气液搅拌釜泛点转速的声波测量

通过对采集的搅拌釜中声信号的频谱分析、小波分解和R/S分析,获得了代表气液体系运动的特征信号频段（d₄、d₅、d₆频段）,针对声波特征信号频段能量随搅拌转速的规律性变化,提出了搅拌釜泛点转速的声波测量判据,即声能量分率快速增加并开始趋于稳定时所对应的搅拌转速为泛点转速。以空气-水体系为例,考察了不同通气量和静液位高度下的泛点转速,发现泛点转速随通气量的增加而增加,随静液位高度的增加而减小。与目测法相比,声波法测量值的平均相对误差为2.62%,优于传统的功耗法。由此获得了一种快速、准确、安全的搅拌釜反应器泛点转速测量技术,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的搅拌釜临界悬浮转速的声发射测量

基于声发射测量技术,结合Hilbert-Huang变换（HHT）,分析搅拌釜壁声发射信号,获得了代表浆液运动的特征频段(20～230 kHz),以特征频段对声信号进行重构。同时,以重构信号能量为特征参数,根据其随搅拌转速的规律性变化,提出了搅拌釜临界悬浮转速的测量判据,即重构信号能量由上升转向平稳时所对应的搅拌转速为临界悬浮转速。与目测法相比,该方法平均相对误差为3.83%,具有较高的精度。进一步,发现外循环加强了搅拌釜内轴向流动,有利于固体悬浮,从而使临界分散转速变小,并建立了外循环搅拌釜临界悬浮转速的预测关联式,平均相对误差为5.78%。由此获得了一种快速、准确、安全的临界悬浮转速的测量技术,有利于工业生产流程的优化和控制。     

利用声发射技术测量搅拌釜的淤浆悬浮高度

根据颗粒运动碰撞搅拌釜壁面产生声波的机理,结合声信号的频谱分析、小波分解和R/S分析,获得了代表颗粒运动的特征信号频段（d1、d2频段）。同时,基于声波特征信号频段能量沿搅拌釜轴向的规律性变化,提出了声波法测量搅拌釜淤浆悬浮高度的判据,即当声波特征信号频段能量或声波特征信号频段能量比出现阶跃性变化时的高度为淤浆悬浮高度。以水-玻璃珠体系为例,研究发现,无论是盘式涡轮还是桨式叶轮的搅拌桨,基于声信号测定淤浆悬浮高度的判据都能较好地得到验证,与目测法相比,其平均相对误差小于10 %,具有较高的精度。由此,获得了一种简单快捷、灵敏准确、非侵入式的搅拌釜淤浆悬浮高度测量技术,能够实现淤浆悬浮高度的实时监控。     

声波的多尺度分解与搅拌釜中浆液浓度的测量

利用声发射检测技术,根据固体和液体碰撞壁面产生不同频率的声发射信号的机理,结合小波分析,建立了搅拌釜中浆液浓度的预测模型,模型可以定量描述特征频段的声能量值随浆液浓度和搅拌转速的变化规律.以水-沙子体系为例,分别考察了浆液浓度为0～0.4 g·ml^-1、搅拌转速为350～550 r·min^-1条件下的声发射信号.实验发现,在完全悬浮的条件下,将声发射信号在0～30 kHz频率范围内作8尺度小波分解,第4、5、6等3个频段的声发射信号的能量值之和随浆液浓度的增加线性增加,随转速的增加呈三次方关系增加.而浆液浓度预测模型的计算值与实验值之间的平均相对误差为7.62%.研究表明,声发射检测技术能快速、准确地实现浆液浓度的在线检测.     

搅拌釜内稠密固-液混合的数值模拟

基于颗粒动力学理论对稠密固-液搅拌釜进行模拟,探究固相分布、固相悬浮高度及沉积高度随转速的变化规律。结果表明,采用颗粒动力学理论(KTGF)模型能够较好地预测稠密固-液混合状态。在较低的转速下,釜底的固相浓度较高,桨叶下方、釜壁与釜底的连接处易形成固相的沉积,且搅拌釜上方会出现清液区域。随着转速的增加,固相在轴向分布逐渐均匀,固相沉积区域及固相悬浮高度分别缩小和升高。但是,当转速达到一定程度后,固相均匀度及固相悬浮高度的改善不明显。此外,将固相均匀度法、固相沉积高度法及固相悬浮高度法预测的临界离底悬浮转速与实验数据进行比较,模拟值分别低于、高于和低于实验值。     

基于LED光源反射的液固搅拌槽中颗粒悬浮特性测定的光纤法

提出一种基于LED光源反射的液固搅拌槽中固体颗粒悬浮特性测定的光纤法. 在直径0.38 m、底部为椭圆形的搅拌槽中,用该法对水-二氧化硅两相体系固体颗粒悬浮特性进行了测定. 结果表明,测量临界离底悬浮转速Njs的测量点应选择在搅拌槽下部区域,径向位置对Njs影响不大;在整个固含率范围内,光纤测量法与取样法测量结果较接近,平均相对误差为4.0%,目测法测定结果比取样法与光纤测量法稍高,光纤法比取样法更快速、简便,具有适用于不透明容器的优势,能快速测定最小均匀悬浮转速Nus,Nus随固含率增大而增大.     

高固含率搅拌槽内临界转速的CFD模拟

现有的针对液-固两相搅拌体系临界转速的研究多集中于低固含率体系，但工业中的高固含率体系十分常见。采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对高固含率搅拌罐内的液-固两相流体流动进行了数值模拟，实现了对高固含率固-液搅拌罐内液固流动行为的直观预测，研究了颗粒物性(颗粒尺寸、颗粒密度)对颗粒悬浮特性的影响，结果表明，随着颗粒尺寸或颗粒密度的增加，颗粒的悬浮高度逐渐降低，最大固相体积分率增大。基于CFD方法的完全离底悬浮临界搅拌转速的预测方法，得到了高固含率搅拌罐内不同颗粒物性下关键参数离底悬浮临界转速Nc的变化规律：N_c随着固液密度差的增加而增加，随着颗粒直径的增加而增加；变化规律可用公式表示为：N_c∝(ρ_s-ρ_l) ^{0.751 7},N_c∝(d_s) ^{0.934 3}。     

声发射信号分析与旋风分离器内颗粒粒径测量

采用声发射检测技术,在颗粒碰撞壁面产生声发射信号的机理上,结合小波算法,建立旋风分离器中固相颗粒粒径的声发射预测模型。在旋风分离器中,分别考察4种不同粒径的活性炭颗粒在0.137,0.214,0.296 m/s3个气相条件下的声发射信号,在流态稳定情况下,在0—500 k Hz采样频率范围内对声发射信号做二阶Daubechies9尺度小波分解,得到代表固体颗粒粒径的特征频段。实验发现特征频段下的声发射信号能量与气相速度的二次方、固相颗粒粒径存在线性关系。固相颗粒粒径的声发射模型的计算值与实际测量值之间的平均相对误差为14.3%,表明声发射技术能够实现固相颗粒粒径的准确、非侵入式的实时在线测量。     

新型自吸式多相搅拌槽临界悬浮特性的实验研究

在不通气的情况下,对新型多相搅拌槽进行实验,得出了其固相含量w、颗粒密度r、搅拌槽内径D与临界悬浮转速Nc的关系,在相同条件下,与给定结构尺寸的标准搅拌槽对比了临界悬浮转速. 结果表明,Nc随固相分率j增加和粒径dp增大而增大,不利于达到良好的悬浮效果;固相颗粒密度越大,临界悬浮转速随之增大;槽径增大使达到悬浮状态的临界转速降低. 该新型搅拌槽临界悬浮转速的关联式是Nc=6.3dp0.21(gDr/rL)0.45w0.19/D0.55;同一固相分率下,新型多相搅拌槽的临界悬浮转速比标准搅拌槽降低了30%,在较低转速下就能使颗粒悬浮.     

充气条件下多层桨悬浮颗粒的临界转速

在直径为386 mm 的通气多层桨搅拌釜中,实验考察了下层搅拌桨型、挡板和气体分布器等对颗粒悬浮临界搅拌转速的影响,这对工业过程的设计和放大具有一定的指导意义.     

Resolution of structure characteristics of AE signals in multiphase flow system—From data to information

This investigation was performed to study the underlying structure characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) signals, which could be helpful not only to understand a relatively complete picture of hydrodynamics in multiphase flow systems, but also to extract the most useful information from the original signals with respect to a particular measurement requirement. However, due to AE signals are made up of emission from many acoustic sources at different scales, the resolution of AE signals is often very complicated and appears to be relatively poorly researched. In this study, the structure characteristics of AE signals measured both in gas–solid fluidized bed and liquid–solid stirred tank were researched in detail by resorting to wavelet transform and rescaled range analysis. A general criterion was proposed to resolve AE signals into three physical‐related characteristic scales, i.e., microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale. Multiscale resolution of AE signals implied that AE signals in microscale represented totally the dynamics of solid phase and could be applied to measure particle‐related properties. Furthermore, based on the structure characteristics of AE signals, useful features related to particles motion were extracted to establish two new prediction models, one for on‐line measurements of particle size distribution (PSD) and average particle size in gas–solid fluidized bed and the other for on‐line measurement of the suspension height in liquid–solid stirred tank. The prediction results indicated that (1) measurements of PSD and average particle size using AE method showed a fairly good agreement with that using sieve method both for laboratory scale and plant scale fluidized beds, and (2) measurements of the suspension height using AE method showed a fairly good agreement with that using visual method. The results thus validated that the extracted features based on analyses of structure characteristics of AE signals were very useful for establishing effective on‐line measurement models with respect to some particular applications. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

三轴搅拌釜不同桨径比下固-液悬浮特性的数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件对不同桨径比下立式三轴搅拌釜内单相和固-液两相混合过程分别进行三维数值模拟,对流场分析可知增大桨径比能改善立式三轴搅拌釜内流场的结构。利用修正速度判据得出不同桨径比下搅拌釜的临界悬浮转速,并通过计算临界悬浮转速下的搅拌功率,初步得出立式三轴搅拌釜桨径比的最佳取值范围在0.1～0.125之间。     

改进型INTER-MIG搅拌槽内固液悬浮特性的数值模拟

应用CFD软件Fluent 12.0和并行计算机工作站对双层改进型INTER-MIG桨式搅拌槽内的固液悬浮特性、临界离底悬浮转速及功率消耗进行数值模拟,分析了在固体体积分数as=30%下,转速n、桨叶离底距离C1和桨间距C2等因素对搅拌槽内颗粒悬浮特性的影响. 结果表明,在一定的转速和桨径下,改变C1和C2会改变流场的局部结构,选取适合的C1和C2可使固液混合更均匀,有利于颗粒悬浮和整个搅拌槽传质传热的进行. 最佳桨叶离底高度与槽径比为0.36,最佳桨叶间距与槽径比为0.44;在该最佳工况下临界离底悬浮转速Njs=118.3 r/min;得到既能达到完全离底悬浮、又能使搅拌功耗最小的最佳转速为n=124 r/min.     

MIXING CHARACTERISTICS IN SLURRY STIRRED TANK REACTORS WITH MULTIPLE IMPELLERS

Hydrodynamic parameters such as power consumption, gas holdup, critical impeller speed for solid suspension and mixing time were measured in slurry stirred tank reactors with multiple impellers. The experiments were mainly conducted in a stirred tank of 0.2mi.d. with baffles. It contained two four-pitched blade downflow turbines for gas dispersion and one Pfaudler type impeller for solid suspension. As a part of scaling studies, additional experiments were also carried out in a larger stirred tank reactor (0,8m i.d.) geometrically similar to the smaller one. Glass beads and polymeric particles were used as a solid phase. Solid concentration was in the range of 0-20% (K/K). Tap water and methanol were used as a liquid phase

The power consumption decreased due to an introduction of gas and the presence of solids caused a decrease in the extent of reduction in power consumption. A correlation for power consumption in aerated slurry systems was proposed, It was found that the presence of solids is responsible for a decrease in gas holdup. A new correlation for gas holdup in gas-liquid-solid three-phase stirred tank reactors was developed. It fit the present experimental data reasonably. The critical impeller speed for solid suspensions increased with increasing gas flow rate. However, its increase was rather smaller as compared with the predictions of the correlations available in the literature. We proposed a correlation of the critical impeller speed for solid suspension in the presence of gas. The mixing time complicatedly increased or decreased depending on gas flow rate, impeller speed, solids type and concentration.     

Drag models, solids concentration and velocity distribution in a stirred tank

Drag force influences both the particle suspension and solids concentration distribution in a stirred tank. The influence of drag models on the prediction of solids suspension in a tank stirred by a hydrofoil impeller was studied in the present work using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental techniques. A comparison was made between the drag models based on Reynolds number only and those that take solid volume fraction into account or those that account for the effect of the free stream turbulence. One of the drag models investigated was a function of the energy dissipation rate, and therefore, the influence of the methods of determining the energy dissipation rate on the prediction of solids suspension was investigated. It was shown that a better agreement between the CFD simulation and experimental results can be obtained using drag models based on solids volume fraction than those that are based on Reynolds number only.