Solvent‐induced partial cyanoethylation and hydroxylation of cyanoethyl group

An investigation has been made on the cyanoethylation of cotton fabric using aqueous sodium hydroxide with acrylonitrile in presence of solvents acetone and ethanol at different concentrations. The hydrolysis of β‐cyanoethyl ether of cyanoethylated fabric in presence of solvents is studied. The rate of hydrolysis is enhanced by acetone and ethanol concentration. The formation of various products during hydrolysis is analyzed by infrared spectroscopy method while scanning electron microscopy follows the variations in surface morphology. Some of the physical and chemical properties are also studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 183–191, 2006     

Comparison of alternative solvents for oils extraction

A comprehensive review of the literature about use of solvents for extraction of oilseeds is presented. Mention has been found of over 70 solvents. Currently, hexane is the major solvent in use, but recent price increases and safety, environmental and health concerns, have generated interest in alternatives. Solvents vary considerably in chemical and physical properties which affect their performance in oil extraction. The choice of solvent depends upon the primary end product desired (oil or meal). Recent research on alternative solvents has focused on ethanol, isopropanol, methylene chloride, aqueous acetone, and hexane/acetone/water mixtures.     

Optimization of Solvent Extraction of Moringa (Moringa Oleifera) Seed Kernel Oil Using Response Surface Methodology

Extraction of seed kernel oil from moringa (Moringa oleifera) was investigated with hexane, petroleum ether and acetone as the first extraction medium at various kernel particle size, extraction temperature and residence time, which were called as independent variables. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of experiments was used to study the effect of solvent type, particle size, extraction temperature and residence time of solvent on the oil yield, which was called as dependent variable. The maximum oil yield of 33.1% for hexane, 31.8% for petroleum ether and 31.1% for acetone was obtained. Among the three solvents, hexane yielded the maximum oil from moringa seed kernels. Among three process parameters studied, particle size had the most significant effect on the oil yield followed by extraction temperature and time for all the solvents. Response surface methodology technique was used to optimize the independent variables for maximum oil extraction. From the optimized values of particle size (0.62 mm), extraction temperature (56.5°C) and residence time (7 h), maximum oil yield obtained was 33.5%, using hexane. Optimized values of independent variables for maximum yield were varied for other two solvents. This protocol provides improved opportunities for the medicinal use of moringa oil in addition to its popularity as a vegetable in south Asia.     

The Viscosity of cottonseed oil,fractionation solvents and their solutions

Cold fractionation of cottonseed oil is made difficult by the high viscosity of the oil. This study was aimed at demonstrating the effect of solvents on the viscosity of mixtures between 0°C and 25°C with a view to facilitating the fractionation of refined cottonseed oil. The solvents used were acetone, methylethylketone, methylisobutylketone, hexane and heptane. Measurements of viscosity were carried out by means of a capillary viscometer. The ratio of the viscosity of cottonseed oil to that of pure solvents is of the order of 300. The viscosities of solutions of various ratios of solvent to oil (1/3, 1/1, 3/1) are between those of cottonseed oil and the pure solvents. The effect of the solvent/oil ratio overrides that of solvent nature. The effect of solvent in reducing the viscosity of cottonseed oil is by descending order: acetone, hexane, methylethylketone, heptane, methylisobutylketone.     

Effect of Solvent Induced One Step Partial Cyano-Hydroxylation Process on Properties of Cotton Fabric

The present study evaluates the effect of fabric material to solvent/acrylonitrile mixture ratio on solvent induced hydroxylation of cyanoethylated cotton fabric using solvents and acrylonitrile mixture. Some of the properties such as shrinkage, percentage of weight gain, diameter and crease recovery were studied. The surface characterization was carried out by SEM, which indicates the variations of its surface morphology after treatment.     

Extraction of Residual Chlorinated Pesticides from Cotton Matrix as Part of a Certification Method for Cotton Reference Material

As a part of developing a certified testing method for residual pesticides analysis in cotton materials using gas chromatography (GC), the target pesticides listed in Oko-tex standards should be isolated from a homogenized cotton matrix. The sample homogeneity and extraction procedures are the most effective steps in this analysis. Any error in this procedure must lead to incorrect results. Two extraction methods with different solvents, e.g., methanol, hexane, hexane/acetone (1:1 v/v), and dichloromethane were used throughout this work. Extraction methods were soxhlet (SOX) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The resulted extracts were concentrated then injected into a GC equipped with an Electron Capture Detector (ECD). The qualitative results, when compared with those of the NIST standard reference material (SRM-2261) certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, proved that the ASE and SOX techniques with dichloromethane as extracting solvent are more selective for all concerned pesticides for homogenized cotton samples. The ASE extraction with dichlormethane is better for hexachlorobenzene, gamma-HCH, heptachlor, Cis-chlordane, trans-nonchlor, and SOX extraction technique with dichloromethane is better for Heptachlor epoxide, 4,4′-DDE, Dieldrin, 2,4′-DDD, 4,4′-DDT, and Mirex with broading in the resulted peaks.     

Nanoparticle generation by intensified solution crystallization using cold plasma

In this study, atmospheric pressure cold plasma (surface dielectric barrier discharge) was used as an alternative energy form to intensify solution crystallization and produce nano-sized organic crystals. Nano-sized particles can have beneficial product properties such as improved internal quality and dissolution rate, compared to conventionally sized crystalline products. In cold plasma intensified crystallization a nebulizer system sprays the solution aerosol into the plasma with the help of a carrier gas. The plasma simultaneously heats and charges the droplets causing fast solvent evaporation and Coulomb-fission to occur, after which nucleation and crystal growth commence within the small, confined volume offered by the small droplets. In this manner, nano-sized crystals of the energetic material RDX and the pharmaceutical niflumic acid were produced.     

Efficient Extraction of Fuel Oil Hydrocarbons from Wood

Abstract

Sequential cold (room temperature) extraction from aged contaminated wood samples (southern yellow pine) with acetone followed by n‐pentane (upon a 3–4 days of sample incubation with each solvent) yielded more than 90% analyte recovery for both ambient (natural moisture content) and water‐submerged wood, significantly exceeding the recoveries obtained with one‐step extraction using single solvents and/or their mixtures. By contrast, a much faster ultrasound/Soxhlet extraction led to a virtually complete analyte recovery while using a 1∶1 mixture of these two solvents. Evidence obtained indicates that a possible role for the first solvent, acetone (in addition to collection of loose analyte), is the removal of an aqueous barrier surrounding the strongly adsorbed hydrocarbon, thus enabling its extraction by the second (non‐polar) solvent. For larger analyte concentrations (>60 mg n‐hexadecane/g wood), the high‐affinity binding sites became saturated (yielding 5–10 mg unrecovered analyte/g wood), and then a single solvent was sufficient for a near‐quantitative extraction.     

Phase relations pertaining to the solvent winterization of cottonseed oil in hexane and in acetone-hexane mixtures

Summary Systematic phase relation data pertaining to the solvent winterization behavior of a refined cottonseed oil have been obtained for two additional solvents; namely, commercial hexane and a mixed solvent consisting of 85% by weight of acetone and 15% of hexane. Graphs have been constructed to show the effect of oil-solvent ratio, chilling temperature, holding-time, and agitation on the percentage of solid removed, the degree of winterization and the settling qualities of the solid separating. These data, with those previously reported for acetone (1), afford a basis for the selection of the optimum conditions and procedures in the application of solvent winterization to cottonseed oil and bring out the relative advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of the three solvents. The acetone-hexane mixture seems to combine the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of either of these solvents alone. One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Crystallization of amorphous poly(lactic acid) induced by organic solvents

Crystallization of amorphous poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was investigated in various organic solvents, such as acetone, ethylacetate, diethylether, tetrahydrofurane, methanol, hexane, toluene, xylene, and o‐dichlorobenene. Most of the solvents, except hexane, induced crystallization of amorphous PLA. Acetone was the most effective solvent to accelerate the crystallization among the solvents used. The crystallization was induced by permeation of acetone into the amorphous phase of PLA, and the permeation obeyed Fick type diffusion. The crystallization rate increased with increasing of conducting temperature. Crystallized PLA formed α crystalline structure. The permeated acetone in the crystallized PLA gradually evaporated as time passes, and the elimination of acetone affected thermal and mechanical properties of the crystallized PLA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Solubilities of the highly soluble gases,propane and butane,in normal paraffin and polar solvents

The solubility of highly soluble gases in both polar and non-polar solvents has been found to approach a mole fraction of unity as the solution temperature is reduced toward the normal boiling point of the dissolved gas. Solubilities of all gases in the polar solvents chlorobenzene, normal butanol and acetone, tend toward a common reference solubility for each solvent as the temperature is increased toward the solvent critical temperature. Solubilities of propane as measured in this work are reported at 0°C, 25°C and 50°C in chlorobenzene, butanol and acetone and at 25°C in hexane and hexadecane, along with solubilities of butane at 5°C, 25°C and 50°C in hexane, heptane, octane, dodecane, hexadecane and butanol. These data, along with those from literature sources, have been utilized in formulating the above generalizations.     

Pentavalent vanadium ion–cellulose thiocarbonate redox-system induced grafting of methyl methacrylate and other vinyl monomers onto cotton fabric

Cellulose thiocarbonate was prepared by reacting cotton cellulose fabric with carbon disulphide in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The treated fabric formed, with pentavalent vanadium ion, an effective redox system capable of initiating grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and other monomers no+o the cotton fabric. The dependence of grafting on vanadium concentration, pH of the polymerization medium, temperature and duration of grafting, nature and concentration of monomer, and solvent/water ratio was studied. The results indicated that increasing the pentavalent vanadium (V^v) concentration up to 60 mmol/L was accompanied by enhancement in the rate of grafting; the latter was not affected by further increase in V^v concentration. Maximum grafting yield was achieved at pH 2; grafting fell greatly at higher pH. The rate of grafting followed the order: 70° > 60° > 50°C. The graft yield increased significantly by increasing the MMA concentration from 0.5 to 5%. Of the solvents studied, n-propanol and isopropanol enhanced the grafting rate provided that a solvent/water ratio of 5 : 95 was used; a higher solvent ratio decreased the magnitude of grafting. Other solvents, namely, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, and acetone, in any proportion, decreased the rate of grafting. With the monomer used, the graft yield followed the order: methyl methacrylate > methyl acrylate > methacrylic acid > ethyl methacrylate > acrylic acid. Also reported was a tentative mechanism for vinyl-graft copolymerization onto cotton fabric using cellulose thiocarbonate-V^v. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Effect of solvent strength and operating pressure on the formation of submicrometer polymer particles in supercritical microjets

A supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process is described which utilizes a mixture of thermodynamically good and poor polymer solvents and micronozzles. Experiments were conducted on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions in a mixture of dichloromethane (DCM) (a good solvent) and acetone (a poor solvent). Decreasing the nozzle diameter and the fluid velocity were shown to favor the disintegration of supercritical jets into drops. Mass transport of CO₂ into, and solvents out of, the falling supercritical drops, rather than mass transport during jet breakup, are found to control the particle formation. Varying the acetone content of the solvent, the nozzle diameter and the jet velocity are demonstrated to provide an efficient method to decrease the particle diameter to several tens of nanometers and smooth their surface irregularities. The proposed method is expected to be applicable to a wide variety of polymers.     

Effect of solvent induced hydroxylation of cyanoethyl group on dye uptake of cotton fabrics

The present investigation deals with the dyeing behavior of solvent induced cyanoethylated cotton fabric. The modified cotton fabric was dyed by conventional method with commercial reactive dye (Drimarene Red). It is observed that acetone induced cyanoethylated samples exhibit higher color values than ethanol treated samples. The effect of nitrogen content on the dye uptake of modified fabric is assessed which shows a good correlation between them. It is obvious that crystallinity has a noticeable effect on the dye uptake of both solvent modified fabrics. For convenience and comparison, a set of samples are also dyed without addition of salt, alkali, and both. It is evident that even without addition of salt, alkali and both the samples exhibit a significant dye uptake. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008     

Semi‐quantitative Study on the Inclusion in Cooling Crystallization of RDX Using Various Solvents

Inclusion entrapped inside the crystals prepared in the cooling crystallization of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) from solution was studied. Effect of supersaturation on the inclusion formation was also studied in crystallization using solvents. Solvents such as acetone (AC), cyclohexanone (CH), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP), γ‐butyrolactone (BL), and their mixtures with water were investigated. The quantitative amount of inclusions entrapped in the RDX crystallized in various solvents was related to the supersaturation. The inclusion fraction in the crystals was affected by the supersaturation and the solvent. In order to decrease the inclusion fraction, in the low supersaturation, AC and CH were recommended, while in high supersaturation, NMP and DMSO were desirable. Eventually the solvent effect on the inclusion was grasped by considering the supersaturation effect.     

Assessment of the dyeing properties of pigments from five fungi and anti‐bacterial activity of dyed cotton fabric and leather

The present study was aimed to assess the anti‐bacterial activity and dyeing property of the pigments obtained from five fungal species. Cotton fabric and leather samples were dyed with the purified pigments and their anti‐bacterial activity was assayed under in‐vitro conditions. Post‐mordant cotton fabric and leather samples exhibited maximum bacterial reduction when compared with the pre‐mordant and dyed samples. Pigment exhaustion, colour coordinates and fastness properties of the dyed cotton fabric and leather samples were also assessed. The toxicity of the pigments was evaluated by seed germination assay.     

黑索今在丙酮-水混合溶剂中介稳区的测定及关联

采用溶析结晶法测定了黑索今在纯丙酮以及丙酮与水混合溶剂中的溶解度与超溶解度,得到了黑索今结晶介稳区。用Apelblat经验方程模拟了黑索今在纯丙酮中溶解特性,用（CNIBS）/Redlich-Kister方程模拟了黑索今在丙酮和水体系中溶解特性,模拟精度均在99%以上。     

Response surface optimization of the purification process of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine explosive via digestion in binary solvent mixtures of acetone/water

The present study introduces a new route for the purification of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) explosive containing cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) impurity, based on the digestion of crude materials in the binary solvent of acetone/water. Here, first, the solubility data, enthalpy of dissolution and mixing of RDX and HMX were determined experimentally in binary solvent. Then, the effects of various factors on the purification of RDX were studied statistically via response surface methodology (RSM) experimental design. In this technique, unlike the solubility data, unexpectedly HMX was dissolved with higher ratio and solid RDX was obtained with purity >99.5 wt.% and improved crystal morphology.     

Solubility of 1-monostearin in various solvents

Summary The practical limits of the solubility of pure monostearin in various solvents at different temperatures has been determined for isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, acetone, methanol, and commercial hexane. The synthetic method was employed, in which the temperature of known quantities of solvent and solute was decreased until crystallization of the solute began. This temperature, corrected for supercooling and heat loss to the surrounding bath, was taken as the equilibrium temperature between the known weight of solute and the known weight of solvent. The solubility-temperature data of monostearin in each of the various solvents are presented both graphically and in tabular form. A comparison of the solubility of monostearin in the various solvents at comparative temperatures indicates that its solubility is greatest in isopropyl alcohol and decreases in the order ethanol, acetone, methanol, and hexane. Presented at the 45th annual meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, San Antonio, Tex., April 12–14, 1954. One of the laboratories of the Southern Utilization Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Cottonseed extraction with mixtures of acetone and hexane

Cottonseed flakes were extracted with mixtures of n-hexane and acetone, with the concentration of acetone varying between 10 and 75%. Adding small amounts of acetone (≤25%) to n-hexane significantly increased the extraction of free and total gossypol from cottonseed flakes. Sensory testing detected no difference in the odor of cottonseed meals produced either by extraction with 100% n-hexane or by extraction with a 10∶90 (vol/vol) mixture of acetone/hexane. More than 80% of the free gossypol was removed by the 10∶90 mixture of acetone/hexane, whereas pure n-hexane extracted about 47% of the free gossypol from cottonseed flakes. A solvent mixture containing 25% acetone removed nearly 90% of the free gossypol that was removable by extraction with pure acetone; the residual meal had only a minimal increase in odor. In contrast, cottonseed meals produced by extraction with pure acetone had a much higher odor intensity. The composition of the cottonseed crude oil was insignificantly affected by the acetone concentration of the extraction solvent. The results indicate that mixtures of acetone and n-hexane can be used as extraction solvents to produce cottonseed crude oil without the concomitant development of odorous meals.