糖蜜的应用研究进展

阐述了制糖下脚料糖蜜的应用研究进展,主要介绍了糖蜜的直接应用、发酵应用及改性应用研究。展望了改性糖蜜的应用研究前景。     

填料在建筑涂料中的应用及其发展

介绍了我国建筑涂料用填料的开发应用情况。填料在建筑涂料中的应用近年来获得了很大的技术进步,例如开发应用了新型填料、增加了填料品种、扩展了一些填料的应用范围、提高了涂料的应用性能。     

几种翅片管换热器的应用研究

介绍了翅片管换热器的特点、材料及型式，列出了3种翅片管换热器的应用示例，分析了在不同应用条件下翅片管的应用情况，并给出了应用结果，为翅片管换热器的应用方法提供了借鉴，最后分析了新型AIF翅片管换热器的研制及应用。     

高层建筑中土建施工技术的应用分析

本文首先阐述了当前的时代背景,分析了提高高层建筑中土建技术应用的重要性,然后介绍了高层建筑中土建施工技术的施工要求和特点,接着从防水技术的应用、灌溉桩技术的应用、地下连续墙技术的应用三个方面介绍了土建技术在高层建筑建设过程中的应用。最后根据其具体应用提出了几点建议。     

污水处理厂全流程模拟软件BioWin~?在中国应用综述

BioWin~?是一款能够模拟污水厂处理工艺全流程的软件,在国外应用污水处理领域应用较为普遍,但在中国应用刚刚起步。本文介绍了该软件的优势并综述了它中国污水处理模拟领域的应用现状,并综述了BioWin~?模拟应用流程模型建立、校正和验证等方法。最后,对BioWin~?的未来应用发展进行了展望。     

人工神经网络在化学工程中的应用

介绍了人工神经网络在化学工程中的应用，讨论了应用中的优点和局限性，预示了其应用的发展前景。     

空心玻璃微珠的应用研究现状

文章综述了近年来空心玻璃微珠的应用研究进展,包括在复合材料、石油化工、航天航空、涂料、医药等领域的应用情况。改性后的空心玻璃微珠可应用电磁屏蔽和吸波材料的制备,拓宽了其应用范围,并分析了其应用前景。     

进一步提高国产可控硅整流器的应用水平

分析了国产可控硅整流器的应用现状,指出了其应用中的不足,提出了进一步提高应用水平的见解。     

防腐涂料在石油化工领域的应用

针对防腐涂料在石油化工中的应用进行分析,简单概述了防腐涂料在石油化工中应用,提出了应用过程中的几点问题。最后,总结了不同防腐涂料在石油化工行业中的应用特点和优势所在。     

热力学在特种陶瓷制备中的应用

本文论述了热力学在特种陶瓷中应用的意义。列举了若干应用实例，并对实例进行了必要的分析。指出了应用中应注意的问题。     

Polymers in Eastern Europe

The year 1989 marked the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Division of Polymers and Composite Materials within the framework of the Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The conference to commemorate this event was held October 19–21, 1989. The results obtained by the division for the last 30 years were discussed. The division was created in 1959 on the initiative of Academician N. N. Semyenov, later the director of the institute. First, Prof. A. M. Markevich was appointed the head of the division. From the early 1970s to the late 1980s the division was headed by Academician N. S. Enikolopov; in 1988 Prof. A. A. Berlin was elected in charge of the division. About 700 people, including 50 doctors of sciences and 250 candidates for doctor of science degrees are engaged in the work of the division at the present time.     

Effect of preparation conditions on the properties of microspheres prepared using an emulsion-solvent extraction process

Methylaluminoxane microspheres were prepared using a hydrocarbon-in-perfluorocarbon-emulsion solvent extraction process. The effect of the preparation conditions on the size of the microspheres was investigated. As expected, the size of the microspheres decreased with increasing stirring speed. At low surfactant concentrations the size of the microspheres was independent of the surfactant concentration. However, the size of the microspheres decreased as the surfactant concentration was further increased. The size of the microspheres was not only affected by the surfactant concentration but also by the volume ratio of the dispersed phase to the continuous phase. At a low volume ratio of the phases the effect of the surfactant on the size of the microspheres was larger than the effect of the increased volume ratio of the phases. At high volume ratios of the phases the effect of the volume ratio of phases on the size of the microspheres became more significant than the effect of the surfactant. A slow solidification increased the formation of non-spherical microspheres.     

Effect of dislocation density on adhesion strength of electroforming Ni layer on Cu substrate

Adhesion plays a critical role in the reliability of the micro devices in MEMS. However, the quality of the micro devices fabricated by electroforming technology is influenced by the poor adhesion performance. In order to improve the poor adhesion performance, from the view of the dislocation density, this paper investigates the effect of the current density on the adhesion originally. To research the effect of the dislocation density, electroforming experiments were processed under two different current densities. The dislocation density and the compressive stress of the electroforming layer was measured by XRD method. The dislocation was observed by TEM method. The adhesion strength was tested by scratch test. The experimental results show that the small current density reduces the dislocation density and the compressive stress, increases the adhesion. The mechanisms are that the small current density reduces the dislocation density. The low dislocation density can reduce the compressive stress and increase the adhesion. This work can improve the adhesion of the electroforming layer.     

Molecular dynamics simulation on interacting and mechanical properties of polylactic acid and attapulgite(100) surface

The method of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations was used to investigate the interaction between the PLA and the attapulgite, and the influence of the temperature on the mechanical properties of the PLA and the PLA‐attapulgite. After the PLA blends the attapulgite, the structures and properties of the PLA and the attapulgite change due to their strong interaction. However, this interaction weakens gradually with temperature increasing. The isotropy of the composite of PLA‐attapulgite is strengthened in comparison with the PLA. In addition, the temperature can change the mechanical properties of the PLA‐attapulgite, but the mechanical properties of the PLA are hardly influences on the temperature. The PLA‐attapulgite is more rigid and tough than the PLA at the room temperature but the toughness of the composite of PLA‐attapulgite becomes worse than that of the PLA at 350 K. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

料仓内粉体静态应力分布特性

料仓内的粉体静态应力分布是指导料仓设计和运行的重要参数之一。本文在三维有机玻璃料仓中，对料仓应力分布进行试验研究，利用应力传感器对料仓壁面及粉体内部水平、竖直应力进行研究，获得料仓中粉体内部应力的分布规律，并基于拱效应对料仓中的应力分布进行理论研究。结果表明：料仓内部水平应力与距出口及料仓中心的距离基本无关，壁面处的水平应力在筒锥结合处达到最大值且随加料高度的增加大幅度增加。料仓内部垂直应力的最大值出现在筒锥结合处近筒段的料仓中心位置。同一平面，从料仓中心至仓壁，垂直应力呈逐渐减小的趋势。随加料高度的增加，垂直应力均逐渐增加。在壁面处，侧压力系数随着距出口高度的增加出现先增大后减小的趋势，在筒锥结合处大于1。     

Nonionic surfactants adsorption onto activated carbon. Influence of the polar chain length

The adsorption of a nonionic surfactants series characterized by a different length of the hydrophilic tail on an activated carbon has been studied over a wide concentration range. Adsorption isotherms show two steps limited by the critical micelle concentration (c.m.c.) of the surfactants. The adsorption extension depends on the oxyethylenic chain length, in such way that the amount adsorbed decreases with increasing the chain length, although the effect is much lower for the longest polar chains. In the concentration range below the c.m.c. of the surfactants, the molecules are adsorbed by direct interactions with the activated carbon surface, but with different configuration of the polyoxyethylene chain (POE) directed to the aqueous phase. For concentrations above the c.m.c., the adsorption takes place by the interactions between the adsorbed surfactants molecules and differences related to the length of the hydrophilic chain are also found.     

Influence of hydrothermal aging process on components and properties of waterborne fire-resistive coatings

The changes in fire-resistive coatings during the aging process were studied. XPS results proved that the hydrophilic components in fire-resistive coatings migrated from the inside to the outside of the coating in the presence of moisture. This migration behavior changed the compositions and distributions in the coating. The changes of components weakened the intumescent performances of the coating. SEM observations showed that the aging process affected the forming of the foam structure, causing nonuniform distribution of the cells. The thermal stability of the coatings decreased during the aging time. TGA results indicated that the migration behavior also reduced the cooperation between the coating components. XRD spectra showed that less TiP₂O₇ was produced in the char layer after the aging tests, which would reduce the chemical strength of the char layer and the anti-ablation stability under high temperature. EDS results showed that the anti-oxidation property of the coating was also damaged by the aging test.     

Mechanical properties of phosphate glasses as a function of the total bonding energy per unit volume of glass

The dependences of the structural strength and the elastic modulus on the chemical composition of phosphate glasses are analyzed. The structural strength and the elastic modulus of phosphate glasses are determined for different types of both the modifier ion and the second glass-former (B₂O₃ or SiO₂) introduced into the glass. The total bonding energy per unit volume of the glass is calculated from the data on the dissociation energy for the oxides entering into the glass composition and the data on the atomic packing density. For four systems of phosphate glasses, it is demonstrated that the Young’s modulus depends linearly on the total bonding energy per unit volume of the glass. The dependence of the structural strength on the chemical composition exhibits a more complex behavior and is governed by other additional factors, such as the formation of new structural groups or the change in the structure of the anionic network of the glass. Original Russian Text ? L.G. Baikova, V.P. Pukh, Yu.K. Fedorov, A.B. Sinani, L.V. Tikhonova, M.F. Kireenko, 2008, published in Fizika i Khimiya Stekla.     

Praxisbezogenes Vorgehen bei der Auslegung von Sicherheitsventilen und deren Abblaseleitungen für die Durchstroömung mit Dampf/Flüssigkeits-Gemischen – Teil 2

The design of an integral safety valveblow-off pipe system embraces the following essential steps: 1. An incident scenario must first be defined. All reasonable deviations from proper operation of plant must be considered. 2. The flow state at the entry to the safety valve must then be ascertained (one-phase or binary flow); and 3. the minimal mass flow from the plant component to be protected must be calculated. Independently thereof, it is necessary 4. to determine the mass flow density in the blow-off pipe system; it is usually related to the cross-sectional area of the valve seat. The ratio of the two quantities gives the minimum necessary blow-off cross-sectional area. 5. In the final step, the pressure drop in the feed line and the counter-pressure at the valve exit must be examined in order to assure reliable functioning of the valve also in conjunction with the pipe system. Steps 1. to 3. were considered in Part 1, and steps 4. and 5. are described herein. Appropriate recommendations and the necessary equations are given for each step. The main emphasis is placed on applicability of the calculations.     

Die Kristallisation von Mehrkomponentensystemen aus hochpolymeren Stoffen

The differences in the crystallization behaviour between a single component system and a multicomponent system are discussed. Examples for multicomponent systems are homopolymers with a broad distribution in molecular weight, mixtures of different homopolymers, swollen polymers, block copolymers, and statistical copolymers. A distribution in molecular weights manifests itself mainly in extended chain crystallization experiments in that way that a fractionation with respect to the chain length takes place. It causes also a broadening of the melting range. The presence of a second noncrystallizable homopolymer which is miscible with the crystallizable homopolymer leads to a reduction of the melting point and a change in the glass transition temperature. The crystallization remains spherulitic. The noncrystallizable component is expelled from the crystals. If the diffusion rate of this component is large, it is also expelled from the spherulites, otherwise it is incorporated into the spherulites. When the noncrystallizable component is expelled from the spherulites, the growth rate of the spherulites decreases during growth. The temperature range in which crystallization takes place is limited by the melting point of the crystallizable component and by the glass transition temperature of the two-component system. If the crystallizable component is not dissolved completely in the noncrystallizable component, this part which is not dissolved crystallizes much more rapidly than the part which is dissolved. Below the glass transition temperature only the part which is not dissolved crystallizes. This gives a possibility to determine the solubility above the melting point. By swelling, the glass transition temperature and therewith the crystallization temperatures are decreased. When, during swelling of an amorphous sample, the glass transition temperature is decreased below the temperature where swelling is performed one observes a front of spherulites penetrating into the sample simultaneously with the swelling agent. On the other hand, when the glass transition temperature remains above the swelling temperature, one can crystallize the sample after swelling is completed by raising the temperature. As in a pure polymer, one then observes the growth of spherulites from statistically distributed centers; the growth rate of the spherulites increases however with increasing time. Block copolymers of a crystallizable component and a non-crystallizable component sometimes are not able to crystallize. This is the case, if the chains of the noncrystallizable component have a cross section which is larger than that of the chains of the crystallizable component and if, in addition, the latter chains are not so long that they can fold several times in order to compensate the difference in the cross sections. When crystallization takes place, spherulites are formed only if the amount of the crystallizable component exceeds a well defined limit. Otherwise only a diffuse birefringence is developed. In this case a much larger supercooling is necessary to crystallize the sample than in the case of spherulitic crystallization. From long period measurements one can conclude how many times each noncrystallizable chain is folded. From the melting and swelling behaviour one learns whether the noncrystallizable chains form loops or tie molecules. With statistical copolymers consisting of crystallizable units and noncrystallizable units the melting point, the rate of crystallization, the degree of crystallization at the end of the process, and the melting point decrease with increasing amount of noncrystallizable units. The noncrystallizable units are incorporated partly also into the crystals.