Analysis of solvent dyes in refined petroleum products by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Solvent dyes are used to color refined petroleum products to enable differentiation between gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels. Analysis for these dyes in the hydrocarbon product is difficult due to their very low concentrations in such a complex matrix. Flow injection analysis/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry in both negative and positive mode was used to optimize ionization of ten typical solvent dyes. Samples of hydrocarbon product were analyzed under similar conditions. Positive electrospray ionization produced very complex spectra, which were not suitably specific for targeting only the dyes. Negative electrospray ionization produced simple spectra because aliphatic and aromatic moieties were not ionized. This enabled screening for a target dye in samples of hydrocarbon product from a spill.     

Encapsulation of hydrophilic dyes with polystyrene using double miniemulsion technique

Hydrophilic dyes, reactive brilliant red K‐2BP (C.I. Reactive red 24), acid fuchsin (C.I. Acid violet 19), and cationic brilliant red 5GN (C.I. Basic red 14), have been encapsulated into hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) latex particles using double miniemulsion technique. In this method, the water droplets containing dyes were first suspended in octane/styrene phase using lipophilic emulsifiers to form a primary miniemulsion. This miniemulsion was further dispersed in water and miniemulsified, followed by polymerization at high temperature to form dye/PS core‐shell colorants. Experimental results show that this technique can cause as high as 80% of encapsulation efficiency for all three dyes, and obviously improve the water‐proofing property and photostability of organic dyes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Spectral characterisation and computational studies of some novel phenylazoindol‐2‐one dyes

A series of novel phenylazo disperse dyes were prepared by coupling selected diazotised 3‐ or 4‐anilines with indol‐2‐one. The structures of the synthesised dyes were determined by spectroscopic and analytical methods. Solvent effects on the ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra of these novel dyes were studied. The colour of the dyes was evaluated with respect to the substituent therein. Acid and base effects on the visible absorption maxima of the dyes were also reported. The tautomerism of 3‐(phenyldiazenyl)indol‐2‐one was modelled by density functional theory at the B3LYP level. The ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra for the tautomers were reproduced with the time‐dependent density functional theory and semi‐empirical Zerner’s intermediate neglect of differential overlap/spectroscopic (ZINDO/S) method. The predominance of the keto–hydrazone tautomer was confirmed experimentally and theoretically.     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定漆膜中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

建立了漆膜中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）测定方法。以二氯甲烷为萃取溶剂,用溶剂萃取器萃取漆膜中的邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）进行检测。邻苯二甲酸酯的线性相关系数r〉0.999,对实际加标样品的回收率在85%～115%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）0.8%～6.6%,适合于漆膜中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的测定。     

A novel method of selecting solvents for polymer electrospinning

The selection of a desirable solvent or solvent system as the carrier of a particular polymer is fundamental for the optimisation of electrospinning. Solvent selection is pivotal in determining the critical minimum solution concentration to allow the transition from electrospraying to electrospinning, thereby significantly affecting solution spinnability and the morphology of the electrospun fibres. 28 solvents diversely positioned on the Teas graph were studied for their solubility and electrospinnability for making polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) solutions. The results are combined and mapped on the Teas graph using different colour codes. Based on this new spinnability-solubility map, various solvent systems for PMSQ are methodically developed. Solvents are selected to produce binary solvent systems that have solvent parameters close to a good single solvent for electrospinning of the polymer solution. This work shows that solvents of high solubility do not necessarily produce solutions good for electrospinning. Polymethylsilsesquioxane solutions of the same concentration in solvents of partial solubility showed better spinnability than solutions in solvents of high solubility. A methanol-propanol binary solvent system produced electrospun fibres with high surface porosity, showing that high volatility and high vapour pressure difference among solvents mixed can induce phase separation in electrospinning. It is noteworthy that the binary solvent system mixing 2-nitropropane (high solubility) and dimethylsulphoxide (non-solvent), neither of which exhibited high volatility, also produced highly porous electrospun fibres. This demonstrates that phase separation can be induced by solubility difference in the electrospun polymer solution.     

Dyeing fine denier polypropylene fibers with phenylazo- β -naphthol-containing sulfonamide disperse dyes

A series of phenylazo-β-naphthol-containing sulfonamide disperse dyes were prepared from C.I. Acid Orange 7 by successive reactions of chlorination and amination, and their chemical structures were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, and mass spectrometry. The dyes were applied to coloring of knitted fabrics from fine denier polypropylene fibers by exhaust dyeing and their optimal dyeing conditions, such as dyebath pH, dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and dye concentration were investigated in detail. Then, dye exhaustion, color strength, and color fastnesses of the dyes on the fibers were assessed and summarized. In view of dye exhaustion and color strength of the sulfonamide dyes on fine denier PP fabrics, 90°C was selected as the best dyeing temperature at dye concentration below or equal to 3.0% owf. For achieving higher color strength, 130°C was the better choice when the dye concentration was above 3.0% owf. The sulfonamide dyes, especially secondary sulfonamide dyes, exhibited superior dye exhaustion and color fastnesses to washing, sublimation, and rubbing on fine denier PP fabrics in comparison to C.I. Solvent Yellow 14 bearing the same chromophore but without sulfonamide group.     

Acid Extraction from Liquid Phase Pyrolysis Oil Using Cyanex®923 and Subsequent Solvent Regeneration

Liquid phase pyrolysis (LPP) oil, an intermediate from biofuel production using second‐generation biomass, is a promising source of biobased platform chemicals like acetic acid, however, displaying a complex, multicomponent mixture. Reactive extraction with Cyanex®923 was investigated for selective recovery of acids and subsequent solvent regeneration in distillation at 200 mbar. In a three‐stage extraction 81 % of acids were removed from the LPP oil without loss of Cyanex®923 to the raffinate. Solvent regeneration efficiency of acids was up to 99.7 % with mainly acids and water in the distillate.     

Strongly basic anion exchanger Lewatit MonoPlus SR-7 for acid,reactive, and direct dyes removal from wastewaters

The strongly basic anion exchanger Lewatit MonoPlus SR-7 (SR-7) of polystyrene matrix was applied for removal of the textile dyes such as C.I. Acid Orange 7 (AO7), C.I. Reactive Black 5 (RB5), and C.I. Direct Blue 71 (DB71). The dyes sorption on SR-7 was examined based on the initial dye concentration, phase contact time, type of additives and their concentrations, and solution pH. The equilibrium and kinetic characteristics of the dyes uptake by SR-7 followed the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order model. The dyes sorption in the column system was also investigated.     

Dyeing fine denier polypropylene fibers with phenylazo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-naphthol-containing sulfonamide disperse dyes

A series of phenylazo-β-naphthol-containing sulfonamide disperse dyes were prepared from C.I. Acid Orange 7 by successive reactions of chlorination and amination, and their chemical structures were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, and mass spectrometry. The dyes were applied to coloring of knitted fabrics from fine denier polypropylene fibers by exhaust dyeing and their optimal dyeing conditions, such as dyebath pH, dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and dye concentration were investigated in detail. Then, dye exhaustion, color strength, and color fastnesses of the dyes on the fibers were assessed and summarized. In view of dye exhaustion and color strength of the sulfonamide dyes on fine denier PP fabrics, 90°C was selected as the best dyeing temperature at dye concentration below or equal to 3.0% owf. For achieving higher color strength, 130°C was the better choice when the dye concentration was above 3.0% owf. The sulfonamide dyes, especially secondary sulfonamide dyes, exhibited superior dye exhaustion and color fastnesses to washing, sublimation, and rubbing on fine denier PP fabrics in comparison to C.I. Solvent Yellow 14 bearing the same chromophore but without sulfonamide group.     

SIMULATION OF A THREE PHASE REACTOR FOR THE SOLVENT METHANOL PROCESS

Single pass conversions in conventional vapor phase methanol synthesis are low, necessitating recycle of large quantities of unconverted reactants. In the Solvent Methanol Process (SMP), the use of an inert and highly selective solvent in the synthesis loop enables the removal of methanol as soon as it is formed and helps overcome equilibrium limitations that exist in the vapor phase process. An industrial scale, packed bed, adiabatic reactor with cocurrent upflow of synthesis gas and solvent has been simulated for the SMP. The simulation shows that very high single pass conversions of CO and H₂ are attainable such that recycle can be eliminated. Reaction rates are however lower than vapor phase rates due to pore diffusion limitations.     

SELECTIVE SEPARATION OF URANYL ION FROM TRU'S IN A COMBINED SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS USING TETRAHYDROFURAN-2,3,4,5-TETRACARBOXYLICACID

ABSTRACT

Selective partitioning of uranyl from transuranic elements in a solvent extraction system which employs a neutral organophosphorus extractant and an aqueous complexant has been demonstrated in a previous report. The extractant solution combines octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylrnethylphosphine oxide (CMPO), diamyt(amyl)phosphonate (or tributylphosphate), and di(t-butylcyclohexano)-18-crown-6 in Isopar L, and is designed for simultaneous removal of strontium, technetium, lanthanides and actinides from radioactive wastes. The aqueous complexant is tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid (THFTCA). In this report, the separation of UO₂ ²⁺ from Np(IV), Eu(III), Am(III), and Pu(IV) using the Combined Process Solvent has been optimized. Potentiometric titration and NMR spectroscopic results describe the distribution of THFTCA into the organic phase as a function of acidity and [THFTCA]. Further potentiometric titration experiments have determined the stoichiometry and stability of uranyl complexes in the aqueous phase. The thermodynamic data indicate that the uranyl complexes are anomalously weak which partially accounts for the selectivity. Ternary complexes involving, UO₂ ²⁺ CMPO, and THFTCA in the extractant phase also appear to play a role.     

Solvent extraction reaction of hafnium(IV) from strong sulfuric acid solutions with D2EHPA and PC 88A

Hafnium can be selectively extracted over zirconium from strong sulfuric acid solutions by D2EHPA or PC 88A. Solvent extraction experiments have been performed to identify the reaction of Hf from strong sulfuric acid solutions (1 to 7 M) by these two extractants. Hafnium extraction was gradually decreased and then increased again with the increase of sulfuric acid concentration. By applying a slope method, the extracted Hf species was proposed to be HfA₄·(HA)₂ by D2EHPA and Hf(HSO₄)₂A₂·(HA)₂ by PC 88A, respectively. This difference in the nature of the extracted species was verified by FT-IR spectra.     

Dyeing fine denier polypropylene fibers with phenylazo-β-naphthol-containing sulfonamide disperse dyes

A series of phenylazo-β-naphthol-containing sulfonamide disperse dyes were prepared from C.I. Acid Orange 7 by successive reactions of chlorination and amination, and their chemical structures were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, and mass spectrometry. The dyes were applied to coloring of knitted fabrics from fine denier polypropylene fibers by exhaust dyeing and their optimal dyeing conditions, such as dyebath pH, dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and dye concentration were investigated in detail. Then, dye exhaustion, color strength, and color fastnesses of the dyes on the fibers were assessed and summarized. In view of dye exhaustion and color strength of the sulfonamide dyes on fine denier PP fabrics, 90°C was selected as the best dyeing temperature at dye concentration below or equal to 3.0% owf. For achieving higher color strength, 130°C was the better choice when the dye concentration was above 3.0% owf. The sulfonamide dyes, especially secondary sulfonamide dyes, exhibited superior dye exhaustion and color fastnesses to washing, sublimation, and rubbing on fine denier PP fabrics in comparison to C.I. Solvent Yellow 14 bearing the same chromophore but without sulfonamide group.     

Chiral polymethine dyes. Part 6. Synthesis,absolute configuration,UV/Vis spectroscopic,and chiroptical properties of Chiral Tri- and Pentamethinium Cyanine Dyes with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethylquinolyl end groups

Starting with monochiral 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethyl quinoline 14a,b , (Schemes 1 and 2), we have synthsized the new chiral, symmetrical and unsymmetrical, tri- and pentamethinium streptocyanine dyes 2a , (Scheme 8), 4a , (Scheme 5), and 5a,b , (Scheme 4), resp. 9a , (Scheme 6), 10a,b , (Scheme 4), and 11a , (Scheme 7) with one or two stereogenic centers in the two heterocyclic end groups. The absolute configuration of 14a,b , and thus the absolute configuration of all monochiral polymethinium dyes derived from 14a,b , has been determined by a single-crystal X-ray analysis of its 4-bromobenzenesulfonyl derivative 17a , (Scheme 1 and Fig. 1). The UV/Vis spectroscopic and chiroptical properties of the new polymethinium dyes have been studied for the first time and compared with that of similar streptocyanine dyes synthesized earlier (Tables 1 and 2) in order to find possible correlations between chiroptical properties and molecular structure.     

Photochromic ink formulation for digital inkjet printing and colour measurement of printed polyester fabrics

The application of a series of commercial photochromic dyes to polyester fabric by a digital inkjet printing method was investigated. Solvent‐based ink systems using the dyes were formulated. The inks were characterised in terms of their physical properties which are related to the jettability of the inks, and finally the prints were fixed onto polyester fabrics by thermal fixation. Colour measurement of the printed fabrics was used to measure their degree of photocoloration, fading rate, fatigue resistance, and storage stabilities. The measured properties of the inkjet‐printed fabrics were compared with the same properties of the same dyes applied to polyester fabrics by dyeing methods. The printed fabrics demonstrated inferior performance in terms of the degree of photocoloration, superior performance in the case of background colours, a higher rate of fading, and a lower fatigue resistance compared with that shown by the same dyes applied to polyester fabric by dyeing methods.     

季膦盐离子液体/表面活性剂/盐双水相的性质及萃取效果研究

向水相中加入有机物或盐, 在一定组成范围内, 可以形成密度不同的两相, 即双水相, 目前在生物萃取领域有广泛的应用。离子液体/表面活性剂体系的双水相体系符合绿色化学的要求, 而且目前研究尚不多见。采用离子液体四丁基膦氯化铁盐、十四烷基三丁基膦氯化铁盐（[P4444]FeCl₄、[P44414]FeCl₄）和两种表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDS、SDBS）及柠檬酸钠混合形成双水相体系, 并绘制了[P4444]FeCl₄（[P44414]FeCl₄）/SDS（SDBS）/盐4个体系的相图, 用粒度测试研究发现, 双水相的上相粒度约为60~80 nm, 下相粒度太小而未能检测出来。使用紫外-可见分光光度法研究了双水相体系对不同性质染料的萃取效果。结果表明, 离子液体的疏水链长度和表面活性剂疏水链上存在苯环与否都对体系中双水相的区域产生影响。4个双水相体系都对水溶性染料有很好的萃取作用, 但是对油溶性染料萃取效果不佳。此项研究促进了离子液体在化学分离领域的开发利用。     

Novel Hybrid Polymer Composites Based on Anthraquinone and Eco-Friendly Dyes with Potential for Use in Intelligent Packaging Materials

This study aimed to present the influence of bio-based and anthraquinone dyes and their combinations on the optical properties of ethylene-propylene (EPM) composites after thermo-oxidative and climatic aging. Therefore, the chosen polymer was filled with a natural, plant-origin flavonoid—quercetin, and with two commercial anthraquinone dyes (C.I. Solvent Yellow 163 and C.I. Solvent Red 207). The manufactured polymer composites were subjected to accelerated aging tests: weathering and thermo-oxidation, respectively. Examination of the materials’ properties indicated that the combination of synthetic and natural dyes can result in better resistance to oxidizing agents and higher thermal stability of ethylene-propylene products. Moreover, color change of quercetin-containing samples due to exposure to simulated atmospheric conditions could be a promising solution for use as aging indicators in intelligent packaging materials that will inform about the ongoing degradation process. Another interesting finding is that these samples exhibited good fungistatic activity against Candida albicans yeast and Aspergillus niger mold. Overall, this novel solution based on hybrid polymer composites containing natural and commercial dyes is a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional materials used in the plastic packaging industry with better and more desirable properties.     

Solvent Extraction of Au(I) from Auro‐Cyanide Solution with Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide/Tri‐n‐Butyl Phosphate System using Column‐Shaped Extraction Equipment

Abstract

Solvent extraction of Au(I) from alkaline cyanide solution containing several milligram per liter of gold was investigated with column‐shaped extraction equipment using tri‐n‐butylphosphate (TBP) as extractant with addition of quaternary ammonium salt, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), directly into the aurous aqueous phase in advance. The influences of the volume of TBP and the NaCl concentration in the aurous aqueous phase on Au(I) extraction were investigated. The experimental results for treating 50 L of synthetic auro‐cyanide solution containing 10 mg/L Au(I) and for treating real auro‐cyanide leaching liquor by CTAB/TBP system were reported. The results obtained establish that the column‐shaped extraction equipment was suitable for extracting Au(I) from low content auro‐cyanide solution at high aqueous/organic phase ratio, and that more than 97% of gold(I) could be extracted while the Au(I) concentration in the raffinate was less than 0.3 mg/L. In addition, the stripping of Au(I) from the loaded organic phase and the recycle of the organic phase were also discussed.     

Evaluation and mechanism of cationic/anionic dyes extraction from water by ionic liquids

Dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) using three different imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) was applied for extraction of recalcitrant dyes, Eriochrome black T (anionic azo dye), and Crystal Violet (cationic triphenylmethane dye) from aqueous solutions, not previously reported. Effects of process parameters such as initial dye concentration, pH of aqueous phase, amount and type of IL on fraction extracted, and distribution ratio of dyes were studied. Further, dyes interaction with ILs and extraction mechanism were explored. Considering the high cost of ILs, regeneration and reuse study for ILs was also performed using reverse DLLME. The fraction extracted for both the dyes with all the ILs varied significantly with pH change. Maximum dyes fraction extracted were observed nearly at neutral pH (pH =7). However, the fraction extracted were different for different IL.     

快速溶剂萃取-高效液相法测定茶叶中多菌灵残留量

文章建立了一种新型快速测定茶叶中多菌灵残留量的方法，利用快速溶剂萃取仪萃取多菌灵，利用高效液相法进行测定。本方法操作过程简单、快速，重复性好，能满足茶叶中多菌灵残留量的检测要求。