食用植物油精炼副产品的深加工

食用植物油必须经过脱胶与脱酸过程。脱胶过程主要是除去粗制植物油中的磷脂、胶质及其它非油脂类杂质。脱酸过程是除去油中所含的游离脂肪酸,以及某些色素与胶质等杂质。脱胶所产生的沉淀物,通常称为“油脚”,油脚的主要成分是磷脂、甘油酯及水等。脱酸所产生的沉淀物,通常称为“皂脚”,皂脚的主要成分是皂类、甘油酯及水等。这些副产品经过适当的化学反应,可制成各种精细化工产品,广泛用于食品、药品、化妆品等方面。最近,国外化学工作者研究多种新方法,能有效地提高这些副产品的应用功能与使用价值。本文简要介绍这些新方法。一、粗制大豆油脱胶产物的深加工方法1.原料:粗制大豆油脱胶沉淀物含50%左右水份,要立即进行真空脱水,否则,很快就会变质。真空脱水产物又称“粗制大     

气相色谱质谱联用测定植物油中的非皂化物质

建立了测定植物油中的非皂化成分(角鲨烯及甾醇物质)的气相色谱质谱联用分析方法，其检测限均小于2.00 mg/L,加标回收率为90.12%～112.42%。采用该方法实现了山茶油、大豆油和玉米油的非皂化物质的含量分析。通过分析还表明，山茶油中的豆甾醇与大豆油(或玉米油)中的存在显著差异，而β-谷甾醇在大豆油与玉米油也存在显著差异，提示它们可能是防伪分析的重要参数。所建立的方法具有高效、准确和灵敏的优点，这将为今后用于构建动态数据库中综合评价植物油提供了一种分析方法。     

两种分析食用植物油中抗氧化剂方法的比较

为了比较气相色谱/氢火焰离子化法(GC/FID)和高效液相色谱/二极管阵列法(HPLC/DAD)两种方法对植物油中BHA、BHT、TBHQ三种酚类抗氧化剂含量的检测。样品采用无水乙醇提取、冷冻离心后分别采用C18柱和HP-5毛细管柱进行分离,采用外标法进行定量测定。三种抗氧化剂在0～50 mg/L的浓度范围内线性关系良好。气相色谱法测定BHA、BHT、TBHQ三种成分的平均添加回收率在92.2%～95.1%之间,相对标准偏差在2.45%～3.08%之间,检出限分别为1 mg/kg、1 mg/kg和2 mg/kg。高效液相色谱法测定BHA、BHT、TBHQ三种成分的平均添加回收率在91.5%～94.3%之间,相对标准偏差在2.57%～2.92%之间,检出限分别为4 mg/kg、4 mg/kg和2 mg/kg。两种方法皆准确、灵敏、重现性好,适用于植物油中抗氧化剂的检测。     

GPC净化气相色谱法测定大豆油中的乐果

建立了凝胶色谱净化-气相色谱法测定大豆油中乐果的分析方法。样品经乙酸乙酯+环己烷(1+1)溶解,经凝胶色谱(GPC)净化,利用GC-FPD检测,外标法定量。方法检测限为0.01 mg/kg;加标水平为0.05 mg/kg时,样品平均回收率为86%,相对标准偏差为3.4%。该方法具有操作简单,快速,净化效果好,精密度高,重现性好等优点,可应用于大豆油中的乐果检测。     

生物基植物油及其衍生物改性聚乳酸(PLA)的进展

聚乳酸(PLA)是一种高模量、高强度的生物可降解聚酯，具有较好的生物相容性，但是，PLA存在脆性较大、低韧性、结晶速率低等缺陷限制了其应用。增塑改性能减小分子链间的作用力，提高分子链的运动能力，改善PLA的加工流动性及脆性，其中，植物油及其衍生物是一种可再生的绿色增塑剂。主要介绍了植物油及其衍生物在改性PLA力学性能、结晶行为及加工性能中的应用，重点分析了蓖麻油、环氧大豆油等植物油作为增塑剂增塑PLA的增塑机理及效果。总结了在植物油基增塑剂增塑PLA的过程中，改善增塑剂与基体的相容性、减弱增塑剂迁移的有效方法。同时分析了植物油/填充材料复合改性PLA研究中，填料对增塑剂的增塑行为和材料力学性能的影响。     

用活性炭净化植物油的一种新方法

这是一种精炼植物油的新方法,通过本发明的技术处理,可以使植物油耐贮藏、无臭、无味,颜色适中以及每公斤植物油的磷脂含量低于5 ppm、过氧化物浓度低于2毫当量。具体过程是:将粗制植物油用水进行水化作用脱胶,然后再用酸处理作进一步的脱脂,最后将已脱胶脱脂的这种植物油装入颗粒活性炭床,进行活性炭处理,最后将这     

植物油磷脂酶法脱胶专利技术发展概述

随着生物技术的发展,植物油脱胶技术不仅越来越多样化,技术也更趋成熟,生物酶法脱胶成为新的趋势。尤其是磷脂酶以其高效的生物利用率和良好的环境友好性,已经被广泛应用于植物油脱胶过程,且表现出现。植物油酶法脱胶的相关专利申请与日俱增,针对磷脂酶一些固有缺陷和脱胶方法的技术改进在持续进行,本文从专利技术发展的视角分析概述植物油磷脂酶脱胶技术的发展变迁,以窥望磷脂酶脱胶未来的技术发展方向。     

产磷脂酶菌株的筛选鉴定及其应用

采用磷脂平板初筛和摇瓶复筛,从富油土样中筛选得到一株产磷脂酶菌株BIT-18。经菌株形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定其为荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）。以磷脂标准品（1-棕榈酰-2-油酰-Sn-甘油-3-磷脂酰胆碱）为底物,通过气相色谱分析反应产物的脂肪酸成分,定性鉴定P.fluorescens BIT-18表达的磷脂酶为B型磷脂酶。该酶为低温酶,最适温度和pH值分别为25℃和6.5,低浓度的金属离子有利于其酶促反应进行。以磷脂酶B为催化剂在自制间歇式反应器中对大豆油进行酶法脱胶,在加酶量500 U·kg^-1,加水量2%,温度40℃,pH 4.7的条件下反应6 h,脱胶油磷含量由90.1 mg·kg^-1降至4.6 mg·kg^-1,脱胶率高达94.9%,显示出良好的应用前景。     

改性活性白土精制麻疯树油

利用负载氢氧化钙活性白土和自制的负载柠檬酸活性白土对麻疯树毛油分别进行了脱胶和脱酸精制,考察了不同工艺条件对脱胶、脱酸效果的影响,最后把脱胶、脱酸两个过程一步完成,实现了一步法强化精炼过程。结果表明,一步法精炼后的麻疯树毛油的酸值下降到0.23 mg KOH/g,磷脂含量下降到0.09 mg/g,用精炼油进行碱催化制备的生物柴油,其甲酯质量分数超过99%,效果良好。     

植物油助剂对腐霉利在草莓上连续施药的残留、累积和膳食安全风险影响

[目的]植物油助剂混合农药制剂使用可有效提高农药的初始沉降效率,并减少草莓灰霉病防控的杀菌剂使用量,但对杀菌剂剂量减少程度,及其残留、累积和膳食安全风险的影响尚不清晰。[方法]试验优化了草莓中腐霉利的检测方法,同时对照使用植物油增效剂,评价了腐霉利有效成分在450、450 g/hm2结合植物油助剂和750 g/hm23种施药对照组的动态残留、累积性和草莓的膳食安全风险。[结果]腐霉利3种施药方式的残留均表现出阶梯式下降,450 g/hm2施药剂量下3次施药的拟合初始沉积量分别为0.26、0.66、1.07 mg/kg,加入植物油后分别提高为0.56、1.38、2.00 mg/kg,750 g/hm2时分别为0.89、1.43、2.05 mg/kg,植物油助剂增加了腐霉利的初始沉积量,且随施药次数增加增效越明显。3次施药后拟合残留平均值之比,即累积性分别为1∶2.6∶4.2,1∶2.5∶3.8和1∶1.7∶2.3。3种施药方式腐霉利前2次的半衰期相近,但第3次施药后半衰期分别为23.1、173.3、18.7 d。试验中所有对照组腐霉利7 d后的残留值均符合中国、日本和美国的MRL限量标准,但超过欧盟的限量标准。[结论]植物油助剂提高了杀菌剂沉积效率,农药使用量可降低约60%。植物油和腐霉利连续3次施药会大大延长残留半衰期。膳食安全评价显示3个施药对照组草莓的膳食安全风险均可接受。     

Optimization of enzymatic degumming process for rapeseed oil

An enzymatic process optimization and a largescale plant trial for rapeseed oil degumming were carried out by a novel microbial lipase. Response surface methodology was used to obtain the desired data in the process optimization. Enzyme dosage, temperature, and pH were important determining factors affecting oil degumming. The optimal set of variables was an enzyme dosage of 39.6 mg/kg, a temperature of 48.3°C, and a pH of 4.9. The phosphorus content could be reduced to 3.1 mg/kg at the optimal levels of the tested factors. An enzymatic degumming plant trial was performed on a 400 tons/d oil production line. pH was found to play an important role in degumming performance. When the pH was 4.6–5.1, the corresponding phosphorus content of degummed rapeseed oil could be reduced to less than 10 mg/kg, which met the demands of the physical refining process.     

Degumming rice bran oil using phospholipase‐A1

The efficacy of enzymatic degumming was assessed using the third generation phospholipase‐A₁, Lecitase®‐Ultra (EC 3.1.1.3) from Thermomyces lanuginosa/Fusarium oxysporum with different qualities of crude rice bran oil. The phosphorus content in the oil reduced to ～10 mg/kg from an initial level of 390 mg/kg after 2 h of incubation period at 50°C. However, in the solvent‐phase degumming, there was practically no phospholipid reduction at lower water content (2%) due to the poor contact between the highly nonpolar solvent and the aqueous phase (citric acid, NaOH, and enzyme solutions). Increasing the water content to 20% reduced the phosphorus level in the degummed‐oil to 71 mg/kg but did not match the performance of oil‐phase degumming. The degumming efficiency of Lecitase®‐Ultra was effective in oil‐phase and suitable for practical application. Solvent‐phase enzymatic degumming offers more benefits but needs greater efforts to overcome the challenges.     

Scale-up of canola oil degumming

The chemical degumming of canola oil was optimized using citric acid and maleic anhydride as degumming agents. These chemicals were selected from a group of 54 degumming agents, reported previously. The effect of temperature, chemical addition level, water addition level and contact times was investigated. Best results were obtained at 40 C, using 10 min contact with the chemical, followed by the addition of 2% water and agitation for 20 min. Chemical degumming reduced the residual phosphorus level from 1049 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg using either maleic anhydride or citric acid. Refining tests gave excellent deodorized or hydrogenated products. The optimized reaction conditions were applied to 330 kg test batches of oil in the P.O.S. Pilot Plant. Results were identical to those obtained in the laboratory, indicating that the process may be scaled up readily for industrial application.     

A Comparative Study of Phospholipase A1 and Phospholipase C on Soybean Oil Degumming

The degumming of crude soybean oil with phospholipase A₁ (PLA₁) and phospholipase C (PLC) was studied, and optimal conditions were obtained for each enzyme. During degumming with PLA₁, more fatty acid was found in the oil than would be expected by hydrolysis of only the terminal fatty acid chains, and glycerophosphophorylcholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine were detected in the gums. These observations indicate that acyl‐migration of phospholipid fatty acids occurred during PLA₁ degumming. In addition, results showed that PLA₁ degumming was capable of reducing the phosphorus content in the oil to levels acceptable for physical refining (<10 mg/kg). During degumming with PLC, an increase of 1,2‐diacylglycerol was found, as most phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were hydrolyzed by this enzyme. Treatment with either enzyme slightly decreased the oxidative stability of the oil and most metals were separated with the gums fraction.     

Evaluation of surfactant-aided degumming of vegetable oils by membrane technology

The first step in the process of vegetable oil refining is degumming, in which phospholipids and mucilaginous gums are removed that otherwise result in a low-grade oil. A membrane process is remarkably simple yet potentially offers many advantages in degumming. Studies were conducted on surfactant-aided membrane degumming with soybean and rapeseed oils in a magnetically stirred flat membrane batch cell with different types of microfiltration membranes. The reduction of phospholipids in soybean oil was in the range of 85.8–92.8% during the membrane process. The phosphorus content of membrane permeates of soybean oil was in the range of 20–58 mg/kg. Crude rapeseed oil contained higher amount of nonhydratable phospholipids and hence resulted in lower reduction in phospholipids, in the range of 66.4–83.2%. Addition of hydratable phospholipids could improve the efficiency of degumming in the membrane process without using any electrolyte, resulting in improvement of quality as well as quantity of the phospholipids.     

Insight into the Enzymatic Degumming Process of Soybean Oil

An enzymatic degumming trial of soybean oil was carried out at a capacity of 400 tons/day by applying microbial phospholipase A₁ from Thermomyces lanuginosus/Fusarium oxysporum. When the pH was kept in the range of 4.8–5.1, less than 10 mg/kg of phosphorous content of The oil was obtained. The gum and oil were easily separated after centrifugation and the oil loss was minimal under the process conditions. Through analysis of phospholipids compounds in the gum by Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometer and phosphorous content, it could be seen that both glycerophospholipids and lysophospholipids existed with contents of 45.7 and 54.3%, respectively. The performance of enzymatic degumming was found to be related to the production of glycerophospholipids.     

Immobilization of Phospholipase A<Subscript>1</Subscript> and its Application in Soybean Oil Degumming

Phospholipase A₁ (PLA₁), or Lecitase^® Ultra, was immobilized on three different supports, calcium alginate (CA), calcium alginate-chitosan (CAC), and calcium alginate-gelatin (CAG), and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The results indicated that PLA₁–CA retained 56.2% of the enzyme’s initial activity, whereas PLA₁–CAC and PLA₁–CAG retained 65.5 and 60.2%, respectively. Compared with free PLA₁, the optimal pH of immobilized PLA₁ shifted to the basic side by 0.5–1.0 pH units and the pH/activity profile range was considerably broadened. Similarly, the temperature-optima of PLA₁–CAC and PLA₁–CAG increased from 50 to 60 °C, and their thermal stability increased with relative activities of more than 90% that covered a wider temperature range spanning 50–65 °C. In a batch oil degumming process, the final residual phosphorus content was reduced to less than 10 mg/kg with free PLA₁, PLA₁–CAC and PLA₁–CA in less than 5, 6 and 8 h respectively while PLA₁–CAG was only able to reduce it to 15 mg/kg in 10 h. When the PLA₁–CAC was applied in a plant degumming trial, the final residual phosphorus content was reduced to 9.7 mg/kg with 99.1% recovery of soybean oil. The recoveries of immobilized PLA₁–CAC and activity of PLA₁ were 80.2 and 78.2% respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that PLA₁–CAC was the best immobilized enzyme complex for the continuous hydrolysis of phospholipids in crude vegetable oils.     

Enzymatic Degumming of Crude Jatropha Oil: Evaluation of Impact Factors on the Removal of Phospholipids

Jatropha curcas seeds are rich in non‐edible oil, and this plant has received much interest in recent years, especially with respect to biodiesel production. Owing to the high content of phospholipids, crude jatropha oil has to be refined before further use. Conventional refining processes have several environmental and energetic shortcomings. Thus, the search for alternative degumming methods has become relevant. This study compares the enzymatic degumming of screw‐pressed crude jatropha oil with Lecitase Ultra (phospholipase A1) and LysoMax (phospholipase A2). Degumming with phospholipase A2 was less effective that degumming with phospholipase A1. Phospholipase A1 showed the highest reaction rate at 50 °C, 700 rpm stirring, 3 mL of water per 100 g of oil, and with 75 ppm of added phospholipase. To ensure optimum enzyme activity, the pH was adjusted to 5. The phosphorus content was reduced continuously for reaction times up to 3 h. The residual phosphorus content was found to be independent of its initial level. Laboratory experiments showed that enzymatic degumming of jatropha oil with phospholipase A1 at the adapted parameters enables the phosphorus content to be reduced to levels below 4 ppm.     

Enzymatische Phosphatidentfernung aus Pflanzenölen

The Enzyme-Catalyzed Degumming Process of Vegetable Oils The new degumming process EnzyMax is the first to use a natural enzyme as a biocatalyst for phosphatide removal from vegetable oils. The enzyme Phospholipase A2 splits off the fatty acid linked in the sn-2 position of the phospholipid molecule thus imparting oil-insolubility to the remaining 1-acyl-lysophospholipid and making it amenable to separation. The EnzyMax degumming process can be used on all kinds of oil seed and varying oil qualities with consistently good performance. Even the addition of small enzyme amounts of abt. 700 lecitase units per kg of oil reduces the residual phosphorus concentration to below 10 ppm. As a result, chemical refining can be replaced by physical refining thus eliminating the need for neutralization, soapstock splitting and waste water treatment.