可降解包装膜的制备及性能研究

用马来酸酐对玉米淀粉进行酯化处理制得醋酸酯淀粉,以溶液共混法分别制备了原淀粉(ST)/聚乙烯醇(PVA)、醋酸酯淀粉(SA)/聚乙烯醇共混膜,用FTIR表征了共混膜的结构;用DSC分析了共混膜的热性能;比较了共混膜的力学性能。结果表明,共混物的加入破坏了PVA的晶态结构,使共混膜的熔融温度向低温方向移动,热稳定性降低,但SA/PVA共混膜的热稳定大大高于ST/PVA共混膜,说明经酯化处理后淀粉的热稳定性增强。并且SA与PVA的相容性也较ST提高,使其共混膜的力学性能改善。表现为SA/PVA共混膜的力学性能明显高于同比例的ST/PVA共混膜。     

聚乙烯醇/木薯淀粉复合膜的制备与性能

将聚乙烯醇(PVA)与木薯淀粉混合,采用流延法制备PVA/木薯淀粉复合膜,并对其进行了结构表征和性能测试,研究PVA和木薯淀粉不同配比对于复合膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明:PVA和木薯淀粉相容性较好,淀粉的加入提高了PVA的热稳定性,PVA与淀粉的配比对复合膜的综合性能产生重要影响。随着体系中淀粉含量增加,复合膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均先提高后降低,透光率降低,吸水率先降低后升高。当PVA和木薯淀粉配比为70:30时复合膜综合性能最佳,拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、透光率和吸水率分别达到55.65 MPa、337.10%、86.90%和109.52%,优于纯PVA膜。     

淀粉/PVA在自然土壤环境下的生物降解性能研究

将淀粉与聚乙烯(醇PVA进)行共混,研究了共混物在自然土埋环境中的生物降解过程。结果表明:淀粉的加入可促进PVA的微生物降解速度,使淀粉/PVA试样在120d后分解成小碎片,失重率达到67.8%;对降解不同时间的淀粉/PVA(60/40)片材进行DSC和TG测试发现,降解使材料结晶度和热稳定性提高,说明体系的降解是在无定形区开始的;淀粉/PVA试样的降解过程中,淀粉首先分解,然后是PVA的非晶部分,最后才是PVA的结晶部分。     

淀粉/OBSH体系发泡的研究

以OBSH为发泡剂,采用单螺杆和双螺杆挤出两种发泡工艺研究了淀粉及淀粉与PVA共混体系的挤出发泡行为,并研究了温度、成核剂滑石粉和发泡助剂尿素对发泡性能的影响。研究发现,发泡工艺对体系发泡倍率有较大影响;随温度升高发泡倍率略有降低;成核剂滑石粉和发泡助剂尿素的加入使淀粉和淀粉/PVA共混体系的发泡倍率都呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

PVA与丁二酸酯化淀粉共混膜的力学性能

制备了不同改性程度的丁二酸酯化淀粉,并与聚乙烯醇（PVA）以溶液共混法制备了丁二酸酯淀粉/PVA共混膜,通过X射线衍射仪表征共混膜与酯化膜的结构,通过扫描电子显微镜观测其表面结构,并测试了共混膜的力学性能。结果表明,丁二酸酯化改性程度、PVA分子结构以及酯化淀粉/PVA的共混比对共混膜的力学性能有影响;随着改性程度的增加,共混膜的断裂强度及断裂伸长率均增大;随着PVA聚合度与醇解度的增大,共混膜的断裂强度及断裂伸长率均增大;随着淀粉含量的增加,共混膜的断裂强度先减小后增大,断裂伸长率逐渐减小;当共混比为50:50时,断裂强度最小。     

聚乙烯醇/淀粉薄膜的力学性能及结晶行为

通过熔融共混挤出的方法,制备了聚乙烯醇(PVA)/淀粉薄膜,研究了淀粉加入量对PVA/淀粉薄膜力学性能的影响。采用差示扫描量热法研究了PVA薄膜和PVA/淀粉薄膜的结晶行为及非等温结晶动力学。结果表明:随着淀粉含量的增加.PVM淀粉薄膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率下降。在淀粉质量分数为25%时,薄膜的拉伸强度为17.05 MPa.断裂伸长率为425.00%.仍能达到包装薄膜对力学性能的要求。PVA/淀粉薄膜熔融温度和结晶温度均随着淀粉加入量的增加向低温方向移动;在相同的冷却速率下,共混薄膜的结晶速率低于PVA薄膜,同时结晶度也下降.导致力学性能下降。     

尿素/甲酰胺增塑PVA的性能研究

采用流延成膜法制备了以尿素/甲酰胺为复配增塑剂改性的聚乙烯醇(PVA)改性薄膜。采用FTIR研究了复配增塑剂尿素/甲酰胺和PVA之间的相互作用,采用XRD、DSC、TGA和拉伸性能测定对改性后的PVA膜性能进行了测试表征。结果表明,尿素/甲酰胺能与PVA形成氢键作用,破坏PVA的结晶结构,降低PVA膜的结晶度。尿素/甲酰胺的加入降低了PVA的熔点,提高了PVA的热分解温度。改性后的PVA膜的拉伸强度降低,断裂伸长率提高。     

水转印用PVA水解膜的研究

以聚乙烯醇1788(PVA)作为原料,以甘油(丙三醇)作为增塑剂,采用流延法制作水转印膜,研究水解膜溶解时间、平衡含水率及制膜溶液粘度的影响因素。实验发现,聚乙烯醇薄膜的溶解时间会随着溶解水温、甘油比例的增加而减少,随着膜厚的增加而增加;薄膜的平衡含水率随着环境湿度及甘油比例的增加而增加,且平衡含水率在甘油质量分数小于6%时增加平缓,大于6%时增加比较迅速;在聚乙烯醇水溶液中添加一定的甘油后,随着甘油比例的增加,聚乙烯醇水溶液的粘度会相对减小;在低剪切速率下,质量分数为15%聚乙烯醇水溶液粘度会随着剪切速率的增加而增加。     

季铵醚化-辛烯基琥珀酸酯化淀粉与PVA共混膜力学性能研究

为克服淀粉膜脆且硬的缺陷,制备季铵醚化-辛烯基琥珀酸酯化淀粉（QAS）,并将它与聚乙烯醇（PVA）进行混合来制备共混膜;用X射线衍射仪进行共混膜结晶度测定,用扫描电子显微镜观察共混膜的表面形貌,研究QAS/PVA共混比和PVA结构对共混膜力学性能的影响。结果表明,QAS/PVA共混膜的结晶度比QAS膜的结晶度有所降低;随着QAS含量的增加,共混膜的断裂伸长率逐渐减小,断裂强度先减小后增大,当QAS/PVA共混比为50/50（质量比,下同）时,断裂强度达到最小值;随着PVA聚合度和醇解度的增加,共混膜的断裂强度和断裂伸长率也随之增大。     

负载型氧化铝无机膜的制备研究

从无机铝盐出发,采用溶胶凝胶法,在实验室自制的多通道管状αAl2O3支撑体上浸渍成膜。实验考察了有机粘结剂、增塑剂和干燥过程控制剂对膜性能的影响,并用SEM、孔径分布、平均孔径等测试方法对氧化铝无机膜的性能进行了表征。实验结果表明:PVA除了起粘结剂和稳定分散剂外,它还有增塑剂和黏度调节剂的作用,PVA的加入应有一个适宜的量,一般以10%左右为宜;丙三醇既可以做黏度调节剂,又可以作为干燥过程控制剂,有机粘结剂的加入对溶胶与支撑体的润湿性和膜的连续性起着重要的作用,干燥过程控制剂的加入使膜的表面无裂纹和针孔等缺陷产生;当丙三醇2%和PVA10%时,膜的平均孔径变小,孔径分布变窄,平均孔径为7nm左右。     

纳米SiO_2对聚乙烯醇/淀粉熔融吹塑薄膜性能的影响

用甘油和水为增塑剂对高醇解度聚乙烯醇和玉米淀粉复配增塑改性,并选用不同的纳米SiO2,对聚乙烯醇/玉米淀粉基体进行纳米改性,熔融吹塑制备聚乙烯醇/玉米淀粉/纳米SiO2薄膜。结果表明:加入纳米SiO2后,聚乙烯醇/玉米淀粉/纳米SiO2薄膜的拉伸性能显著提高,热性能也发生了较明显的变化;探讨了纳米SiO2对薄膜性能影响的机理。     

丙烯酰胺改性玉米淀粉/PVA复合膜的制备与表征

为了改善聚乙烯醇（PVA）膜的机械性能,选用玉米淀粉为原材料,50℃条件下以过硫酸铵和尿素为引发剂,同时加入丙烯酰胺对淀粉进行接枝改性,制备得到丙烯酰胺改性的玉米淀粉/PVA复合膜。其中,优化改性淀粉的接枝率确定最佳合成条件为淀粉/丙烯酰胺的质量比为3∶7、引发剂过硫酸铵占单体总质量的0.5%、尿素占单体总质量的0.5%。进一步利用优化的改性淀粉为改性剂,制备了系列改性玉米淀粉/PVA复合膜。采用傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对复合膜的组成与结构进行表征,同时测定复合膜的机械性能、耐水性、耐热性等物化特性,结果表明30%ST-0.50%APSU改性淀粉的单体转化率为95.0%,接枝率为85.2%。 30%ST-0.50%APSU/PVA复合膜的耐热性能轻微下降,但断裂伸长率提高了256%,耐水性能提高了43.1%。     

Synthesis of starch‐based plastic films by electron beam irradiation

Starch‐based plastic films were prepared by the electron beam irradiation of starch and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in a physical gel state at room temperature. The influence of starch/PVA composition, irradiation dose, and plasticizer (glycerol) on the properties of the plastic films was investigated. The gel fraction of the starch/PVA films increased with both the radiation dose and PVA content in the plastic film and decreased with increasing glycerol concentration. The starch/PVA compatibility was determined by measurement of the thermal properties of the starch/PVA blends with various compositions with differential scanning calorimetry. The swelling of the starch/PVA films increased with increasing PVA content and decreasing irradiation dose. Mechanical studies were carried out, and the tensile strength of the films decreased at high starch ratios in the starch‐based mixture. This was due to the decrease in the degree of crosslinking of starch. Furthermore, when PVA, a biodegradable and flexible‐chain polymer, was incorporated into the starch‐based films, the properties of the films, such as the flexibility (elongation at break), were obviously improved. The tensile strength of the films decreased with increasing glycerol concentration, but elongation at break increased up to a maximum value at a 20% glycerol concentration, and then, it leveled off and decreased slightly. Biodegradation of the starch/PVA plastic films was indicated by weight loss (%) after burial in soil and morphological shape, which was detected by scanning electron microscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 504–513, 2007     

微水溶性缓释肥料用复合胶接材料的合成及性能研究

以淀粉、聚乙烯醇(PVA)和丙烯酸酯类单体为主要原料,采用交联反应法制备出水基可生物降解型胶接包膜材料,并重点阐述了淀粉、PVA和丙烯酸酯类单体用量对胶液及复合膜性能的影响。结果表明:当m(淀粉)=70 g、V(丙烯酸酯类单体)=V(5%PVA)=5 mL和m(交联剂)=2.5 g时,复合膜的透水、透气效果较佳,其吸水倍率和透水率分别为133%和16.97 g/(m2.h),并具有一定的可生物降解性能;该复合膜可用于半干旱地区微水溶性缓释肥料用胶接包膜材料的制备。     

Effects of different porous fillers on interfacial properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) hybrid films

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based hybrids have demonstrated broad liquid separation applications but separation performances are constrained by the compatibility between fillers and polymer, and thus it is essential to study the interfacial properties of these hybrids. In this work, PVA hybrids with four different porous fillers have been fabricated and characterized with Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscope, swelling and contact angle tests. Swelling results show that PVA has a degree of swelling (DS) of 79% in water but the swelling is compressed after adding fillers and the DS for PVA hybrids has decreased by 19%, 17%, 15%, and 9% for 30 wt% loading of ZIF-8, UiO-66, Hβ and ZSM-5, respectively. For methanol and its 10 wt% aqueous solution, similar swelling results are obtained due to mutual interactions among the filler, polymer and test liquids. Based on water and glycerol contact angle results, the surface energy of PVA is estimated to be 40.56 Nm⁻¹ and it drops to 27.39 Nm⁻¹ after adding less hydrophilic ZIF-8 or rise to 48.56 Nm⁻¹ after introducing more hydrophilic ZSM-5. The high-film hydrophilicity and then large surface energy have rendered methanol/water sorption selectivity of PVA hybrids decrease to some extent or vice versa.     

Spherical capped gas bubbles rising in aqueous media

The rising velocity of spherical capped bubbles in water and in PVA solutions, showed the viscosity to have little influence below 2P. Solutions with high viscosities caused some retardation especially with smaller bubbles.Measurements of the mass transfer coefficient during the absorption of CO₂ from bubbles rising in water gave similar values to those obtained during the desorption of CO₂ from saturated solutions into inert bubbles which had been formed under mercury to prevent premature transfer. Instantaneous values of the mass transfer coefficient from CO₂ bubbles into water and PVA solutions were found to decay as the bubble rose in the column. The rate of decay was especially rapid when small amounts of PVA were dissolved in water and this effect was probably due to the influence of surfactants.A qualitative study was also carried out on the shapes of wakes behind spherical cap bubbles and on the exchange between the liquid in the wake and the surroundings.     

Fabrication of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) starch-based ultrafine fibers: Investigation of fundamental and antimicrobial properties

Micro/nano-based fibrous membranes loaded with antibacterial agents have been widely studied in the medical field. In this research, we describe the development of a new environmentally friendly medical dressing based on centrifugally spun cassava starch-based ultrafine fibers loaded with nanosilver (Ag). For this purpose, the spinnability of amylopectin-rich native cassava starch in a centrifugal spinning system was investigated. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was applied to improve the water stability and mechanical properties of the starch-based fibers, and the water stability of the fibers was further improved by posttreatment with formic acid. The morphology, structure, thermal, and tensile properties were studied. The results indicated that the native cassava starch showed excellent spinnability in the centrifugal spinning system. The tensile strength and water stability of the obtained fibrous membranes were improved by adding PVA and further improved after the posttreatment. The antibacterial properties of fibers loaded with Ag were evaluated through a bacteriostatic zone test, and the results showed that the fibers presented good antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli. Therefore, the obtained fibers have great potential for application in the medical dressing field.     

冷制氧化淀粉及快干型淀粉粘合剂

本文介绍了用玉米面粉和淀粉制备氧化淀粉的方法及产品性能，产率和应用氧化淀粉配制氧化淀粉合剂，上浆剂等的方法，该氧化淀粉广泛用于瓦楞 纸箱，贴面瓦楞 纸板，造纸工业的施胶及纺织经纱上浆剂等的配制，要以代替铴花碱，ＰＶＡ粘合剂及白乳胶。