高酸值原油加工探讨

阐述了高酸值原油中石油酸的分布规律以及加工过程中存在的主要问题,介绍了国内外高酸值原油加工工艺技术以及加工高酸值原油时的设备防腐蚀技术.重点在于解决加工高酸值原油的炼油装置目前存在的设备腐蚀严重问题,对保障炼化企业安拿生产、提高炼化企业经济效益具有参考价值.     

浅析原油加工损失

降低炼油加工损失率是炼油企业增效的途径之一,通过对广西石化分公司原油加工损失率的分析,找出导致损失率高的原因。     

调度优化显神通 滴油不漏效益增

原油加工损失率一直以来是一个关键的经济技术指标，它体现了石油化工企业生产管理水平的高低。在当前高油价情况下，减少原油加工损失有着非常运要的意义。“十一五”期间，中国石化炼油板块原油加工损失率由1．0％降低到0．57％，下降了0．43个百分点，相当于节约原油90．7万吨，节约成本36．28亿元。     

降低原油加工损失，提高工厂经济效益

降低原油加工损失是炼油企业增效的重要途径之一,通过对武汉分公司2008年加工损失进行分析,找出了影响加工损失的主要原因,提出了降低加工损失的若干措施.     

高酸原油的加工及防腐工艺的探讨

随着原油的深度开采,高酸值原油的产量逐年增加.高酸原油在加工过程中对炼油设备造成极其严重的腐蚀,影响了炼油装置的安全长周期运转,防腐就显得尤为重要了.综合叙述了原油中的腐蚀介质、腐蚀作用及影响腐蚀的因素,最后从工艺、材料和外加添加剂等方面提出了防护措施.     

降低炼油加工损失技术经济分析

石化企业炼油加工损失包括生产装置加工损失、气体损失和油品输转损失。通过损失结构的细分,结合企业实际情况,重点关注气体、污油、装置现场和产品出厂管理,采取一定的改进措施,以达到降低炼油企业加工损失的目的。     

我国炼油企业与国外同行的差距分析

通过对我国部分炼油企业与国外炼油企业的对比分析,剖析了国内炼油企业与国外相比存在差距的主要原因。大多数国内炼油企业装置利用率低,复杂度高,能耗高,所炼原油、装置结构和产品结构之间不太匹配,净现金利润较低。因此加大结构调整力度,以市场为导向,进行所加工原油、装置结构和产品结构之间的优化是缩小国内炼油企业差距的关键所在。     

硫磺回收装置大型硫冷凝器设计要点

针对我国原油加工量的增长和炼油企业加工高硫原油比例的增加,硫磺回收装置规模趋于大型化。从选材、结构和设计计算等方面阐述了大型硫冷凝器的设计,着重介绍了大型硫冷凝器的薄管板结构型式及其计算等。     

原油调合技术在中化泉州石化上的应用分析

本文对中化泉州石化原油调和优化系统进行介绍,结合公司原油调合系统的运行情况,阐述调合系统可以降低原油采购成本,稳定常减压进料性质,改善常减压装置操作,实现原油调合自动化和信息共享,通过炼油企业的计划、调度、操作执行各层面工作整体管理,提升原油处理水平,达到炼油加工效益最大化的目标。     

高油价形势下炼油企业面临的挑战和对策

阐述了当前国内炼油企业面临的形势,分析了炼油企业的现状和存在的主要问题,在做好原油资源采购、优化加工、完善装置配套、加大技术进步等方面提出了应对措施.     

混合原油相容性及对加工过程的影响

针对炼油厂不同类型原油混炼的工艺,考察了不同类型的原油混合时的相容性,并进一步研究了混合原油相容性对蒸馏及热加工过程的影响,实验发现原油组成是影响原油混合时相容性的主要因素,实验结果表明处于不相容状态的混合原油,蒸馏时轻质馏分收率较理论值偏低,常压渣油热加工过程结焦率增加。     

炼化一体智能化工厂计划优化模型设计及应用实践

炼化企业供应链协同优化对实现智能炼厂至关重要,计划优化系统是供应链协同优化实现的核心系统。本文详细介绍了规划总院自主研发的新一代计划优化软件整体框架及主要功能,在该平台基础上结合炼化一体化企业流程数据、原油数据库及产品销售等边界条件进行了炼化一体化模型设计及建设,用于开展各类优化分析,并基于线性规划原理,通过边际效益分析及多方案对比分析,结合原油保本价法、缩减成本法及等量替代法等不同的原油选购方法,开展了原油选购测算及应用分析,并对炼化一体化企业加工原油提出了相关建议,指导企业原油选购。     

近年来世界炼油工业发展动态及未来趋势--炼油工业与原油资源述评之二

近年来,世界炼油能力略有增长,炼厂平均规模明显提高,出现了一批大型、特大型炼油厂,世界主要国家加快了炼油结构调整。今后,世界炼油工业将继续围绕提高含硫原油加工适应性、原油深度加工、清洁生产、炼化一体化、提高“三废”治理水平和利用信息技术提升装置技术水平等加快发展。     

Heavy oil refining and transportation: effect on the feasibility of increasing domestic heavy oil production

As part of a programme to assess the feasibility of increasing domestic heavy oil production from US reservoirs, a study of the crude oil transportation system and petroleum refining industry has been initiated to determine their ability to accommodate additional domestic heavy oil. This paper summarizes refining trends and potential limitations in the production/transportation/refining network that may influence the expansion of domestic heavy oil production outside the current heavy oil producing areas. Although the number of refineries has decreased over the past decade, the remaining large refineries have been able to stabilize charge capacity and increase refinery throughput. A few refineries have been designed to economically process select heavy oils and obtain acceptable yields of products. However, refiners seek more light sweet crude oil and less sour or heavy crude to meet the requirements of clean fuels as mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Transport of heavy oil poses significant problems in that there are limited heated pipelines, and transport of heavy oil to distant refineries adds to the cost of heavy oil production. Addition of significantly more heavy oil, either domestic or imported, will substantially reduce refinery efficiency and throughput affecting yields and margins. This will not change without significant investment in refinery modification to be able to process heavy oil.     

Trans fatty acid composition and tocopherol content in vegetable oils produced in Mexico

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the trans fatty acid (TFA) composition and the tocopherol content in vegetable oils produced in Mexico. Sample oils were obtained from 18 different oil refining factories, which represent 72% of the total refineries in Mexico. Fatty acids and TFA isomers were determined by gas chromatography using a 100-m fused-silica capillary column (SP-2560). Tocopherol content was quantified by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using an ultraviolet detector and a LiChrosorb Si60 column (25 cm). Results showed that 83% of the samples corresponded to soybean oil. Seventy-two percent of the oils analyzed showed TFA content higher than 1%. Upon comparing the tocopherol contents in some crude oils to their corresponding deodorized samples, a loss of 40–56% was found. The processing conditions should be carefully evaluated in order to reduce the loss of tocopherols and the formation of TFA during refining.     

Modernization of oil refineries as the basis for the development of the Russian oil refining industry in the period of 2010–2020

Ways of developing and modernizing Russian oil refineries are considered on the basis of an analysis of the presentations of Russian and foreign companies at the 10th Russian and CIS Refining Technology Conference (RRTC) held by Euro Petroleum Consultants in Moscow on September 23–24, 2010. It is shown that the main trends in the development of the Russian oil refining industry with the purpose of overcoming the current economic crisis are the rational use of production facilities, the modernization of existing plants to increase the depth of processing and the profitability of production, satisfying the growing demand for motor fuels (especially diesel) and improving their quality to meet the parameters of eurostandards, increasing the conversion of the processing of oil at oil refineries, reducing the consumption of energy, and improving the process control and optimization systems at existing plants to increase their efficiency and minimize the environmental risks in operating plants. The development of hydrogenation processes that allow the synthesis of high-quality products from cheap sour crude oil or the qualified preparation of raw materials for the process of catalytic cracking must now become the main direction of oil refining in Russia and CIS countries. Oil residue processing technologies (e.g., hydrogenation processes, catalytic cracking, new and improved catalysts for hydrocracking, catalytic cracking, hydrotreatment of heavy oil residues; and hydrogen synthesis technologies) are discussed.     

Iodine values of acidulated coconut oil soapstock

Summary Analyses and comparisons of a number of representative samples have shown that acidulated coconut oil soapstock may have an iodine value as much as 100% greater than that of the corresponding refined oil without any contamination being involved. Exactly what the spread between any given soapstock and oil will be apparently depends on the free fatty acid content of the original crude oil and the relative efficiency of the refining process. It was found that, for coconut soapstocks produced by standard laboratory refining tests, the relation between free fatty acid content and iodine value spread can be represented by the formula I.V. Spread=9.5–759 FFA. The efficiency of the refining process affects results insofar as it reduces the entrainment of neutral oil. Removing all of the neutral oil from four laboratory-produced soapstocks prior to acidulation raised the iodine value approximately two units in all cases. The practical significance of these results is obvious. A refiner processing high grade crude coconut oil of 9.5, iodine value by a highly efficient refining procedure cannot be expected to produce an acidulated soapstock of less than about 18.0 in iodine value. With higher free fatty acid crude oil and less efficient refining procedures lower iodine values are possible, but since soapstock is of minor economic value compared to refined oil, the trend will always be toward better grade crude oils and more efficient refining processes.     

Chemistry of refining

Processing practices are reviewed, discussing the chemistry involved. Refining is a process of purification. Both the individual unit operations and the whole integrated process are considered. Efficiency of the physical and the alkaline refining procedures as practiced in Malaysia are compared. Palm oil is unique in being a fruit flesh oil and not a seed oil. The crude oil is produced at the oil mill by cooking, pressing and clarification. Quality of the crude affects the efficiency of refining and thus the quality of the fully processed product. Moreover, after fractionation problems can arise in refining of crude stearin. Recent research into the nature of the minor and trace constituents of crude palm oil is described. Their partition during fractionation and removal during the purification process of refining are important. Some chemical artifacts that can be formed during processing are discussed. Certain findings of the research laboratory are confirmed by actual commercial operations. Unique product specifications mean that both feedstock quality and refinery operation need to be controlled. Efficient optimization of processing requires a better understanding of the chemistry involved. Alternative purification procedures specifically relevant to palm oil are being investigated in the laboratory.