材料的几种成型工艺,包括RTM、VARTM、CRTM、LRTM、RFI、VARI、SCRIMP、SRIM、TERM,各自的发展现状、成型原理、特点等.     

Potential of Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Carbon Nanotube Composite in Energy,Electronics, and Membrane Technology: An Overview

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a semicrystalline thermoplastic and electroactive polymer with piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties, thermal stability, elasticity, and chemical resistance. PVDF exits in five different phases (α, β, δ, γ, and ε-phase). Unique properties of this polymer enhances its use in chemical, biomedical, and electronic industries such as supercapacitors, transducers, actuators, and batteries. Carbon nanotube (CNT) is used as reinforcement to exploit full potential of PVDF in energy, electronics, and membrane technology. The nanofiller affects morphology, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, electrical, dielectric, thermal, and mechanical properties of PVDF-based nanocomposite. CNT content and chemical modification influence properties as well as application of PVDF.     

A review of ZrO2 nanoparticles applications and recent advancements

The many branches of nanoscience have made significant strides and advancements during the past ten years, as has the entire scientific community. Zirconia nanoparticles have several uses as adsorbents, nanosensors, nanocatalysts, and other types of nanomaterials. Their outstanding biomedical uses in dental care and drug delivery, as well as their intriguing biological characteristics, such as their anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and antioxidant activity, have further encouraged researchers to investigate their physicochemical properties using various synthetic pathways. Due to the popularity of zirconia-based nanomaterials, the current research comprehensively examines several synthesis techniques and their effects on the composition, dimensions, forms, and morphologies of these nanomaterials. In general, there are two methods for creating zirconia nanoparticles: chemical synthesis, which uses hydrothermal, solvothermal, sol-gel, microwave, solution combustion, and co-precipitation processes; and a greener method, which uses bacteria, fungi, and plant components. The aforementioned techniques have been evaluated in the present review for achieving particular phases and shapes. A thorough analysis of zirconia-based nanomaterial's uses is also included in the review. Furthermore, comparisons with their equivalent composites for various applications as well as the influence of particular phases and morphologies have been added. The final portion includes the summary, future outlook, and potential application.     

Graphene-Based Sensors for the Detection of Bioactive Compounds: A Review

Over the last years, different nanomaterials have been investigated to design highly selective and sensitive sensors, reaching nano/picomolar concentrations of biomolecules, which is crucial for medical sciences and the healthcare industry in order to assess physiological and metabolic parameters. The discovery of graphene (G) has unexpectedly impulsed research on developing cost-effective electrode materials owed to its unique physical and chemical properties, including high specific surface area, elevated carrier mobility, exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, strong stiffness and strength combined with flexibility and optical transparency. G and its derivatives, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are becoming an important class of nanomaterials in the area of optical and electrochemical sensors. The presence of oxygenated functional groups makes GO nanosheets amphiphilic, facilitating chemical functionalization. G-based nanomaterials can be easily combined with different types of inorganic nanoparticles, including metals and metal oxides, quantum dots, organic polymers, and biomolecules, to yield a wide range of nanocomposites with enhanced sensitivity for sensor applications. This review provides an overview of recent research on G-based nanocomposites for the detection of bioactive compounds, providing insights on the unique advantages offered by G and its derivatives. Their synthesis process, functionalization routes, and main properties are summarized, and the main challenges are also discussed. The antioxidants selected for this review are melatonin, gallic acid, tannic acid, resveratrol, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and curcumin. They were chosen owed to their beneficial properties for human health, including antibiotic, antiviral, cardiovascular protector, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, neuroprotective, antiageing, antidegenerative, and antiallergic capacity. The sensitivity and selectivity of G-based electrochemical and fluorescent sensors are also examined. Finally, the future outlook for the development of G-based sensors for this type of biocompounds is outlined.     

Electrospinning jets and polymer nanofibers

In electrospinning, polymer nanofibers are formed by the creation and elongation of an electrified fluid jet. The path of the jet is from a fluid surface that is often, but not necessarily constrained by an orifice, through a straight segment of a tapering cone, then through a series of successively smaller electrically driven bending coils, with each bending coil having turns of increasing radius, and finally solidifying into a continuous thin fiber. Control of the process produces fibers with nanometer scale diameters, along with various cross-sectional shapes, beads, branches and buckling coils or zigzags. Additions to the fluid being spun, such as chemical reagents, other polymers, dispersed particles, proteins, and viable cells, resulted in the inclusion of the added material along the nanofibers. Post-treatments of nanofibers, by conglutination, by vapor coating, by chemical treatment of the surfaces, and by thermal processing, broaden the usefulness of nanofibers.     

Maternal Reproductive Toxicity of Some Essential Oils and Their Constituents

Even though several plants can improve the female reproductive function, the use of herbs, herbal preparations, or essential oils during pregnancy is questionable. This review is focused on the effects of some essential oils and their constituents on the female reproductive system during pregnancy and on the development of the fetus. The major concerns include causing abortion, reproductive hormone modulation, maternal toxicity, teratogenicity, and embryo-fetotoxicity. This work summarizes the important studies on the reproductive effects of essential oil constituents anethole, apiole, citral, camphor, thymoquinone, trans-sabinyl acetate, methyl salicylate, thujone, pulegone, β-elemene, β-eudesmol, and costus lactone, among others.     

A review of liquid silicone rubber injection molding: Process variables and process modeling

Liquid silicone rubber (LSR) is an elastomer molded into critical performance components for applications in medical, power, consumer, automotive, and aerospace applications. This article reviews process behavior, material modeling, and simulation of the (LSR) injection molding process. Each phase of the LSR injection molding process is discussed, including resin handling, plastication, injection, pack and hold, and curing; and factors affecting the molding process are reviewed. Processing behavior of LSR is marked by transient interactions between curing, shear rate, temperature, pressure, and tooling. Therefore, current LSR models for curing, viscosity, pressure, and temperature are discussed. Process dynamics and material modeling are combined in LSR injection molding simulations with applications in mold design, troubleshooting process-induced defects, and management of shear stress and non-uniform temperatures between LSR and substrates during overmolding. Finally, case studies using commercial simulation software are presented, which have shown cavity pressure and flow front advancement within 3% of experimental values. Optimization of LSR materials, data collection, model fitting, venting, and bonding remain areas of continued interest.     

新型碳材料与聚烯烃复合材料研究进展

最近二十多年,由于新型碳材料（包括富勒烯、碳纳米管和石墨烯等）在很多方面具有优异的性能,开辟了诸多新颖的应用领域。本文综述了碳纳米管和石墨烯在聚烯烃树脂中的应用,通过物理共混和原位合成法形成复合材料,提高了聚烯烃材料的力学性能、结晶和熔融性能、热稳定性和导电性等,复合材料在场发射显示器件、储氢材料、电池、超强超韧复合材料、显微镜探头、超级电容器、电子枪、纳米电子器件、传感器等诸多领域已取得了较大的突破。