Mg-Al水滑石的水热合成及晶面选择性生长

以MgO、Al(OH)3为镁源和铝源,采用一步水热法合成了镁铝水滑石(Mg-Al LDHs),考察了水热时间及水热温度对水滑石晶粒度和晶面选择性生长的影响规律.用XRD、SEM等对合成产物进行了表征.结果发现水热时间不变,升高水热温度,或水热温度不变,延长水热时间,LDHs的晶体结构均趋于完整,径厚比呈增大趋势;并且晶体沿a轴方向的生长速率比沿c轴方向的生长速率大,即[110]晶面的生长速率比[003]晶面的生长速率快.     

人造氟金云母的结晶习性与缺陷

本文从晶体结构出发,研究了人造氟金云母的结晶习性与缺陷。认为缺陷主要是沿着镁离子点阵行列分布的面缺陷,文中讨论了如下几个问题:(1)结晶习性的各向异性。a 轴方向生长最快,b 轴次之,c 轴方向最慢。从各族晶面比表面能大小解释了这种差异;(2)籽晶取向,沿b 轴方向生长较沿 a轴方向生长的晶体质量为好。由于 a轴与 b轴方向生长速率的不同,对温度稳定性的要求也有差异。b 轴向生长较 a轴向生长易于控制,缺陷出现几率少。a 轴向生长时晶体缺陷沿着{110}和{110}族晶面发育,b 轴向生长时晶体缺陷沿着{110}和{110}族晶面发育;(3)固液界面的形状与晶体缺陷密切相关。从晶体的结晶习性出发,分析了平界面生长时晶体中缺陷少的原因,提出凸界面和凹界面的缺陷是由于生长过程中各族晶面生长速率不匹配所造成的,认为生长界面的形状是各族晶面的包迹。     

环己烷甲酸晶体结构及生长动力学

通过熔融结晶得到高质量环己烷甲酸单晶,并首次报道采用X射线单晶衍射解析所得CCA单晶结构。环己烷甲酸晶体为单斜晶系,空间群为P2₁/c,晶胞参数为a=1.19113 nm,b=1.07421 nm,c=1.10733 nm,β=94.72°,同时利用Material Studio软件预测其晶习。利用DSC测定不同降温速率下的出晶温度与诱导期。通过热台显微镜对环己烷甲酸晶体生长进行了在线观测,对不同温度下的生长速率进行了研究,发现主要显露晶面的生长速率与过冷度为指数关系。     

氯化钾间歇冷却结晶生长规律及粒度控制实验研究

采用聚焦光束反射测量技术（FBRM）考察了氯化钾（KCl）间歇冷却结晶过程中晶体成核和生长规律,重点研究了降温速率对KCl水溶液冷却时产生过饱和度的影响,以及添加晶种的相关条件（如晶种粒径和添加量等因素）与KCl晶体产品粒度的关系。同时,采用直接冷却刺激起晶产生“晶种”,并控制其生长达到控制晶体产品粒度的目的。结果表明,在添加晶种条件下,程序降温过程产生的低过饱和度不易引起爆发成核,且晶种的添加量决定着晶体产品的平均粒度与理想生长模型的偏差。另外,降温速率是冷却刺激起晶产生“晶种”粒径的关键因素。     

RbBe_2BO_3F_2单晶的水热法生长晶体形态和表面微形貌的研究

报道了水热法生长RbBe_2BO_3F_2(RBBF)晶体的结果。在实验中以熔盐法RBBF碎晶料为培养料,分别以Rb_2CO_3和RbF为矿化剂溶液,在生长温度T=400℃~500℃,温差△T=10℃~30℃的条件下,生长出了c轴厚度超过5mm的大尺寸的RBBF单晶。结合水热法生长工艺,描述了水热法RBBF晶体的形态,分析了水热法生长RBBF单晶的条件,研究了(0001)面的生长阶梯和凹坑等表面微形貌的形成机理。     

Ce,Tb:YAG单晶的生长及光谱性能

采用提拉法生长了白光LED用的Ce和Tb共掺杂YAG(Ce,Tb:YAG)单晶。通过X射线粉末衍射分析了晶体样品的晶相结构,通过吸收光谱、激发和发射光谱对晶体的发光特性进行了表征。结果表明:所生长的单晶为立方晶相的YAG结构;在波长为460nm蓝光激发下,得到了发光中心位于546nm处的宽发射峰,较Ce:YAG单晶有明显的红移。同时,对不同厚度的晶体切片的光电参数进行了研究,发现厚度为0.5mm的晶体切片的光电参数最好。     

温度梯度法生长BaY2F8晶体

应用温度梯度法生长了BaY2F8单晶.实验表明:温度梯度、降温速率、坩埚形状和尺寸是影响BaY2F8晶体生长的重要因素.温度梯度为6 ℃/mm,降温速率小于6 ℃/h,用相对较小的坩埚圆锥角度,可以获得质量较好的BaY2F8单晶体.X射线定向分析表明:温度梯度法生长的BaY2F8晶体的生长轴平行于[001]方向.结合晶体结构图分析,可认为晶体的[001]方向为结构的强键延展方向,是晶体生长的优势方向.     

钆镓石榴石晶体瞬时生长率的估算

本文叙述了应用提拉法生长高质量GGG单晶的实验过程,进行了熔体中热对流与强迫对流偶合效应的生长实验,注意到生长时固液界面的反转以及对流对晶体完整性的影响。 为估算在生长过程中瞬时生长速率的波动,有意识地把铱包裹粒子长在晶体内,生长速率的数值可以用一个临界生长速率V_C与所俘获的包裹粒子线尺寸l的经验公式V_C=E/l~m得之。通过大量铱粒子线尺寸的测定,找出了GGG单晶生长中的经验公式中,V_C=E/l~m的常数E=1.5×10~2,m=1.0_8。     

导模法生长的片状白宝石单晶中生长方向与晶界产生之间的关系

用导模法生长了白宝石片状单晶。采用偏光显微镜法、X射线背射劳埃法、X射线形貌法研究了片状晶体中的缺陷。发现晶体中晶界的产生与生长取向有明显的关系。在生长具有(1?02)板面的片晶时,若生长方向为[?101],晶体中存在有严重的晶界;而沿[0221]或[1120]方向生长的晶片,晶界则显著减少。 研究表明,白宝石中(0001)面沿〈11?0〉方向的滑移对晶界的形成起重要的作用。为了生长出满足SOS器件衬底材料所需要的完整性较好的片状白宝石,除应控制适当的生长速率和选用缺陷少的晶种外,必须注意选择有利的生长取向,以防止晶界的产生。     

氢氧根对半水硫酸钙晶体形貌的影响机理

以二水硫酸钙为原料在氢氧化钠-水体系中水热合成不同形貌的半水硫酸钙晶体,并通过XRD、XPS和电导率等手段对水热产物进行表征,研究了OH^-对水热产物晶体形貌的影响机理。结果表明,在碱性条件下可获得不同形貌的半水硫酸钙晶体,随着OH^-浓度的增大,纤维状形貌水热产物的含量减小而短柱状形貌的含量增多,且当OH^-浓度为1.0×10^-2 mol/L时水热产物以短柱状形貌为主。OH^-影响半水硫酸钙晶体形貌的原因：OH^-会消耗溶液中的Ca²⁺,从而促进二水硫酸钙的溶解,而Ca²⁺浓度的减少不利于半水硫酸钙晶体的成核生长;同时,OH^-对二水硫酸钙的促溶作用会增加溶液中SO₄^2-的浓度,从而促进半水硫酸钙晶体沿（110）和（200）晶面的生长;此外,OH^-在（002）晶面选择性吸附并与该晶面的Ca²⁺反应生成Ca（OH）⁺和Ca（OH）₂,从而阻碍半水硫酸钙晶体沿该晶面的生长。在以上3种作用下半水硫酸钙晶体形貌由纤维状向短柱状转变。本研究可为碱性条件下生产不同形貌半水硫酸钙晶体提供一定的理论依据。     

水溶液中硫酸钾晶体生长动力学

The single crystal growth rates of potassium sulfate in pure aqueous solution under different conditions were determined by photomicrography in a flow system for crystal growth. The effects of themain controlling factors, such as supersaturation, crystal size, solution velocity and crystal growth temperature, on crystal growth rates of potassium sulfate were discussed in detail by using non-linear regression from the experimental data, and several empirical relationships were given. The results showed that the growth rates of crystals increased with supersaturation, crystal size, solution velocity and temperature. Moreover supersaturation was the most important controlling factor influencing growth rates of crystals, crystal size and solution velocity were the secondary and temperature was the least.Furthermore, It was found that the growth rate of crystals along the [100] crystallographic axis was higher than that along the [001] in the same condition. The effect of every factor on crystal growth rates along the [100] crystallographic axis was stronger than that along the [001].     

掺镱氟磷酸钙(Yb∶FAP)晶体的生长

用高频感应提拉法生长了掺Ｙｂ３＋氟磷酸钙（Ｙｂ∶ＦＡＰ）晶体,获得了理想的生长工艺参数．为消除晶体中通常存在的宏观缺陷,研究了晶体的退火条件．生长的晶体毛坯尺寸为２２ｍｍ×４５ｍｍ．对晶体进行了初步的位错观察,并估算了晶体的位错密度．     

硅酸镓镧结构的新型压电晶体的研究进展

新型压电晶体La3Ga5SiO14因其低声速、零温度切向和良好的高温稳定性受到关注，但是昂贵的Ga2O3原料阻碍了它的工业应用。通过离子置换可获得具有langasite结构的多种新型压电晶体。综述介绍了置换La，Ga，Si形成的新型压电晶体的最新研究进展，比较分析了不同晶体的优势及其存在的问题。在这些新晶体中，由于Sr3Ga2Ge4O14（SGG)具有熔点较低、性能较高的综合优势，它有可能成为新一代表面波器件的重要候选材料。与提拉法相比，采用增蜗密封的下降法生长SGG单晶；可以显著提高晶体产率，降低成本。     

High-pressure synthesis,crystal structure,and physical properties of NaAlB14 single crystals

Pure NaAlB₁₄ single crystals were successfully synthesized directly from Na, Al, and B at high pressure and high temperature, different from the previously reported method, that is, synthesized from Na₂B₄O₇, Al, and B. The growth of NaAlB₁₄ single crystals was promoted by increasing the reaction temperature. The atomic structures of NaAlB₁₄ single crystal along the [100], [010], [001], and [021] axes were characterized by using a scanning transmission electron microscope. The Raman spectra of NaAlB₁₄ were investigated theoretically and experimentally, and they showed the expected oscillations of the covalent framework. In addition, photoluminescence spectra indicated that NaAlB₁₄ is a semiconductor luminescence material with red (1.68 eV) and near-infrared (1.50 and 1.36 eV) emission characteristics. The band structure revealed that NaAlB₁₄ is an indirect band gap semiconductor with a wide band gap of 2.22 eV.     

流动溶液中维生素C单晶生长动力学

引　言随着精细化工、生化、医药和染料工业的发展 ,结晶过程越来越受到重视[1] .人们充分认识到晶体生长速率在结晶器设计或评价中的作用 ,必须获取温度、过饱和度和流速等因素影响的准确信息 .结晶动力学是决定晶体产品粒度分布的重要因素 ,是进行结晶器分析、设计、操作和模     

Rapid synthesis of CNTs@MIL-101(Cr) using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as crystal growth accelerator☆

In this work,hybrid material CNTs@MIL-101(Cr) was synthesized in 2 h using multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) as the crystal growth accelerator with hydrothermal method.The characteristic differences between the crystals of CNTs@MIL-101(Cr) and MIL-101 were investigated by N_2 adsorption–desorption isotherms,X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM) and thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA).The results showed that MWCNTs embedding in the hybrid material provide more mesoporous volumes than that of MIL-101.Moreover,the fast synthesized crystals of CNTs@MIL-101(Cr) still preserve the octahedral shape like MIL-101 and have a larger size ranging from 1.5 to 2.0 μm which were approximately three times larger than that of MIL-101.In the proposed mechanism,the roles of MWCNTs played in the crystallization were discussed where MWCNTs can be seen as coaxial cylindrical tubes composed of multi-layer graphenes and the place where nucleation and crystal growth processes occur at the tubes' out surface.Then,a crystal seeding layer bonding with the MWCNTs may be easily formed which accelerates the growth rate of MIL-101 crystals.Thus,larger crystals of CNTs@MIL-101(Cr) were formed due to the faster crystal growth rate of MIL-101.     

Templated Grain Growth of Barium Titanate Single Crystals

BaTiO₃ single crystals were grown via templated grain growth (TGG), which is a process in which a single-crystal "template" is placed in contact with a sintered polycrystalline matrix and then heated to migrate the single-crystal boundary into the matrix. Millimeter-sized, stoichiometric single crystals of BaTiO₃ were produced by heating polycrystalline matrix with a relative density of 97% and a Ba/Ti ratio of <1.00, which was bonded to a BaTiO₃ single crystal, at temperatures above the eutectic temperature. Growth rates of 590–790, 180–350, and 42–59 μm/h were observed for {111}-, {100}-, and {110}-oriented single-crystal templates, respectively. Lower-surface-energy facets were formed for {111}- and {100}-oriented templates, whereas {110} crystals maintained a {110} growth front, which indicated that this plane orientation was the lowest-energy surface in this system. SrTiO₃ also was shown to be a suitable substrate for TGG of BaTiO₃.     

室外换热器迎面风速对空气源热泵结霜特性的影响

对不同迎面风速条件下空气源热泵系统室外换热器表面霜层生长特性进行了实验研究,测量了翅片表面动态霜层厚度、换热器结霜量,显微观察了霜晶生长过程。实验结果表明,迎面风速的降低使得空气源热泵机组室外换热器表面霜层厚度加速增长,结霜周期随迎面风速的下降呈近乎线性地减小,而且相对湿度越低,结霜周期下降的速度越快;因此,减小室外换热器迎面风速将恶化空气源热泵机组结霜/除霜周期中的平均性能。对霜晶形态的显微观察发现,低迎面风速工况下霜层厚度增长速度加快的原因是由于空气源热泵蒸发器壁面温度降低造成的霜晶形态的改变,翅片表面柱状冰晶始终在高度方向快速生长,这种现象与低环境温度工况下翅片表面霜晶生长形态类似。换热器总结霜量随迎面风速的减小而下降,造成霜层平均密度降低。     

Effects of sintering aid and atmosphere powder on the growth of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 single crystals fabricated by solid-state crystal growth method

(K_0.5Na_0.5)NbO₃ (KNN) + x (= 1, 0.5, 0.05, and 0) wt%Co₃O₄ single crystals were fabricated by a solid-state crystal growth method with a KTaO₃ seed crystal and a KNN atmosphere powder, and the effects of the sintering aid content x and the addition of Co₃O₄ to the atmosphere powder on the growth of the single crystals were investigated. The formation of pores in the single crystals was suppressed by a decrease of x, which, however, decreased the crystal growth length. On the other hand, dense and large KNN single crystals could be fabricated by sintering with a KNN + 5 wt%Co₃O₄ atmosphere at x = 0. The dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of the KNN single crystals were comparable to those of reported (K,Na)NbO₃ single crystals. These results would be useful for fabricating dense and large single crystals by the solid-state crystal growth method.     

新型弛豫铁电单晶及其超声医学应用

新型弛豫铁电单晶是一类钙钛矿结构的固溶体材料,具有比传统压电陶瓷Pb(Zr,Ti)O_3更为优越的压电性能,在医用超声成像、声纳、微位移器等方面具有广阔的应用前景。综述了Pb(Zn_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_3-PbTiO_3(PZNT),Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_3-PbTiO_3(PMNT)等新型弛豫铁电单晶在生长、性能等方面的研究进展,介绍了弛豫铁电单晶在医用超声换能器方面的应用。