利用剩余污泥吸附重金属离子铜、锌、镉的研究

利用剩余污泥对Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+三种重金属离子进行吸附研究,考察了pH、吸附时间、污泥投加量、温度等对吸附过程的影响;并探讨了吸附处理过程中三种重金属离子的等温吸附特性,以及吸附数据的线性拟合方程。实验结果表明,剩余污泥对Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+三种重金属离子具有良好的吸附效果,在优化条件下,三种重金属离子去除率分别达到94.3%、70.5%和81%;三种重金属离子的吸附等温线均与Langmuir方程吻合较好,吸附能力大小顺序为Cu2+Cd2+Zn2+。     

微波法再生污泥活性炭对水中重金属的吸附特性

研究了微波再生条件对污泥活性炭吸附水中重金属效果的影响,探究了其对水中重金属的吸附动力学过程。结果表明随着微波再生功率的增加,再生污泥活性炭对重金属离子的吸附去除率增大,均大于70%。随着微波再生时间的延长,再生污泥活性炭对重金属离子的吸附去除率呈现先增大后稳定的趋势。随着微波次数的增加,再生污泥活性炭对Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附去除率逐渐减少,微波再生的次数最好控制在5次以内。再生污泥活性炭对重金属离子(Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+和Cd2+)的吸附符合Langmuir等温式,属于拟二阶动力学模型。     

污水污泥和消化污泥热解过程中重金属迁移转化行为对比分析

以污水厂生污泥(RS)及其厌氧消化污泥(DS)为处理对象进行低温热解研究,对比分析了厌氧消化工艺对污水污泥热解炭中重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb)形态分布与迁变规律的影响。结果表明:消化污泥热解炭中稳态Cd、Cr、Cu含量均高于同等温度下生污泥热解炭,而两种热解炭中Pb形态无明显差异,但消化污泥热解炭中稳态Zn含量却小于同等温度下生污泥热解炭;低温热解能够有效地降低生污泥和消化污泥中Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb的潜在迁移转化能力,使重金属由F1态和F2态向稳定的F3态和F4态转变,降低重金属的环境风险水平。     

废弃茶叶对水中Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)的吸附研究

通过废弃茶叶对水溶液中的Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的吸附实验,讨论了影响茶叶末吸附重金属的初始浓度、吸附时间、pH等影响因素。结果表明,在30 min内,废弃茶叶末对Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+3种金属离子的吸附达到最大,最佳pH因金属的不同而有所差异。处理单组分金属离子水溶液时,3种离子的吸附量和吸附率的大小顺序均为Cu2+Cd2+Zn2+。而处理3种金属离子的多组分溶液时,其吸附量和吸附率的顺序则为Cd2+Cu2+Zn2+。     

Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr6+、Cd2+和Pb4+离子在水泥熟料中的固溶特性研究

通过制备未掺杂重金属以及同时掺杂Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr6+、Cd2+和Pb4+五种重金属离子的水泥熟料,利用化学分析、XRD、岩相分析、电子探针等方法研究了掺杂Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr6+、Cd2+和Pb4+离子对熟料性能的影响以及重金属在熟料矿物中的分布.研究表明:重金属的掺杂可以增加液相含量、改善生料的易烧性;在煅烧后的熟料矿物中,有巨型的阿利特矿物出现,且多被溶蚀;熟料对重金属的固化具有选择性.     

石灰调质污泥重金属形态分布及资源化分析

针对南方某生物滤池(BAF)工艺污水处理厂,分析了初沉污泥、生物污泥、石灰调质污泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Cr六种重金属含量及形态分布。结果表明:三种污泥中生物污泥的重金属含量较低,可作为污泥农用和污泥制砖资源化;石灰调质过程使污泥中Zn、Cu、Pb的总量升高,Cr总量降低,Cd和Ni的总量变化不大;石灰调质过程有利于污泥中的Zn、Cu和Cr从不稳定态向稳定态转化。     

上海市某污水处理厂污泥重金属特性及主成分分析

对上海市某污水处理厂污泥重金属特性及含量进行分析,为市政污泥可农用性提供初步判断.研究结果表明,该污水处理厂污泥重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni含量均值分别为246、591、60.8、1.35、58.6、33.0 mg/kg.主成分分析(PCA)显示,第一主成分(PC1)中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni占主导作用,为污泥主要污染因子,且其值反映重金属的影响力;第二主成分(PC2)反映污泥中有机质与热值.与污泥农用重金属控制标准比较,样品污泥中重金属检测浓度均低于控制浓度限值,表明该污水处理厂污泥具有可农用性潜力.     

腐植酸文摘

大孔型腐植酸树脂的合成及其对重金属离子的螯合性陈义镛毛雪琴用交联的聚苯乙烯与腐植酸(H A)通过偶氮化、酯化和醚化反应,合成了偶氮型和酯醚型腐植酸大孔型圆珠状离子交换树脂,用红外光谱研究了树脂的结构。偶氮型腐植酸树脂吸附Cd2+容量为1.01mmol/g,对Ni2+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Co3+、Zn2+为0.6～0.53mmol/g。重金属在偶氮型腐植酸树脂上的分配系数为Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+>Ni2+>Mn2+,可再生重复使用。分析了天然水和自来水中痕量重金属离子的浓度。摘自:《高分子通讯》1985,(6):408～415以腐植酸为主要原料,通过缩合、接枝共聚、金属离子螯合…     

一种新型污泥处理资源化利用技术研究

提供了一种新型污泥安全有效资源化利用处理技术。实验结果表明,短程硝化24 h时,污泥中6种重金属的浸出率均达到95%以上。通过固定化包埋碱性木质素小球吸附回收浸出液中重金属,重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Mn和Cr的去除率分别为99.03%、95.57%、96.65%、97.57%、95.82%和95.13%。硝化处理后的污泥与黄土壤按照1∶2(E1)、1∶1(E2)和2∶1(E3)比例混合后种植菠菜和小麦,植株内重金属含量均未超过GB2762—2012《食品中污染物限量》上限值。本技术去除污泥中的重金属效果极为显著,经济环保,具有较高的应用价值。     

污泥掺烧生物质的重金属排放特性研究

针对城市污泥焚烧面临的重金属污染严重等问题,提出了在城市污泥中掺烧生物质解决重金属污染的新方法,并利用5 k W鼓泡流化床进行试验研究,考查城市污泥掺烧生物质过程中重金属的含量和形态分布特性及燃烧飞灰中重金属的浸出毒性。结果表明:城市污泥掺烧生物质使Cd和As的挥发性降低,Pb、Cu和Cr的挥发性增加,对Hg的挥发性影响很小;城市污泥掺烧麦秆对Zn的挥发性影响不大,掺烧棉秆使Zn的挥发性降低;城市污泥掺烧生物质都使飞灰中Pb、As的形态稳定性降低,使Zn的形态稳定性增加,对Cu、Cr的形态稳定性影响较小;污泥掺烧不同生物质对飞灰中重金属浸出量和浸出率的影响不同,棉秆与麦秆相比更有利于降低飞灰中重金属的浸出量和浸出毒性。     

Thermal Shock Behavior of Iron-Particle-Toughened Alumina

The thermal shock behavior of an alumina monolith and two alumina–iron ceramic-matrix composites has been investigated by superimposing the measured K _R-curves of the materials onto the theoretically generated curves of the thermally induced stress intensity factor. Predictions of the critical-temperature differentials and retained strengths after quenching are in good agreement with the experimental data. The inclusion of metallic particles into an alumina matrix improves the thermal shock resistance, although the increase in toughness is not solely responsible for this improvement. There is a decrease in thermal stress-intensity factor that is generated for the composites; this decrease is due to a reduction in the Young's modulus and/or Biot modulus. However, the increased toughness for large crack lengths may offer increased damage resistance for severe thermal shock treatments.     

Strength of Silicon Nitride after Thermal Shock

A water-quenching technique was used to evaluate the thermal-shock strength behavior of silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) ceramics in an air atmosphere. When the tensile surface was shielded from air during the heating and soaking process, the quenched specimens showed a gradual decrease in strength at temperatures above 600°C. However, the specimens with the air-exposed surface exhibited a ∼16% and ∼29% increase in strength after quenching from 800° and 1000°C, respectively. This is because of the occurrence of surface oxidation, which may cause the healing of surface cracks and the generation of surface compressive stresses. As a result, some preoxidation of Si₃N₄ components before exposure to a thermal-shock environment is recommended in practical applications.     

Alumina/NiCu Laminate under Thermal Shock up to 1000°C: II, Prediction of the Laminate Behavior

In this investigation, a multilayered, multimaterial system with strong interface subjected to thermal shock loading was analyzed. The analysis was based on a one-dimensional spatio-temporal finite difference scheme of the temperature field, and the thermal residual stresses and zero misfit stress temperature were considered. Using a failure criterion based on crack initiation, the number of broken layers due to thermal shock and residual mechanical strength at room temperature could be predicted. Furthermore, the room temperature residual strength of the laminate as a function of thermal shock temperature was constructed, demonstrating steplike behavior. Using this model, the mechanical behavior of the alumina/NiCu laminate system subjected to thermal shock loading of up to 1000°C was predicted. The model revealed the superiority of this material system over monolithic ceramics under thermal shock conditions.     

Influence of a Dispersion of Aluminum Titanate Particles of Controlled Size on the Thermal Shock Resistance of Alumina

The possibility of developing fine-grained (∼0.5–3 μm) and dense (≥0.98ρ_th) alumina (90 vol%)–aluminum titanate (10 vol%) composites with improved thermal shock resistance and maintained strength is investigated. One alumina material and one composite with similar microstructures (porosity and grain-size distribution) were fabricated to investigate the effect of Al₂TiO₅ on thermal shock behavior. The size of the Al₂TiO₅ particles was kept under 2.2 μm to avoid spontaneous microcracking. The mechanical and thermal properties of the materials involved in their response to thermal shock and the results for the evolution of indentation cracks of equal initial crack length with increasing Δ T in samples quenched in glycerine are described. The combination of thermal and mechanical properties—thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, Young's modulus, and toughness—improve the thermal shock resistance of the alumina–aluminum titanate composite in terms of critical temperature increment (>30%). The suitable structural properties of alumina—hardness and strength—are maintained.     

Thermal Shock Behavior of Silicon Oxycarbide Foams

Silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramic foams, obtained from the pyrolysis of a preceramic polymer, were subjected to thermal multiple cycles from 800°–1200°C to room temperature in a water bath. Flexural and compression strengths, as well as elastic modulus, were characterized before and after quenching. Excellent thermal shock and cycling resistance behavior was observed, with only moderate strength and stiffness degradation. The phase assemblage of the foam remained unchanged, and no crack formation in the foams was observed. However, microstructural characterization revealed the development of porosity in the struts and cell walls due to the oxidation of residual carbon in the amorphous SiOC material, thereby contributing to a small decrease in stiffness after quenching.     

Observation of ceramic cracking during quenching

It is difficult to observe the thermal shock cracking in real time, so the measurement of the crack after thermal shock is considered as an alternative method. This paper proposes a new experimental method which can exhibit the thermal shock cracking in real time by water quenching of translucent ceramic and high‐speed imaging. The crack propagation is captured, and the crack growth rate is calculated. The results confirm the previous theoretical predictions of crack propagation under thermal shock. This paper expands the research on understanding the failure mechanisms of ceramic materials in thermal shock.     

Influence of the Compositional Profile of Functionally Graded Material on the Crack Path under Thermal Shock

Thermal cracking under a transient-temperature field in a ceramic/metal functionally graded plate is discussed. When the functionally graded plate is cooled from high-temperature, curved or straight crack paths often occur on the ceramic surface. It is shown that the crack paths are influenced by the compositional profile of the functionally graded plate. Transient-thermal stresses are treated as a linear quasi-static thermoelastic problem for a plane strain state. The crack paths are obtained using finite element method with Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors.     

Improved thermal shock resistance of low-carbon Al2O3–C refractories fabricated with C/MgAl2O4 composite powders

The addition of C/MgAl₂O₄ composite powders can improve the thermal shock resistance of low-carbon Al₂O₃–C refractories attribute to the formation of microcracks in the agglomerated structure, thus consuming more thermal stress and strain energy. Moreover, C/MgAl₂O₄ composite powders additive promote the formation of short fibrous ceramic phases in the refractories, which suggest a bridging role in the interior of the refractories and increase its toughness. Furthermore, the C/MgAl₂O₄ composite powders also result in a remarkable enhancement of the slag corrosion resistance in the refractories.     

Temperature and Stress Distributions in a Hollow Cylinder of Functionally Graded Material: The Case of Temperature-Independent Material Properties

We have presented a numerical technique for analyzing one-dimensional transient temperature distributions in a circular hollow cylinder that was composed of functionally graded ceramic–metal-based materials, without considering the temperature-dependent material properties. The functionally graded material (FGM) cylinder was assumed to be initially in a steady state of gradient temperature; the ceramic inner surface was exposed to high temperature, and the metallic outer surface, which was associated with its in-service performance, was exposed to low temperature. Then, the FGM cylinder was cooled rapidly on the ceramic surface of the cylinder, using a cold medium. The transient temperature and related thermal stresses in the FGM cylinder were analyzed numerically for a model of the mullite–molybdenum FGM system. The technique for analyzing the temperature distribution is quite simple and widely applicable for various boundary conditions of FGMs, in comparison with methods that have been proposed recently by other researchers.     

Thermal Shock Behavior of Porous Silicon Carbide Ceramics

Using the water-quenching technique, the thermal shock behavior of porous silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics was evaluated as a function of quenching temperature, quenching cycles, and specimen thickness. It is shown that the residual strength of the quenched specimens decreases gradually with increases in the quenching temperature and specimen thickness. Moreover, it was found that the fracture strength of the quenched specimens was not affected by the increase of quenching cycles. This suggests a potential advantage of porous SiC ceramics for cyclic thermal-shock applications.