基于SQP算法的弥散介质辐射物性场重建

介质的辐射物性的参数测量在高温火焰燃烧诊断、无损检测、生物医学成像等领域有着广泛的应用。传统的直接测量方法得到的大多是测量试件的等效物性,精确的测量通常需要通过反演的方法得到。利用时域辐射传输方程模拟脉冲激光在弥散介质内的传输,求解介质边界的透反射信号。采用序列二次规划(sequential quadratic programming,SQP)算法求解反问题,重建了二维弥散介质内的吸收系数和散射系数分布。利用广义的高斯-马尔科夫随机场模型构建正则化项,加入目标函数中以克服反问题的病态特性。同时使用OpenMP并行计算技术对部分代码做了并行化处理,从而大大减少了重建时间。重建结果表明基于SQP算法能够很好地重建出吸收系数和散射系数的分布。     

非灰系统当量灰吸收系数的反演

提出了一种由气体温度场反向分析计算气体当量灰吸收系数的方法.采用段法（区域法）求解正问题,反演中采用求目标函数极小值的共轭梯度法.以直通式实验炉的测量数据为求解条件,用该计算得到了炉内气体介质当量灰吸收系数的分布.数值模拟结果表明,段法与共轭梯度法结合可以较好地反演非灰系统的当量灰吸收系数.与指数宽带段法模型结果的比较表明,反演得到的当量灰吸收系数具有与指数宽带模型相当的精度,但计算量小于宽带模型的1/10.     

基于RKPM的n-octadecane熔化过程光热特性数值模拟与验证

建立求解一维半透明材料相变过程的辐射导热耦合计算方法,了解正十八烷(n-octadecane)在辐射源作用下的相变熔化过程,获得材料内部温度分布,验证数值方法准确性。基于无网格RKMP方法,采用修正等效热容法处理相变潜热的吸收与释放,利用梯度折射率的方法处理变折射率介质内的辐射传输问题。实验测量了n-octadecane在红外辐照加热条件下的熔化过程温度响应特性。结果表明数值模拟值和实验值在温度水平和时间特性两方面都符合良好,验证了计算方法具有良好的精度。     

大型燃煤锅炉内辐射熵产及辐射(火用)试验研究

为了研究燃煤炉膛内辐射传热效率,达到节约能源,降低污染物排放的目的,提出一种大型炉膛内辐射熵产及辐射火用的试验测量方法,并应用于一台200 MW发电机组的670 t/h燃煤锅炉上。通过在锅炉上安装CCD相机获取炉内辐射图像,基于辐射反问题求解方法重建炉膛底部、燃烧器区域及炉膛出口3个截面的炉内温度分布及辐射特性,进而获得炉内煤粉燃烧介质和水冷壁的辐射熵产、辐射熵产数及辐射火用,并分析了炉内温度分布的均匀性及壁面辐射热流对燃煤锅炉内辐射熵产和辐射火用的影响。结果表明,随着燃煤锅炉内温度分布均方差增大,煤粉燃烧介质吸收、发射及散射过程的不可逆性增大,辐射传热效率越低,燃烧介质产生的辐射熵产从419 W/K增至629 W/K,辐射熵产数从0.048增至0.067;随着水冷壁面热流增大,水冷壁面辐射传热过程的不可逆性增大,辐射传热效率降低,水冷壁产生的辐射熵产从1.566 k W/K增至4.575 kW/K,辐射熵产数从0.258增大至0.346;在燃煤锅炉的燃烧器区域,由于燃烧温度相对最高,其辐射换热过程相对最剧烈,有用功相对最多,因而辐射火用相对最大;而对于温度相对最低的炉膛出口区域,其辐射换热过程相对最弱,有用功相对最少,因而辐射火用相对最小。由此可见,对于实际炉膛而言,提高炉膛内温度场的均匀性,尤其是提高炉膛燃烧器区域内温度场的均匀性,对于提高燃煤炉膛辐射传热效率具有重要的意义。     

基于EKF和UKF算法非均匀介质热物性参数重建

将无迹卡尔曼滤波技术(unscented Kalman filter, UKF)用于求解一维介质热物性参数反演问题；也对利用扩展卡尔曼滤波技术(extended Kalman filter, EKF)反演一维介质中热导率问题进行了研究。首先给出了正问题模型，然后详细介绍了EKF算法和UKF算法的基本原理。最后为了验证当前算法的可行性，采用UKF算法重建了介质内部随位置变化的热导率，并采用EKF算法重建了介质内部随时间变化的热导率。计算结果表明，UKF算法和EKF算法均能较为准确地反演介质的热导率。为了减小重建结果的时间滞后，建议使用较小的测量误差协方差R。     

介质辐射换热有限元法的扩散综合加速算法

发展了一个基于有限元法的 “扩散综合加速算法”,用于改善传统“源项迭代”技术在求解散射占优型介质辐射问题时计算效率较低的缺陷。该算法通过P₁扩散近似方程修正散射源项,提高迭代计算的准确度,从而实现了求解效率的提升。通过几个算例的分析,结果表明：当前的加速算法是准确高效的,能够明显提高介质辐射有限元法的计算效率,缩短计算时间。随着介质光学厚度和反照率的增大,算法的加速效果越趋明显,计算时间大幅缩短。     

用有限体积法研究二维矩形散射介质辐射传递

用直角坐标系下有限体积法研究了二维矩形介质内辐射传递,散射相函数采用Legendre多项式展开.与其他文献的计算结果比较证明了本文有限体积法模型是可靠的.研究表明,相函数及反照率等对温度分布有影响.比较了线性各向异性散射与各向同性散射矩形介质内的温度场,对于不同的误差要求对应存在一个衰减系数及反照率取值区域,在该区域内选取物性参数则可以将线性各向异性散射简化处理为各向同性散射,从而方便了计算.     

基于GPU加速求解MINLP问题的SQP并行算法

针对确定性算法求解大型复杂混合整数非线性规划的时间不可接受问题,通过对序贯二次规划算法(SQP)和图形处理器(GPU)的架构特点分析,提出了基于GPU加速策略的并行化SQP算法。算法的主要思想是通过枚举法确定二元变量的取值,在保证取值完整的基础上,使用CPU+GPU的并行策略,同时运用大量线程进行非线性规划子问题的求解。算例的数值实验结果表明:本文所提出的算法较之传统串行计算具有较好的加速效果,特别适合求解二元变量较多,约束条件相对少的MINLP问题。     

求解多维半透明介质内辐射传递的谱元法

直角坐标系下的辐射传递方程可以看作一类特殊的对流扩散方程，且具有强对流特性。采用数值方法求解该问题需要特别的稳定技术，否则计算结果往往会出现非物理振荡现象。本文发展了基于流向迎风彼得罗夫-伽辽金（SUPG）格式的谱元法来求解多维半透明介质内的辐射传递。采用3个算例对SUPG谱元法求解多维半透明介质内辐射传递的性能进行了检验。结果表明，与伽辽金谱元法相比，SUPG谱元法有效地消除了解的非物理振荡现象，同时与解析解及文献中的结果相比较，SUPG谱元法对于求解多维半透明介质内的辐射传递有着很好的精度。     

用离散传递法求解辐射全交换面积

用离散传递法计算辐射换热量,然后反算求解辐射全交换面积,计算过程方便可行.利用降维后的离散传递法计算了二维封闭体系的辐射全交换面积,与基本算法计算结果的比较表明该算法能够在保证计算精度的前提下大幅度减少所耗机时,同时计算结果很好地满足了全交换面积的互换性和完整性原则,这也进一步证明了离散传递法是求解辐射全交换面积的一种好方法.     

The correlation of the scattering coefficient and morphology-based microstructure in yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings

The microstructure dependence of thermal radiative properties is critically needed to the design and operation of the thermal barrier coating systems. In this study, different yttria-stabilized zirconia coating layers are fabricated by air plasma spray with three average porosities 5.9%, 14.5%, and 23.3% at coating thickness from 283 to 955 µm. The room-temperature, spectral directional–hemispherical transmittance, and reflectance are measured over the wavelength range from 1.35 to 2.5 µm. The radiative properties of absorption and scattering coefficients are reduced by using a hybrid method of the discrete ordinate method and the Kubelka–Munk four-flux method. Using the image processing tools developed in-house, the porosity and pore size distribution (PSD) are obtained from SEM images for each coating. A numerical algorithm is used to convert the two-dimensional PSD into a three-dimensional PSD assuming that all pores are spheroid. The scattering coefficient is directly computed by the Mie theory based on the PSD. The new approach provides a predictive model of radiative properties based on the PSD, which is extracted from the coating cross-section images. Comparison of radiative properties obtained by the direct Mie theory computation and those obtained by the reduction from spectral measurement is made and discrepancy is discussed.     

Thermal radiative properties of zirconium oxide films in the near-infrared wavelengths

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) using yttria-stabilized zirconium dioxide (YSZ) are widely used in gas turbines to protect metal components against the high combustion product temperature. Increasing combustion temperature and pressure, radiative heat transfer becomes an essential portion of the overall heat transfer in TBCs. This necessitates a greater understanding of the thermal radiative properties of YSZ films, especially in the near-infrared wavelength range. The commonly used Kubelka–Munk (KM) method in the radiative property reduction from the measured transmittance and reflectance spectra of YSZ films can incur inaccurate results when the coating optical thickness is not sufficiently large. The discrete ordinates method with the asymmetric spherical ring angular quadrature can solve the radiative transfer equation with good accuracy in optically thin media. Considering the solution accuracy and computational efficiency, a hybrid approach of combining the KM and discrete ordinate methods is used to invert radiative properties. The absorption and scattering coefficients of air plasma sprayed YSZ films are determined over the wavelength range from 1 to 2.6 μm at room temperature. Over this near-infrared wavelength range, the scattering coefficient decreases with the increasing wavelength, and the absorption coefficient is very small overall.     

The Effects of Monomer Size Distribution on the Radiative Properties of Black Carbon Aggregates

Black carbon (BC), normally existing as aggregates, significantly affects the Earth radiative forcing, energy balance, and climate by scattering and absorbing both solar radiation and terrestrial emission. The BC particles are usually treated as fractal aggregates with same-sized monomers. However, experimental studies show that monomer diameters of BC normally obey a lognormal distribution ranging from 10 nm to over 100 nm. This study investigates the effects of monomer size distribution on the radiative properties of BC particles. The fractal aggregates are generated by a cluster–cluster aggregation (CCA) algorithm, and the Multiple Sphere T-Matrix (MSTM) method is used to simulate the radiative properties of randomly oriented aggregates. The integral radiative properties of aggregates with different-sized monomers have normal distributions with large standard deviations, and it requires to average radiative properties of over 60 aggregate realizations to represent their ensemble-averaged properties. The aggregates with different-sized monomers exhibit much stronger scattering and absorption than the aggregates with same-sized monomers and the geometric mean diameter, whereas the absorption cross section becomes comparable to that given by aggregates with same-sized monomer and the equivalent volume diameter. Similar phase matrix elements are obtained for the aggregates with different-sized and same-sized monomers. Furthermore, the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans (RDG) approach is significantly challenged for approximating the absorption and scattering cross sections of the aggregates with different-sized monomers, whereas it performs quite accurately for the phase matrix elements.

Copyright 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Modeling of radiative heat transfer between high-temperature fluidized beds and immersed walls

This paper presents a theoretical model for predicting the radiative heat transfer rate between high-temperature fluidized bed and immersed walls, which can be used upon the base of emulsion packet model of heat transfer in bubbling fluidized bed. The model adopted radiative flux computation method to calculate radiative heat transfer between fluidized disperse phase contacting to the wall and immersed walls, in which the absorption and back-scattering coefficients was obtained from the reflectivity and the absorptivity of a layer of disperse media of a single particle thickness. In such a model, many factors, such as particle size, particle emissivity, bed void fraction, fluidized bed and wall temperatures, and so on, are included theoretically to calculate radiative heat transfer between immersed walls and fluidized beds. As a result, the model results provide a reasonable explanation of the experimental observation of that radiative heat transfer rate in fluidized beds increases with the increases of the superficial fluidizing velocity. In addition, the modeling prediction for the trend of radiative heat transfer rate between the fluidized bed and its immersed surface on the variation of wall temperature conforms to the classical experimental trend.     

Reconstruction of electrical capacitance tomography images based on fast linearized alternating direction method of multipliers for two-phase flow system

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) has been applied to two-phase flow measurement in recent years. Image reconstruction algorithms play an important role in the successful applications of ECT. To solve the il-posed and nonlinear inverse problem of ECT image reconstruction, a new ECT image reconstruction method based on fast lin-earized alternating direction method of multipliers (FLADMM) is proposed in this paper. On the basis of theoretical analysis of compressed sensing (CS), the data acquisition of ECT is regarded as a linear measurement process of permittivity distribution signal of pipe section. A new measurement matrix is designed and L1 regularization method is used to convert ECT inverse problem to a convex relaxation problem which contains prior knowledge. A new fast alternating direction method of multipliers which contained linearized idea is employed to minimize the objective function. Simulation data and experimental results indicate that compared with other methods, the quality and speed of reconstructed images are markedly improved. Also, the dynamic experimental results in-dicate that the proposed algorithm can fulfil the real-time requirement of ECT systems in the application.     

铁基氧化物微颗粒的光谱辐射特性

太阳能热化学制氢过程中金属氧化物颗粒物性随反应温度、波长以及组分发生改变且其对反应过程的能量传递起着重要的作用。为了获得金属氧化物的光谱辐射特性, 搭建了光谱透反射测量系统。首先, 通过一系列实验测量校核了该系统测量结果的精确性以及稳定性。其次, 研究了含有NiFe₂O₄金属氧化物颗粒的溴化钾压片在光谱区间0.3～1.2 mm的透过率。结果表明:该系统具有良好的测试精度;NiFe₂O₄压片的透过率随波长的增大而增大, 随厚度的增大而减小;在部分光谱处均存在透过率振荡现象, 意味着颗粒在该波段区间存在吸收效果。上述研究为太阳能热化学制氢过程中的反应颗粒的辐射特性的反演提供了实验基础, 同时也为太阳能反应器内传热、传质模型的建立提供了理论基础。     

Easily computable good approximations for spectral radiative properties of particle—gas components and mixture in pulverized coal combustors

A rather large computational effort is required for calculating the exact values of the spectral radiative extinction, absorption and scattering coefficients in pulverized coal combustors, which contain a polydispersed solid—gas mixture of reactants and combustion products (coal, char, fly ash and soot particles and gaseous components). This computation becomes an especially significant problem in comprehensive modelling of coal combustors, where these properties vary in space and time and where the solution methods are iterative. A number of approximate expressions for calculating these coefficients for each of the particle types, requiring practically insignificant computational effort, are examined for a wide range of size parameters, by comparison with the results of the full Mie equations solved with Mathematica. A set of these approximations, which typically produce errors of <8.9% and <5.1% in the spectral extinction and scattering coefficients respectively, is recommended for use. The spectral absorption coefficient for the gas components is obtained by using the exponential wide-band model. A solution of a comprehensive model of a pulverized anthracite coal combustor shows that the combined error introduced by the recommended radiative property approximations generates an error of <1.45% in the combustor gas temperature and radiation intensity profile predictions.     

Estimate of scattering truncation in the cavity attenuated phase shift PMSSA monitor using radiative transfer theory

The recently developed cavity attenuated phase shift particulate matter single scattering albedo (CAPS PM_SSA) monitor has been shown to be fairly accurate and robust for real-time aerosol optical properties measurements. The scattering component of the measurement undergoes a truncation error due to the loss of scattered light from the sample tube in both the forward and backward directions. Previous studies estimated the loss of scattered light typically using the Mie theory for spherical particles, assuming particles are present only on the sampling tube centerline, and without accounting for the effects of sampling tube surface reflection. This study overcomes these limitations by solving the radiative transfer equation in an axisymmetric absorbing and scattering medium using the discrete-ordinates method to estimate the scattering truncation error. The effects of absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, asymmetry parameter of the scattering phase function, and the reflection coefficient at the sampling tube inner surface were investigated. Under typical conditions of CAPS PM_SSA operation of low extinction coefficients below about 5000 Mm^?1, the scattering loss remains independent of the absorption and scattering coefficients but is dependent on the scattering phase function and the reflection coefficient of the sampling glass tube inner surface. The proposed method was used to investigate the effects of asymmetry parameter and surface reflection coefficient on truncation for absorbing aerosol particles whose scattering phase function can be well represented by the Henyey-Greenstein approximation. The scattering loss increases with increasing the asymmetry parameter and the surface reflection coefficient.

Copyright © 2018 National Research Council Canada