蒽醌染料废水的多相光催化降解

具有蒽醌结构的染料是不易被降解的,活性艳兰KN-R是蒽醌型染料的典型代表.本试验采用自制的纳米二氧化钛为光催化剂,以含有活性艳兰KN-R的模拟废水为降解对象,在一定的光源条件下成功的降解掉染料废水中的污染物.对影响活性艳兰KN-R废水溶液的光催化降解的各种条件(pH值、光源、溶液的初始浓度、催化剂的用量)进行了摸索,描述了催化剂降解低浓度活性艳兰KN-R的动力学规律,并对催化剂的回收再利用进行了可行性研究.     

外电场促进生物厌氧与铁床耦合降解活性艳蓝研究

采用生物厌氧与铁床耦合工艺处理蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R,通过生物厌氧、生物厌氧与铁床耦合、耦合工艺施加外电场3种模式的对比,研究外加电场对促进该耦合工艺降解染料的效果以及影响因素.结果表明,单独生物厌氧的为活性艳蓝KN-R和COD去除率分别为11.86%和32.28%;生物厌氧与铁床耦合能显著提高活性艳蓝KN-R和COD去除率,分别达到65.64%和56.25%;耦合工艺施加外电场后,去除率在0.5V电压下分别达到90.92%、73.38%.单独厌氧的污泥对染料吸附量少,微生物也没有固定形态;与铁床耦合后的污泥开始以染料及中间产物作为吸附有机物,厌氧污泥区对去除活性艳蓝KN-R起主要作用;加入电场后,污泥微生物以螺旋菌为主,铁区对去除活性艳蓝KN-R其主要作用.加入电场后活性艳蓝KN-R去除率随硫酸钠含量增大而下降,在碱性条件下脱除率更高.     

电化学氧化降解蒽醌染料动力学研究

利用形稳阳极原位电生成活性氯对蒽醌型染料活性艳蓝KN-R进行氧化脱色.以该染料的2个特征波长处吸光度为主要指标,对染料脱色及其芳环结构氧化降解的过程进行同步分析.在电流密度15A/m2、0.1mol/L Na2SO4、0.2 mol/LNaCl、0.1 mmol/L活性艳蓝KN-R、初始pH值6.4、温度30℃的实验条件下,经4h的电解,可使染料100%脱色,45%左右的染料芳环结构被破坏,处理每千克染料的能耗为0.28 kWh.实验结果表明,电流密度、氯化钠浓度、染料浓度、温度对染料的脱色及其母体结构氧化降解有较强的影响;染料脱色及其芳环结构氧化降解过程遵循准一级动力学;在整个的电氧化过程中,电解液未发生矿化.     

Ag-TiO2-ZnO复合半导体的光催化性能及其动力学研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Ag和TiO2的质量分数分别为1%和20%的Ag-TiO2-ZnO光催化剂,研究了溶液初始pH、光源功率、催化剂投加量及染料初始质量浓度对降解活性艳兰KN-R动力学的影响.结果表明,光源功率和催化剂投加量对染料降解影响较大,pH的影响较小,其最佳反应条件分别为紫外汞灯300W、催化剂投加量3.0 g·L-1和pH=9.30;对初始质量浓度为84 mg·L-1的活性艳兰KN-R光照30 min时,降解率可达99.9%,且在一定初始质量浓度下,光催化降解过程表现为1级反应.     

恒电位下活性艳蓝KN-R在活性炭纤维电极上的脱色行为

在恒电位模式下,采用隔膜电解槽,分别以活性炭纤维（ACF）为阳极或阴极,研究了蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色行为.测量了ACF的线性扫描极化曲线,进行了控电位下活性艳蓝KN-R在ACF电极上的整体电解,考察了脱色率、TOC、COD_Cr去除率同电极电位之间的关系.结果表明：该染料在ACF电极上的起始氧化电位和起始还原电位分别为0.5 V和-0.7 V,氧化峰电位为1.1 V;当电位为-0.6～0.4 V时,脱色源于染料在ACF上的吸附,极化对吸附行为影响不大;当电位为-1.5～-0.7 V时,脱色以染料的电还原为主,反应遵循准一级动力学;当电位为0.5～1.6 V时,脱色以染料的电氧化为主,反应同样遵循准一级动力学.     

柚子皮吸附活性艳蓝KN-R和活性艳橙X-GN性能研究

采用间歇实验,考察了初始pH、柚子皮投加量、柚子皮粒径、离子强度、染料初始含量及接触时间对柚子皮去除废水中的活性艳蓝KN-R及活性艳橙X-GN这2种染料影响。结果表明,酸性pH条件下吸附效果良好,柚子皮能有效地去除废水中的KN-R和X-GN,对KN-R和X-GN的去除率达到97.48%和95.63%;柚子皮粒径变化对吸附效果影响不明显,吸附时间宜控制在480 min以上。柚子皮可作为一种新型吸附剂应用于活性染料废水的处理,作为一种农业废物的资源化加以利用。     

双组分阴离子染料在改性花生壳上的竞争吸附

以接枝法制备得到改性花生壳为吸附剂,研究在酸性橙(AO)和活性艳蓝(KN-R)双组分阴离子染料体系中,改性花生壳对两种染料的吸附去除情况,并通过吸附等温线模型和动力学模型,解析在双组分染料共存条件下,改性花生壳对两种染料的竞争吸附机制。结果表明,在双组分体系中,改性花生壳对AO和KN-R的吸附和单组分体系相似,符合Langmuir等温模型和准二级动力学模型。在反应120 min后,改性花生壳对AO和KN-R的吸附量均小于单组分体系下的吸附量,在溶液pH值为2、初始染料浓度为200 mg/L和温度为298 K的条件下,吸附量分别从243.4、360.9 mg/g降低到140.4、231.3 mg/g,改性花生壳对AO的吸附量下降极为显著,说明两种染料存在竞争吸附,染料分子大且磺胺基含量多的KN-R阻碍改性花生壳对AO的吸附。     

蒽氧化制蒽醌的方法探讨

对比了蒽醌的几种现行制法,介绍一下新的液相氧化蒽制蒽醌的的新体系。蒽醌是一种重要的化工原料,特别是由于蒽醌染料色泽鲜艳、牢度好而被广泛地应用于染料工业。蒽醌还被开发用于纸浆工业的蒸煮助剂、植物浦异构化的催化剂、镍电镀的加速剂、脱硫剂以及树脂添加剂等等,从而使蒽醌的需要量不断增加。     

原子层沉积法制备NiO/TiO_2高效光催化剂

本文分别利用原子层沉积法和浸渍法制备了NiO/TiO_2复合光催化剂。研究了两种不同催化剂制备方法对催化剂催化活性的影响。研究结果表明:NiO负载量相同时,原子层沉积法制备的NiO/TiO_2催化剂相对于浸渍法制备的NiO/TiO_2催化剂降解苯酚速率更快。苯酚溶液紫外光照4h后原子层沉积法制备的NiO/TiO_2催化剂的苯酚降解率达97.5%,浸渍法制备的NiO/TiO_2催化剂的苯酚降解率为86.8%。     

耐污染PVC/PSf共混超滤膜的研制

试验采用干—湿法纺丝工艺制备聚氯乙烯/聚砜共混超滤膜,以活性艳兰KN-R染料废水作为料液,研究不同配方的PVC/PSf共混膜对活性艳兰KN-R染料的吸附性能,并通过正交试验以膜的纯水通量、吸附染料前后膜的污染度和在1 M Pa压力下膜对染料的截留率等对膜性能进行综合评价,对兼顾耐污染性和良好过滤性能的PVC/PSf共混膜进行优选。实验结果表明,适合活性艳兰KN-R染料过滤的最优膜液组成为:聚合物含量18%、PVC与PSf共混比6:4、以PVP作添加剂且含量为5%。     

Solution growth of NiO nanosheets supported on Ni foam as high-performance electrodes for supercapacitors

Well-aligned nickel oxide (NiO) nanosheets with the thickness of a few nanometers supported on a flexible substrate (Ni foam) have been fabricated by a hydrothermal approach together with a post-annealing treatment. The three-dimensional NiO nanosheets were further used as electrode materials to fabricate supercapacitors, with high specific capacitance of 943.5, 791.2, 613.5, 480, and 457.5 F g^-1 at current densities of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 A g^-1, respectively. The NiO nanosheets combined well with the substrate. When the electrode material was bended, it can still retain 91.1% of the initial capacitance after 1,200 charging/discharging cycles. Compared with Co₃O₄ and NiO nanostructures, the specific capacitance of NiO nanosheets is much better. These characteristics suggest that NiO nanosheet electrodes are promising for energy storage application with high power demands.     

Hierarchical heterostructure of porous NiO nanosheets on flower-like ZnO assembled by hexagonal nanorods for high-performance gas sensor

A novel hierarchical heterostructure consisting of porous NiO nanosheets and flower-like ZnO assembled by hexagonal nanorods was successfully fabricated by a simple two-step hydrothermal approach. Flower-like ZnO was obtained by the first step hydrothermal method. Through the second step hydrothermal method, porous NiO nanosheets grew on the surface of flower-like ZnO to realize integration of ZnO and NiO, so the p-n heterostructure between ZnO and NiO formed. The samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Gas sensing test results showed that the sensor based on NiO/ZnO composite exhibited superior sensing properties to acetone. The sensor response to 100 ppm acetone was about 205.14 at the optimum working temperature of 240 °C, and the response and recovery times were about 7 and 20 s, respectively. The enhanced response might be attributed to heterojunction and larger specific surface area provided by attached porous NiO nanosheets. The rapid response and recovery characteristics and improved selectivity attributed to the porous structure and good catalytic actions of NiO nanosheets.     

NiO nanosheets grown on graphene nanosheets as superior anode materials for Li-ion batteries

This paper reports a hydrothermal preparation of NiO-graphene sheet-on-sheet and nanoparticle-on-sheet nanostructures. The sheet-on-sheet nanocomposite showed highly reversible large capacities at a common current of 0.1 C and good rate capabilities. A large initial charge capacity of 1056 mAh/g was observed for the sheet-on-sheet composite at 0.1 C, which decreased by only 2.4% to 1031 mAh/g after 40 cycles of discharge and charge. This cycling performance is better than that of NiO nanosheets, graphene nanosheets, NiO-graphene nanoparticle-on-sheet, and previous carbon/carbon nanotube supported NiO composites. It is believed that the mechanical stability and electrical conductivity of NiO nanosheets are increased by graphene nanosheets (GNS), the aggregation or restacking of which to graphite platelets are, on the other hand, effectively prevented by NiO nanosheets.     

焙烧条件对NiO/TiO2催化剂结构和脱硝性能的影响

以锐钛矿型纳米TiO2为载体,浸渍负载过渡金属氧化物,制备NiO/TiO2催化剂,并考察其脱硝性能.以计算量的Ni(NO3)2和Fe(NO3)3混合溶液浸渍纳米TiO2粉末,室温下搅拌30 min至混合均匀,放入旋转蒸发器,70℃和0.08 MPa条件下至水分蒸干.在空气中,以不同的温度和时间焙烧,得到负载质量分数均为...     

熔盐辅助固相反应合成NiO纳米片

通过聚乙二醇表面活性剂辅助低热固相反应首先制备了薄片状Ni(OH)2前驱体,再将所得前驱体置于马弗炉中于KNO3熔盐存在的条件下,600℃热分解5 h得到NiO纳米片。进一步借助X-射线衍射测试和透射电镜测试对所制备的纳米材料的晶型和形貌大小进行了表征。X-射线衍射测试结果证实了所得样品分别为单一的立方相NiO。透射电镜测试结果表明,所得NiO为片状结构,且大部分呈不规则六边形结构,相邻两边夹角约为120°。NiO纳米片的平均粒径约60 nm。     

NiO纳米电池材料的制备及电化学性能研究

在200℃下用溶剂热的方式将醋酸镍热分解,引入PVP活性剂,得到由3～5nm厚的薄片组成的直径约为100nm NiO中空球,通过改变PVP的数量,完成了NiO组装线表面积从约70m2.g-1到约200m2.g-1的调整,对比实验表明NiO组装球表面积对其放电容量有显著的影响,电化学测试NiO中空球具有823mA’h/g的放电容量,而且这些中空球也显示慢的容量衰退速度。     

活性艳蓝KN-R与DNA相互作用的光谱研究

采用紫外光谱和荧光光谱法研究了活性艳蓝KN-R(RBB KN-R)与DNA的相互作用.结果表明,RBBKN-R与DNA能够发生相互作用,其作用方式和程度取决于RBB KN-R浓度、离子强度、酸度和磷酸根浓度等因素.随着RBB KN-R浓度的增加,RBB KN-R-DNA的紫外光谱表现为增色效应,荧光发生猝灭.RBB K...     

α-Bi2O3 nanosheets: An efficient material for sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B

Herein, we report the sunlight driven photocatalytic degradation of toxic organic dye, Rhodamine B using α-Bi₂O₃ nanosheets as an effective photocatalyst. The α-Bi₂O₃ nanosheets were prepared by simple annealing assisted thermal decomposition method and characterized by several techniques in order to understand its morphological, compositional, structural and optical properties. Morphological, structural and compositional investigations confirmed the formation of sheet-like morphologies, high-crystalline monoclinic crystal structure, and pure α-Bi₂O₃, respectively. The synthesized α-Bi₂O₃ nanosheets exhibited a high photocatalytic degradation of a toxic organic dye, i.e. Rhodamine B (RhB). Under optimal reaction conditions, ～95% photocatalytic degradation of RhB (10 mg/L, pH 10) was observed in 180 min using 0.75 g/L catalyst dosage under sunlight irradiation. According to the findings, the synthesized catalyst had outstanding photocatalytic properties and can be used to cleanse textile wastewater under direct sunlight.     

Solar hydrogen generation from organic substance using earth abundant CuS–NiO heterojunction semiconductor photocatalyst

This work explores the critical role of NiO co-catalyst assembled on the surface of a CuS primary photocatalyst which effectively improves interface properties and enhances solar-to-hydrogen production by prolonging lifetime of photo-excitons generated at the CuS surface. The nanoscale CuS/NiO heterojunction is formulated using hydrothermal and wet impregnation methods. The resultant CuS/NiO composite shows optical absorbance between 380 and 780 nm region. The type-II energetic structure formed at CuS/NiO heterojunction facilitates rapid charge separation and as a result, the CuS/NiO composite exhibits 13 folds higher photocatalytic water splitting performance than CuO and NiO. The champion CuO/NiO photocatalyst is first identified by screening the catalysts using a preliminary water splitting test reaction under natural Sunlight irradiation. After the optimization of the catalyst, it was further explored for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production using different organic substances dispersed in water (alcohols, amine and organic acids). The champion CuS/NiO catalyst (CPN-2) exhibited the photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of 52.3 mmol h^?1.g^?1_cat in the presence of lactic acid-based aqueous electrolyte and, it is superior than hydrogen production rate obtained in the presence of other organic substances (triethanolamine, glycerol, ethylene glycol, methanol) tested under identical experimental conditions. These results indicate that the energetic structure of CuS/NiO photocatalyst is favorable for photocatalytic oxidation or reforming of lactic acid. The oxidation of lactic acid contributes both protons and electrons for enhanced hydrogen generation as well as protects CuS from photocorrosion. The modification of surface property and energetic structure of CuS photocatalyst by the NiO co-catalyst improves photogenerated charge carrier separation and in turn enhances the solar-to-hydrogen generation efficiency. The recyclability tests showed the potential of CPN-2 photocatalyst for prolonged photocatalytic hydrogen production while continuous supply of lactic acid feedstock is available.     

竹炭生物模板法合成空心层状纳米NiO

以竹炭作为生物模板,结合浸渍-煅烧法制备了空心纳米NiO。XRD测试结果表明,产物为立方相NiO;TEM测试结果表明样品为空心六面体结构,其平均粒径为100～150 nm,孔径为50～100 nm,且壳层结构均由片状纳米晶粒构筑而成。