果壳生物质燃烧特性与动力学分析

为充分利用果壳生物质废弃物,采用热重分析对油茶壳、核桃壳、澳洲坚果壳进行了燃烧实验研究,考察了不同升温速率下3种果壳生物质的燃烧特性及动力学参数。结果表明：3种果壳生物质燃烧特性不同,但燃烧特性参数均随升温速率升高而增大;随着升温速率的增加,着火点、燃尽温度、最大燃烧速率、平均燃烧速率及综合燃烧特性指数提高;10℃/min时,油茶壳、核桃壳、澳洲坚果壳综合燃烧特性指数分别为0.56×10^-7、1.18×10^-7、0.88×10^-7;3种果壳生物质的燃烧反应遵循一级反应动力学模型,相关系数（R²）均达0.93以上,低温阶段活化能为30.40~52.41 kJ/mol,高温阶段活化能为18.49~40.62 kJ/mol,低温阶段活化能均大于高温阶段。     

生活垃圾与花生壳水热炭化物的燃烧特性研究

以生活垃圾（MSW）与花生壳（PS）共水热炭化产物的理化性质研究为切入点,采用热重分析法探究炭化物的燃烧特性及反应动力学,结果表明：炭化物在燃烧过程中出现3个失重峰,第二个失重峰的损失程度最大,超过了燃烧总失重的50%。同一炭化温度条件下,随着PS掺混占比的增加,燃烧越彻底,热重曲线逐渐偏向高温区。随着升温速率的提高,炭化物的着火温度、燃尽温度、燃烧特性指数均提高。MSW与PS混合共水热炭化的炭化物在燃烧过程中存在协同作用。生活垃圾掺混花生壳,随着炭化温度的升高（180~260℃）,固定碳含量与燃烧特性指数S均先增后减,最小着火能量（E_αi）先减后增。MSW与PS按质量比5∶5掺混,在220℃的条件下共炭化,升温速率为40℃/min时,其产物220MSW5PS5的燃烧特性指数最高（5.727×10^-6 min^-2·℃^-3）,最小着火能量最低（89.55 kJ/mol）。     

芦竹燃烧动力学不同反应机理的研究

利用热重分析仪进行了芦竹的燃烧试验,采用Coats-Redfern法分析热重曲线,研究不同升温速率(10,20,30℃/min)对燃烧过程的影响。结果表明,芦竹燃烧过程可分为3个阶段,即水分析出、挥发分析出与燃烧及焦炭表面燃烧三个阶段。主要反应集中在第二和第三反应阶段。随着升温速率的增大,最大失重速率增大,三个阶段向高温方向偏移。挥发分析出与燃烧及焦炭表面燃烧阶段的反应机理均满足随机成核A3模型,挥发分析出及燃烧阶段的活化能平均值为21.49 k J/mol,频率因子变化为1.31×10³3¹.83×101.83×10³min3min^(-1);焦炭表面燃烧阶段的活化能平均值为47.15 k J/mol,频率因子变化为325×10(-1);焦炭表面燃烧阶段的活化能平均值为47.15 k J/mol,频率因子变化为325×10³3⁷4.9×1074.9×10³min3min^(-1)。     

城市污泥与稻壳水热炭混合燃烧特性与动力学

采用热重分析法研究城市污泥、稻壳水热炭及两者不同掺混比的燃烧特性与反应动力学。对比分析其在不同升温速率下从室温升至1000℃的燃烧特性，用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO)法计算其燃烧过程中的反应动力学参数。结果表明，稻壳水热炭的挥发性、着火和燃尽指数均高于城市污泥，具有较好的燃烧特性，掺混稻壳水热炭使城市污泥混合燃烧时发生热滞后现象。随着稻壳水热炭掺混比的增加，共混物的燃烧残余质量减少，着火性能变差，燃烧性能变强。活化能的相关系数均高于0.95，稻壳水热炭掺混高于50wt%时，共混物的平均活化能低于稻壳水热炭单独燃烧的平均活化能，掺混70wt%稻壳水热炭时出现最低平均活化能，为85.48 kJ/mol。城市污泥与稻壳水热炭混燃时有协同交互作用，且掺混50wt%稻壳水热炭时效果最佳。     

水稻秸秆与煤粉混合燃烧特性及动力学

采用热重分析法研究了水稻秸秆(RS)、煤粉(PC)及两者不同掺混比的混合物在不同升温速率下(10, 20, 40℃/min)从室温升至1000℃的燃烧特性，用Kissinger?Akahira?Sunose (KAS)法和Flynn?Wall?Ozawa (FWO)法计算了燃烧过程中的活化能。结果表明，失重速率(DTG)曲线中RS比PC多一个失重峰，且残余质量低。随升温速率增加，所有样品DTG曲线均向高温偏移，产生热滞后现象。RS和PC在混合燃烧过程中存在协同效应，且高温区域内更显著。PC掺混比例为50wt%时，混合物平均活化能的计算值较低，仅为76.0 kJ/mol (KAS)和83.2 kJ/mol (FWO)。     

抗生素菌渣与煤混合燃烧特性及其动力学分析

以抗生素菌渣、煤为研究对象,利用热重-差示扫描量热仪（TG-DSC）研究两种物质单独以及混合燃烧的燃烧特性,并采用Coats-Redfern法确定混合燃烧的动力学参数。分析菌渣掺混比和粒径对燃烧过程的影响,阐明菌渣与煤混合燃烧的可能以及超细化燃烧的优势。结果表明：抗生素菌渣与煤混合燃烧主要包括3个阶段,添加菌渣能明显改善煤的燃烧特性。随着菌渣掺混比例的增加,着火温度、燃尽温度呈现降低的趋势。超细、非超细混合燃烧燃尽特性指数在菌渣掺混比为30%时最高,分别为5.82×10^-3、5.49×10^-3。超细混合燃烧活化能均低于非超细混合燃烧,说明超细化燃烧有利于降低活化能。超细、非超细混合燃烧活化能E和指前因子A之间均存在动力学补偿效应。     

生物质颗粒度对燃烧特性影响

以稻壳为例考察了不同稻壳粒径对热解及燃烧特性、传热系数、焦炭燃烧的影响,利用TG/DTG6200热重差热分析仪对不同颗粒度稻壳粉做了热解实验,得到了不同的TG、DTG、DTA曲线.结果表明,稻壳颗粒度越小,其挥发分析出温度越低,析出时间越短,传热系数增大,升温速率增大,有利于燃烧,但过小的颗粒度同时增大了散热损失,当粒径低于临界尺度时,易出现熄火现象.焦炭燃烧过程受粒径大小的影响,粒径减小,燃烧反应速率加快,燃烧时间缩短,有利于燃烧.     

芦竹燃烧动力学不同反应机理的研究

利用热重分析仪进行了芦竹的燃烧试验,采用Coats-Redfern法分析热重曲线,研究不同升温速率(10,20,30℃/min)对燃烧过程的影响。结果表明,芦竹燃烧过程可分为3个阶段,即水分析出、挥发分析出与燃烧及焦炭表面燃烧三个阶段。主要反应集中在第二和第三反应阶段。随着升温速率的增大,最大失重速率增大,三个阶段向高温方向偏移。挥发分析出与燃烧及焦炭表面燃烧阶段的反应机理均满足随机成核A3模型,挥发分析出及燃烧阶段的活化能平均值为21.49 k J/mol,频率因子变化为1.31×10~3~1.83×10~3min~(-1);焦炭表面燃烧阶段的活化能平均值为47.15 k J/mol,频率因子变化为325×10~3~74.9×10~3min~(-1)。     

蒙脱石对油页岩干酪根热解特性的影响

选取中国桦甸、抚顺、窑街3个地区油页岩,酸洗得到各干酪根样品。应用TG-FTIR技术对不同升温速率下各干酪根与蒙脱石共热解行为进行了研究,并利用Coats-Redfem积分法对升温速率为10℃/min下的干酪根掺混样品进行热解反应动力学分析,获得了蒙脱石对干酪根热解产物析出规律的影响及热解过程的活化能(E)和指前因子(A).结果表明,随着蒙脱石掺混比例增大,桦甸和抚顺干酪根热解失重率先升高后降低;在热解过程中,440℃前干酪根与蒙脱石掺混样品的热解失重率较干酪根单独热解低,而440℃后其热解失重率较干酪根热解有所提高;蒙脱石掺混比例增大使得各干酪根热解产物中CH₃/CH₂值有所增加;有蒙脱石掺混的干酪根热解活化能相比干酪根热解活化能有所降低。表明蒙脱石对油页岩干酪根热解具有物理吸附和裂解催化两种作用,且随着热解过程的加深和蒙脱石配比的改变而不同。最后,对升温速率为10℃/min的样品进行了热解反应动力学分析,进一步探讨了蒙脱石对干酪根的热解影响机理。     

白云石催化成型松木的热解动力学研究

以成型松木颗粒为原料和以白云石为催化剂进行热失重试验,研究升温速率和白云石的比例对成型松木颗粒的动力学影响。结果表明,随着升温速率(10,20,30,40 K/min)的增加,松木颗粒的失重率分别减少到19.06%,20.85%,22.97%,23.69%,但对最大微分热失重的影响较为明显,从-9.05%/min增加到-35.79%/min。在升温速率30 K/min下,加入10%,15%和20%的白云石,失重率从75.81%减少到73.64%,71.56%,并且在微分热失重曲线中的失重峰从2个增加到4个,第3个和第4个失重峰是由Ca(OH)_2和CaCO_3分解导致的。运用Coats-Redfern法求解在不同的升温速率和不同比例的白云石下松木颗粒的动力学参数发现,随着温度的增加,表观活化能和指前因子均在减少,分别从75.38 k J/mol、19.14 min^(-1)减少到71.15 k J/mol、17.10 min(-1)减少到71.15 k J/mol、17.10 min^(-1);随着白云石比例的增加,表观活化能和指前因子均在减少,分别从61.51 k J/mol、15.88 min(-1);随着白云石比例的增加,表观活化能和指前因子均在减少,分别从61.51 k J/mol、15.88 min^(-1)减少到48.56 k J/mol、13.14 min(-1)减少到48.56 k J/mol、13.14 min^(-1),表明提高升温速率和加入白云石能降低表观活化能,利于降低反应的能耗,提高生物质热解反应效率。     

Infrared thin layer drying of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) stigmas: Mass transfer parameters and quality assessment

Saffron is the most precious and expensive agricultural product. A dehydration treatment is necessary to convert Crocus sativus L. stigmas into saffron spice. To the best of our knowledge, no information on mass transfer parameters of saffron stigmas is available in the literature. This study aimed at investigating the moisture transfer parameters and quality attributes of saffron stigmas under infrared treatment at different temperatures(60,70, …, 110 °C). It was observed that the dehydration process of the samples occurred in a short accelerating rate period at the start followed by a falling rate period. The effective moisture diffusivity and convective mass transfer coefficient were determined by using the Dincer and Dost model. The diffusivity values varied from1.1103 × 10~(-10)m~2·s~(-1)to 4.1397 × 10~(-10)m~2·s~(-1) and mass transfer coefficient varied in the range of 2.6433 × 10~(-7)–8.7203 × 10~(-7)m·s~(-1). The activation energy was obtained to be 27.86 k J·mol~(-1). The quality assessment results showed that the total crocin content increased, when the temperature increased up to90 °C but, in higher temperatures, the amount of crocin decreased slightly. The total safranal content of the samples decreased slightly when drying temperature increased from 60 °C to 70 °C and then continuously increased up to 110 °C. Also, the amount of picrocrocin increased from 83.1 to 93.3 as the drying temperature increased from 60 °C to 100 °C.     

铁基载氧体辅助无烟煤焦富氧燃烧动力学分析

流化床铁基载氧体辅助富氧燃烧下传统石英砂床料被铁基载氧体替代,铁基载氧体扩展了传统床料的“热载体”的功能,另承担了“氧载体”的角色,为调节炉内氧分布与煤燃烧过程匹配提供了新思路。本文在热重实验平台探究了10%O₂/90%CO₂气氛下分析纯Fe₂O₃、赤铁矿及钢渣三种铁基载氧体辅助无烟煤焦燃烧特性及动力学。结果表明,相较于纯无烟煤焦燃烧,铁基载氧体辅助燃烧下无烟煤焦的燃烧特性得到显著改善,其中燃烧速率提高29%以上,燃尽温度降低65℃以上,综合燃烧指数提升2倍以上,活化能与指前因子同步增加且表现出“补偿效应”。三种铁基载氧体中分析纯Fe₂O₃对无烟煤焦燃烧特性的改善略优于赤铁矿和钢渣,钢渣可作为流化床铁基载氧体辅助富氧燃烧的床料替代石英砂。     

离子交换容量可控自交联型阴离子交换膜的制备

以N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)为溴化试剂,对十氟二唑与四甲基双酚A(TM-BPA)聚合的聚合物主链进行溴化,随后以N-乙烯基咪唑作为双功能化试剂进行功能化,制备了含有双功能化试剂的氟化聚二唑芳醚阴离子交换膜。其中,功能化试剂(作为离子交换的功能基传导离子及作为膜内分子的交联点)改善膜物理性质。制备的阴离子交换膜在80℃下的离子传导率为9.02×10-2 S·cm-1,甲醇渗透率为1.89×10-7 cm2·s-1(20℃),在碱性燃料电池中具有应用潜力。     

不同粒度谷壳糠粉的燃烧特性

为了探索谷壳糠粉的燃烧特性,基于粉尘层和粉尘云实验研究了粒径对其最低着火温度的影响,采用哈特曼管和锥形量热仪测试了不同粒径谷壳糠粉的爆炸下限和热释放性能,利用热重/差式扫描量热仪系统地研究其燃烧特性和燃烧动力学。结果表明：随着谷壳糠粉粒径的减小,其最低着火温度（MIT）和爆炸下限浓度（LEL）降低,但最大爆炸压力P和爆炸压力上升速率均增大。其中粒径为80～96μm样品的爆炸压力为0.9MPa,其粉尘层（5mm及10mm）和粉尘云最低着火温度分别为130℃和430℃,燃烧特性指数S_N达到3.82×10^-7,较粒径为180～1250μm样品提高了57.2%;在307s出现最大释热峰,且最大释热峰值强度增加至62kJ/m²,对应热解过程的反应活化能由35.35kJ/mol（180～1250μm样品）增大至51.15kJ/mol,表明其燃烧过程随粒径的减小由扩散控制转变为动力学控制过程。     

原料种类和热解温度对生物炭吸附Cd2+的影响

以稻秆（RS）、稻壳（RH）、木屑（SD）为原料，在小型流化床实验台上制备生物炭，分析了原料种类和热解温度（400℃、500℃、600℃）对生物炭理化性质及吸附Cd²⁺性能的影响规律，并定性和定量分析了吸附过程中的作用机制。实验结果表明：准二级动力学方程和Langmuir方程能够较好地描述生物炭样品对Cd²⁺的吸附过程。生物炭RS500的平衡吸附量达到30.19mg/g，远远高于生物炭SD500，其中无机矿物的离子交换和沉淀反应吸附贡献值为24.95mg/g，是主导吸附机制；而生物炭SD500吸附Cd²⁺过程中，无机矿物和π键的贡献百分比分别为49.70%和38.21%。随着热解温度的升高，生物炭吸附Cd²⁺过程中含氧官能团的络合反应不断削弱而Cd²⁺-π键作用不断增强；稻秆炭和稻壳炭中无机矿物的吸附贡献值则呈先上升后下降的趋势，并在500℃热解温度下达到最大值。生物炭样品吸附Cd²⁺的作用机制中，离子交换和沉淀反应占比最大，Cd²⁺-π键作用次之，络合反应最小。     

Effects of internals on phase holdup and backmixing in a slightlyexpanded-bed reactor with gas-liquid concurrent upflow

Five different internals were designed, and their effects on phase holdup and backmixing were investigated in a gas-liquid concurrent upflow reactor where the spherical alumina packing particles of three diameters (3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mm) were slightly expanded under the conditions of varied superficial gas velocities (6.77×10^-2-3.61×10^-1 m·s^-1) and superficial liquid velocities (9.47×10^-4-2.17×10^-3 m·s^-1). The experimental results show that the gas holdup increases with the superficial gas velocity and particle size, opposite to the variational trend of liquid holdup. When an internal component is installed amid the upflow reactor, a higher gas holdup, a less liquid holdup and a larger Peclet number characterizing the weaker backmixing are obtained compared to those in the bed without internals under the same operating conditions. Additionally, the minimal backmixing is observed in the reactor equipped with the internals with a novel multi-step design. Finally, empirical correlations were proposed for estimating gas holdup, liquid holdup and Peclet number with the relative deviations within 11%, 12% and 25%, respectively.     

A solar reactor for bio-diesel production from Pongamia oil: Studies on transesterfication process parameters and energy efficiency

Over exploitation of non-renewable energy reserves will lead to increase in price of petroleum fuels. Therefore there is a need for suitable and sustainable substitutes (renewable resource) for conventional fuels. In this study, an efficient and environmental friendly method for production of bio-diesel from Pongamia (Karanja) oil has been developed using a solar reactor. During the experimental study, the maximum temperature attained by the pongamia oil during the transesterification process was 64.1 ℃. The transesterification reaction was studied by varying different parameters such as reactant flow rate (5–20 L·h^-1), stirring speed (150–450 r·min^-1), catalyst mass loading (0.5%–2%) and methanol to oil ratio (3:1 to 15:1). The maximum biodiesel yield was 83.11% at a flow rate of 5 L·h^-1, stirring speed of 350 r·min^-1, a methanol to oil ratio of 15:1, catalyst mass loading of 1% and reaction time of 270 min. The physical and chemical properties of biodiesel was analyzed as per American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards and it had density of 938 kg·m^-3, viscosity (28.7×10^-6 m²·s^-1), acid value (9.45 mg KOH·(g oil)^-1) and flash point (215 ℃). The energy efficiency of solar heating process was determined by comparing the net energy ratio of direct heating process and solar heating process. For solar heating the net energy ratio (NER) was found to be 31.85 against 5.73 for direct heating. Similarly, net energy efficiency index was calculated for 10 kg production scale and was found to be increasing when scaled up which means that the solar heating process is more effective even in scaled up production.     

High-performance SSZ-13 membranes prepared using ball-milled nanosized seeds for carbon dioxide and nitrogen separations from methane

SSZ-13 membranes with high separation performances were prepared using ball-milled nanosized seeds by once hydrothermal synthesis. Separation performances of SSZ-13 membranes in CO_2/CH_4 and N_2/CH_4 mixtures were enhanced after synthesis modification. Single-gas permeances of CO_2, N_2 and CH_4 and ideal selectivities were recorded through SSZ-13 membranes. The effects of temperature, pressure, feed flow rate and humidity on separation performance of the membranes were discussed. Three membranes prepared after synthesis modifications had an average CO_2 permeance of 1.16 × 10~(-6) mol·(m~2· s·Pa)~(-1)(equal to 3554 GPU) with an average CO_2/CH_4 selectivity of 213 in a 50 vol%/50 vol% CO_2/CH_4 mixture. It suggests that membrane synthesis has a good reproducible. The membrane also displayed a N_2 permeance of 1.07 × 10~(-7) mol·(m~2·s·Pa)~(-1)(equal to 320 GPU) with a N_2/CH_4 selectivity of 13 for a 50 vol%/50 vol% N_2/CH_4 mixture. SSZ-13 membrane displayed stable and good separation performance in the wet CO_2/CH_4 mixture for a long test period over 100 h at 348 K. The current SSZ-13 membranes show great potentials for the simultaneous removals of CO_2 and N_2 in natural gas purification as a facile process suitable for industrial application.