古代陶器测温的模拟实验研究

热膨胀法是目前比较流行的古陶瓷烧成温度的测试方法,虽然已有近半个世纪的应用历史,而对其理论和实验依据却鲜有探索,以至于开始有人怀疑该方法的可行性。本文是对古代陶器测温方法的一次探索。通过模拟制备不同烧成温度的陶器,再利用热膨胀仪重烧以获取其重烧时的热膨胀性能曲线(DIL曲线),总结规律,讨论该方法的可行性以及烧成温度判定标准等关键问题,以期为进一步的研究提供实验数据。     

瓷器测温的模拟实验研究

热膨胀法是目前比较流行的古陶瓷烧成温度的测试方法,虽然已有近半个世纪的应用历史[1],而对其理论和实验依据却鲜有探索,以至于开始有人怀疑该方法的可行性。本文是对这个问题的一次探索。通过模拟制备不同烧成温度的瓷器,再利用热膨胀仪重烧以获取其重烧时的热膨胀性能曲线(DIL曲线),总结规律,讨论该方法的可行性以及烧成温度判定标准等关键问题,以期为进一步的研究提供实验数据。     

桂北地区古代青瓷烧成温度的初步研究

应用热膨胀法初步研究了桂北地区桂林桂州窑、全州江凹里窑、兴安严关窑、全州上改州窑出土瓷片的原始烧成温度,并结合研究分析讨论了热膨胀法瓷器测温曲线的分析方法。研究表明唐代桂州窑与南宋严关窑瓷器的烧成温度普遍不高,分别集中在1100～1180℃,1100～1170℃之间,初步说明这两个窑的高温技术在烧造时期内长期处于比较稳定的状态。全州江凹里窑多数样品的烧成温度在1200℃左右,烧成温度较高,而与该窑同在全州县永岁乡的元代上改州窑样品的烧成温度集中在1248.5～1284.6℃之间,平均烧成温度比江凹里窑高出80多摄氏度。说明全州青瓷窑的高温技术从宋代到元代有很大的提高。     

宋代南丰白舍窑青白瓷初步科技分析

利用能量色散型X射线荧光光谱分析技术、热膨胀法、吸水率检测等测试方法测试了宋代南丰白舍窑出土青白瓷瓷片的胎釉化学组成、烧成温度以及吸水率,并将其与同时期景德镇窑青白瓷对比分析。研究表明,白舍窑宋代青白瓷与当时景德镇窑青白瓷胎釉组成模式以及制瓷工艺上有一定差别。     

吉州窑青白瓷、彩绘瓷与黑釉瓷胎体化学组成与性能分析

吉州窑的青白瓷、彩绘瓷与黑釉瓷闻名于世,对其胎体进行系统研究有助于深入了解吉州窑的制瓷工艺。为此,本文利用EDXRF、热膨胀法、多元统计分析等方法对以上三类瓷胎标本进行测试及分析,系统探讨了吉州窑瓷器瓷胎的化学组成、物理性能及制备原料种类。结果表明:彩绘瓷及黑釉瓷采用了不同种类的沉积粘土作为制胎,部分青白瓷与彩绘瓷使用同种原料制胎。彩绘瓷烧成时窑位分散多样,烧成气氛不稳定;黑釉瓷原料处理及泥料加工不精细,胎体吸水率大。     

烧成温度与锂质耐热瓷结构及性能的关系

系统地研究了烧成温度与锂质耐热瓷耐热性能及结构的关系，指出耐热瓷最佳烧成温度的除需考虑胎的吸水率外，还应考虑瓷器的耐热性能，耐热瓷胎中大部分低膨胀晶体在降温过程中形成的，控制合适的降温保温温度对提高瓷胎的耐热性能非常重要。     

三国两晋南北朝时期的陶瓷工艺成就(下)

三、烧成决定陶瓷的性质除原料组成外,便是窑炉技术。所以,窑炉的结构和烧窑技术是决定陶瓷质量优劣的关键。原始社会陶器烧成是用无窑烧成法,烧成温度为700℃左右。在此基础上,每次烧陶器时于露天平地上临时性建一个薄壳窑,烧成温度为800℃左右。到了仰韶文化时期。出现了竖穴式窑、横穴式窑,烧成温度为950—1050℃,开始有了窑室、火膛和火道。竖穴式窑窑室在火膛之上,窑室和火膛之间有数条火道,横穴式窑由火口、火膛、火道、窑室、窑算五部分构成。这就初步具有     

气氛对某些瓷坯加热性状的影响

作者测定了某些瓷坯在氧化(空气)和还原(5～7%CO)气氛中的加热收缩曲线,从而找到在不同气氛中这些瓷坯在烧结温度、最大烧结收缩、过烧膨胀和收缩速率上的变化;同时指出试验中所发现的一些现象对瓷器的烧成具有实际指导意义。     

相对烧成温度曲线

文章从烧制陶瓷产品的相似性入手，提出了相对烧成温度及相对烧成温度曲线的概念，对隧道窑的烧成温度曲线进行了计算机数据统计，定量分析了陶瓷烧成温度曲线的相关性，并分别给出了大、小件产品的烧成温度曲线及平均相对烧成温度曲线。对今后的窑炉设计及调整具有一定的参考价值。1前言众所周知，我国陶瓷生产热工主要设备一煤烧隧道窑，烧成相关因素多，变动性较大，各窑实际操作困难，相互参比性也不强。如何具体调节煤烧隧道窑的烧成曲线并使今后的设计更接近实际的烧成曲线，始终是热工人员关注的一个问题。我们从煤烧隧道窑烧制陶瓷…     

粉彩花鸟画及其发展

粉彩瓷又叫软彩瓷,是景德镇四大传统名瓷之一．粉彩是一种釉上（在瓷胎上）彩绘经低温烧成的彩绘方法。粉彩也叫“软彩”,是釉上彩的一个品种。所谓釉上彩,就是在烧好的素器釉面上进行彩绘,再入窑经摄氏600度至900度温度烘烤而成。     

湖田窑出土黑釉瓷的产地研究

景德镇湖田窑窑址的南宋、元地层出土了类吉州窑、类建窑以及自具特色的黑釉瓷片。本文通过研究它们胎釉的化学组成,并与吉州窑和建窑黑釉瓷的胎釉化学组成进行对应分析,认为湖田窑宋、元时期也生产自己的黑釉瓷。其南宋、元堆积层出土的黑釉瓷中有吉州窑和建窑的产品,为当时各窑烧制工艺相互交流的佐证。湖田窑生产的部分黑釉瓷模仿了吉州窑的选料标准,应该是学习吸收吉州窑烧造黑釉瓷工艺的结果,这类黑釉瓷可能是南宋时期生产的。而另一部分黑釉瓷使用了质量较差的瓷土作为制胎原料,可能是元代时生产的。     

Firing process and colouring mechanism of black glaze and brown glaze porcelains from the Yuan and Ming dynasties from the Qingliang Temple kiln in Baofeng,Henan, China

Black glaze and brown glaze porcelains were an important part of ancient Chinese iron-based high temperature glazes. The excavation of black glaze and brown glaze porcelains from the Yuan and Ming dynasties at the Qingliang Temple kiln site in Baofeng, Henan, China, in 2014, enriched the firing history of this kiln site and history of Chinese ceramics. In this study, black glaze and brown glaze porcelain samples from the Qingliang Temple kiln site from the Yuan and Ming dynasties were selected and analysed via optical microscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy combined with EDS and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence to determine their microscopic morphology, microzone composition, microstructure and chemical composition. Moreover, the main wavelength range of the brown glaze porcelain samples were measured by UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer systems. The main conclusions of this study are as follows. The brown glaze porcelain from the Yuan and Ming dynasties at the Qingliang Temple kiln site has two different colour layers, with the surface is brown and the bottom is black. The presence of a glass phase and α-Fe₂O₃ phase in the black glaze porcelain samples, and a rare ε-Fe₂O₃ phase in the brown glaze porcelain samples. The brown colour was a result of ε-Fe₂O₃ precipitation, whilst the black base layer also enhanced the brown-colouring effect. Different glaze formulations were used for brown glazed porcelain, some of which were similar to those used for black glaze porcelain and derived from the transformation of black glaze porcelain through different firing atmospheres and cooling rates. Although the formula of the brown glaze porcelain samples exhibited differences, the main wavelength difference was not large, was within the 645–682 nm range and belonged to the visible red region.     

吉州窑木叶天目瓷的技术研究进展

宋代吉州窑是中国古代生产黑瓷的典型窑口,有着1 200多年的历史,其中最具代表性的黑瓷就是吉州窑生产的木叶天目瓷。木叶天目瓷是指在黑釉上贴饰天然木叶,在烧成过程中通过木叶灰与釉层反应形成茎叶分明的叶片纹饰。目前对木叶天目瓷的研究主要集中在组成测试分析和仿制方向,对整体的技术和发展缺少相关综述。本文从木叶天目瓷的化学组分、叶子种类、制瓷工艺及成色机理等方面进行了综述与分析,这对解析吉州窑木叶天目瓷及其传承发展具有积极的作用。     

Characterization of the rare oil spot glazed bowl excavated from the Xiao kiln site of north China

“Oil spot”, which is a famous decorating technique of black glazed porcelain in the Song Dynasty, is a representative handicraft of Jian bowls found in the Jian Kiln in southern China. An oil spot black glaze bowl was found in the Xiao Kiln in Anhui Province in a field investigation, which is the first time that this pattern of porcelain was found in this area. Various techniques were performed on this bowl and on another black glaze porcelain piece from the same archaeological layer, including optical microscopy, scan electron microscopy, XRF, Raman spectromicroscopy and XRD. The results show that its main chemical composition is similar to the black glazed porcelain from the Xiao kiln, and the chemical characteristics of the glaze are high Fe₂O₃ (5.14%) and CaO (7.26%) and low Al₂O₃ (11.85%) and the RO content is 0.83which is indicative of a calcium glaze and is close to the components of oil spot porcelains from Shanxi in northern China. The ferric oxide crystalline on the glaze surface indicates the phase transformation of γ-Fe₂O_3→ε-Fe₂O_3→α-Fe₂O₃ in the crystallization layer on the glaze surface and the anorthite crystalline at the junction between the body and the glaze. The vessel could be produced at a relatively high temperature in a specific oxidizing environment.     

PROPERTIES OF WARE VERSUS THERMAL HISTORY: I,TESTS ON VITREOUS CHINA BODIES AND WARE *

The properties of ware, which were given different thermal treatments, have been compared. The tests include shrinkage, flexural strength, elasticity, thermal expansion, moisture expansion, microstructure, glaze stress, and glaze microhardness. The variations in these properties occurred as a result of differences in (1) supposedly similar firings, (2) the uniformity of the kiln from end to end, (3) the same firing in the cross section of the kiln caused by uneven heat distribution, (4) the rates of firing to the same cone deformation, and (5) repeated firings.     

Studies on the microstructure of the black-glazed bowl sherds excavated from the Jian kiln site of ancient China

The Jian kiln, located in present-day Jianyang county of Fujian province, mainly produced black-glazed tea bowls. Jian tea bowl was used as a utensil for tea tasting and was greatly appreciated by emperor Huizong of the Northern Song dynasty. The black glaze of Jian bowl was sometimes marked with streaks or spots, usually called “hare's fur” or “oil spot”, which are the crystalline markings of iron oxide precipitated during firing in the dragon kiln. In this study, black-glazed Jian bowl sherds excavated from the late Northern Song strata of Luhuaping and Daluhoumen Jian kiln sites were adopted as test samples. Based on the physico-chemical foundation for the formation of glaze microstructure, the correlation among composition, microstructure, and visual appearance has been investigated by means of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and field emission electron microscopy. For the first time, the study provides realizing proofs for two kinds of microstructural forming mechanics.     

The causes of expansion in fireclay products during firing

Conclusions The expansion of fireclay products during firing is due to the bloating of the grog. Bloating of the dry clays is observed during firing when they are fired in lumps with their natural structure intact.The expansion of the products depends on the conditions of firing the grog, the degree of firing, the time of firing, and the nature of the kiln atmosphere:increasing the temperature of maximum densification of the clay gives rise to bloating of the grog; firing the clay into grog with a fast cycle leads to a bigger expansion that with slow firing; maintenance of a reducing or weakly oxidizing atmosphere during the firing of the clays into grog contributes to a reduction in the growth of the articles.The expansion of the article depends on the firing temperature; in the preparation of grog from biscuit-dry clays, the expansion is noted at firing temperatures of more than 1380°C. The expansion of the articles as a rule is higher, the higher the content of the original raw materials and impurities contributing to sintering.An increase in the grog of fractions finer than 0.088 mm contributes to an increase in the expansion of the articles.The work was shared with O.T. Anosova, M.I. Ivanov, and V.A. Petrova.     

Mössbauer study of the black-glazed Jian bowl in the Song dynasty

Jian ware, also known as “Tenmoku,” is one of the famous black-glazed porcelains in China. It was highly coveted in the Song dynasty (960–1279 AD) and was also a tribute to the royal family. The black-glazed Jian wares are mainly made from iron-rich clay. In this study, black-glazed Jian bowl sherds excavated from the Song strata of Jian kiln sites were adopted as test samples. The iron phase and firing techniques of the black-glazed Jian bowl from the Song dynasty were analyzed and discussed through Mössbauer spectroscopy on the both of body and glaze, together with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. According to the different iron content and the unique iron oxide phase reflected in the Mössbauer spectra, we analyzed the firing atmosphere, temperature, and other conditions of the ancient Jian bowl, as well as the difference of iron phase between the body and the glaze layer due to the collapse of the silicate framework. It provides new ideas for deciphering the firing technology and improving the synthesis of ancient black-glazed Jian wares.     

PROPERTIES OF NATURAL ALUNITIC CLAYS

The mineral and chemical compositions and some of the refractory and firing properties of eight alunite-bearing clays were investigated. It was found that alunite raises the softening temperature of clays. Secondary expansion occurs in reheating the clays at temperatures higher than the original firing temperature and the degree of expansion seems to depend uot only on the alunite concentration in the clay but also on its characteristics. This expansion is believed to be due to SO₂ or/and SO₂ gases released by the body in refiring; these gases expand at high temperature causing bloating of the body. The usefulness of thermal analysis in detecting small amounts of alunite is pointed out.     

Reusing sanitaryware waste products in glazed porcelain tile production

Reusing the waste products generated in ceramic manufacturing is an environmentally responsible and sustainable approach. This study aims to protect natural resources, minimise raw material costs and manage waste-generated pollution by reusing the vitrified sanitaryware waste (VSW) products from Canakkale Kalebodur Seramik San. A. S. Six sample formulations were prepared under industrial conditions and compared with a standard tile body. The results indicated that using VSW in place of feldspar results in an increased firing shrinkage and decreased bending strength, whereas using VSW in place of pegmatite results in an increased bending strength and reduced thermal expansion coefficients. The reduction in the thermal expansion coefficients is an important finding that aids in meeting the dimensional and deformation requirements of porcelain tiles and also results in a slight lightening of the tile colour. This study shows that the fired VSW products can be used in glazed porcelain tile production as a sustainable and technologically, economically and environmentally suitable approach.