杂多酸/Fe3O4磁性催化剂的制备及其对次甲基蓝溶液的降解

采用浸渍法将磷钨酸、磷钼酸和硅钨酸等杂多酸负载在Fe3O4磁性材料上,并将杂多酸/Fe3O4磁性材料作为光催化剂用于降解次甲基蓝溶液,考察了光源类型（紫外光与太阳光）、杂多酸种类及催化剂用量等对光催化降解效果的影响。结果表明,在250 W汞灯照射、次甲基蓝溶液浓度20 mg·L-1、降解体系pH=5.5、光催化剂用量30 mg和光催化120 min条件下,次甲基蓝降解率达85%,负载型杂多酸/Fe3O4磁性催化剂对次甲基蓝的降解效果明显优于相应单一的Fe3O4或杂多酸催化剂。     

H6P2W18O62/TiO2-SiO2光催化降解有机染料的研究

采用浸渍法制备了H6P2W18/TiO2-SiO2光催化剂,并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD) 、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其进行了表征,通过光催化剂H6P2W18O62/TiO2-SiO2对甲基橙的研究,得出催化剂制备适宜条件为：H6P2W18O62的负载量为30%,催化剂活化温度为200 ℃,煅烧时间为3 h。以光催化降解染料废水甲基橙为探针反应, 探讨了甲基橙初始浓度,催化剂用量、溶液pH值对光催化降解效果的影响以及催化剂的重复使用性能. 结果表明,H6P2W18/TiO2-SiO2光催化剂表现出较高的光催化性能,在催化剂的用量为1.39 g/L,甲基橙溶液初始浓度为5 mg/L, 初始pH=3.5时, 反应时间为2.5 h优化条件下,甲基橙的降解率可达99.2%,且产生了协同效应. H6P2W18O62/TiO2-SiO2光催化剂对亚甲基蓝、罗丹明B和甲基红均具有较高的光催化性能,降解率达84.0%~100.0%. 光催化剂还表现出较好的重复使用性能,第5次降解率仍为94.4%.     

H_6P_2W_(18)O_(62)/TiO_2-SiO_2光催化降解有机染料

采用浸渍法制备了H6P2W18O62/Ti O2-Si O2光催化剂,并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其进行了表征。通过光催化剂H6P2W18O62/Ti O2-Si O2对含甲基橙模拟废水进行处理,结果表明,H6P2W18O62/Ti O2-Si O2光催化剂表现出较高的光催化性能,在催化剂用量为1.39 g/L,甲基橙溶液质量浓度为5 mg/L,初始p H=3.5,反应时间2.5 h的条件下,甲基橙的降解率可达99.2%,且产生了协同效应。H6P2W18O62/Ti O2-Si O2光催化剂对罗丹明B、亚甲基蓝和甲基红均具有较高的光催化性能,降解率达84.0%~100.0%。光催化剂还表现出较好的重复使用性能,第5次降解率仍为94.4%。     

AgBr/Zn_3(OH)_2V_2O_7·2H_2O可见光催化降解亚甲基蓝溶液

采用水热和沉淀两步合成法制备AgBr/Zn_3(OH)_2V_2O_7·2H_2O催化剂,研究其在可见光下降解亚甲基蓝溶液的性能,并考察催化剂用量、亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度、p H值以及盐浓度对光催化性能的影响,评价AgBr/Zn_3(OH)_2V_2O_7·2H_2O催化剂的重复使用性能。结果表明,在前驱液pH为10、120℃水热10 h、Ag与Br物质的量比为0. 20条件下制备的复合催化剂在可见光下反应120 min后,1. 0 g·L~(-1)的催化剂对10 mg·L~(-1)的亚甲基蓝溶液脱色率达到85. 2%。NaCl对亚甲基蓝的降解起抑制作用,Na_2SO_4对亚甲基蓝的降解起促进作用。催化剂重复使用4次后,光照120 min后的亚甲基蓝溶液脱色率可达66. 4%。催化剂对不同初始浓度亚甲基蓝溶液的光催化降解符合一级动力学模型。     

CdS基光催化剂的并行合成及高通量筛选

材料基因组技术可以显著提高催化剂筛选速度,节约研发成本。文中研制了一套水热/溶剂热并行合成装置,发展了一种并行合成粉末样品的方法,并利用有色亚甲基蓝染料为目标降解物,高通量筛选CdS基复合光催化剂。结果表明:所研制的多通道反应器具有良好的温度一致性,适用于水热/溶剂热并行合成粉末材料;以CdS为目标产物并结合相关物性表征,成功验证所研制水热/溶剂热并行合成装置的有效性;通过有色染料亚甲基蓝的降解,高通量筛选出最优催化剂,当MoS_2负载量为0.05%时,其可见光下亚甲基蓝溶液降解效率可达100%。     

Bi2O3光催化氧化降解亚甲基蓝的动力学研究

以Bi2O3作为光催化剂,进行了亚甲基蓝光催化氧化降解的动力学研究,得出亚甲基蓝降解的动力学方程,并利用L-H方程研究亚甲基蓝的降解,讨论了亚甲基蓝初始浓度、催化剂用量、溶液pH值和H2O2用量对光催化降解速率的影响。     

SnWO4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂降解亚甲基蓝溶液

采用溶剂热法制备SnWO_4/g-C_3N_4复合光催化剂,在可见光降解亚甲基蓝实验中研究复合催化剂的光催化性能。考察催化剂投加量、亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度、溶液pH值、盐效应对光催化性能的影响及SnWO_4/g-C_3N_4复合光催化剂的重复利用性。实验结果表明,在催化剂投加量1.0 g·L~(-1)、亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度15 mg·L~(-1)和溶液pH值7.08时,在可见光条件下反应3 h,亚甲基蓝溶液脱色率达到94.2%;NaCl对光催化降解亚甲基蓝具有抑制作用,加入10 mmol·L~(-1)的NaCl溶液后亚甲基蓝的脱色率降为76.0%;复合光催化剂循环使用5次后,暗吸附后光照3 h,亚甲基蓝溶液的总脱色率仍可达到78.7%,重复利用性良好。     

钒掺杂铜基、铁基双金属催化剂的非均相芬顿氧化性能

为了合理设计有效的非均相芬顿催化剂,本研究采用溶剂热法合成了两种钒掺杂双金属催化剂,并比较了它们的非均相芬顿降解亚甲基蓝的性能。还通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等技术手段对样品进行了表征。结果显示,两种催化剂对酸性到碱性（pH=3~10）的亚甲基蓝溶液均有较好的降解效果,Cu-V复合材料在pH=10时对亚甲基蓝的去除率最高,达到95.60%;Fe-V复合材料在pH=3时对亚甲基蓝的去除率最高,达到96.60%。Cu-V、Fe-V复合材料均具有良好的重复利用性,在pH=7的条件下连续运行六次后,对亚甲基蓝的去除率仍分别保持在79.16%和68.22%。对催化反应体系的机理进行了初步探讨,羟基自由基是主要的活性物种,两种催化剂的催化机理略有不同。     

氧化铝-氧化石墨烯复合材料制备及性能研究

采用超声溶剂热法制备氧化石墨烯-氧化铝复合材料,用于催化降解亚甲基蓝。结果表明,氧化石墨烯-氧化铝复合材料可作为光催化剂或吸附剂来去除有机染料污染物,氧化石墨烯的引入使氧化铝催化剂催化活性提高;当初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度为10 mg/L时,光照射335 min后亚甲基蓝的降解可达90%;降解率随初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度的增加而减小;氧化石墨烯-氧化铝具有很高的可见光催化活性和稳定性。     

氧化铝-氧化石墨烯复合材料制备及性能研究

采用超声溶剂热法制备氧化石墨烯-氧化铝复合材料,用于催化降解亚甲基蓝。结果表明,氧化石墨烯-氧化铝复合材料可作为光催化剂或吸附剂来去除有机染料污染物,氧化石墨烯的引入使氧化铝催化剂催化活性提高;当初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度为10 mg/L时,光照射335 min后亚甲基蓝的降解可达90%;降解率随初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度的增加而减小;氧化石墨烯-氧化铝具有很高的可见光催化活性和稳定性。     

Preparation of carbon-coated W18O49 and its photoactivity under visible light

Carbon-coated W₁₈O₄₉ powders were prepared from the mixture of para-ammonium tungstate with poly(vinyl alcohol) by heat treatment in inert atmosphere at a temperature between 750 and 900 °C for 1 h. The synthesized W₁₈O₄₉ crystals had prismatic morphology in small size, less than 0.5 μm in diameter and about 1 μm in length. Carbon-coated W₁₈O₄₉ was shown to have photoactivity under visible light irradiation by comparing the concentration changes of methylene blue, phenol and dimethylsulfoxide with time under the irradiation of visible light to that in the dark. Photoactivity of W₁₈O₄₉ was supposed to be due to the formation of OH radicals on the basis of the degradation of dimethylsulfoxide, its quantitative transformation to methanesulfonic acid. Carbon coating seemed to have various roles: to reduce WO₃ to W₁₈O₄₉, to inhibit the sintering and crystal growth of W₁₈O₄₉ to keep them small size, and also to concentrate pollutants around W₁₈O₄₉ crystal by adsorption.     

Photocatalytic degradation of aqueous organocholorine pesticide on the layered double hydroxide pillared by Paratungstate A ion, Mg12Al6(OH)36(W7O24)·4H2O

Layered double hydroxide pillared by Paratungstate A ion, Mg₁₂Al₆(OH)₃₆(W₇O₂₄)·4H₂O, was prepared via anion exchange reaction of the synthetic precursor, Mg₄Al₂(OH)₁₂TA·xH₂O (TA²⁻=terephthalate), and [W₇O₂₄]⁶⁻ ion. Some physico-chemical properties were measured and the preparation conditions were studied. Trace aqueous organocholorine pesticide, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), was totally degraded and mineralized into CO₂ and HCl by irradiating a Mg₁₂Al₆(OH)₃₆(W₇O₂₄)·4H₂O suspension in the near UV area. Disappearance of trace HCH follows Langmuir–Hinshelwood first-order kinetics. The model and mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation of HCH on the Mg₁₂Al₆(OH)₃₆(W₇O₂₄)·4H₂O were proposed, indicating that the interlayer space is the reaction field, and that photogeneration of OH√ radicals are responsible for the degradation pathway.     

Preparation and characterization of LaCrO3 and Cr2O3 methane combustion catalysts supported on LaAl11O18- and Al2O3-coated monoliths

A series of LaAl₁₁O₁₈- and Al₂O₃-supported LaCrO₃ and Cr₂O₃ combustion catalysts was prepared. Different active phase–support combinations were prepared and applied to cordierite monoliths. The washcoat materials were aged in flowing humid air at temperatures between 1100°C and 1400°C, after which they were characterized by BET, XRD, TPR, and EDS. The monolith catalysts were evaluated in methane combustion. The presence of an active phase retarded sintering of the Al₂O₃ support, whereas the active phase slightly decreased the thermal stability of LaAl₁₁O₁₈. X-ray measurements revealed extensive interaction between support and active phase in the washcoat materials. A substituted perovskite, LaCr_1−xAl_xO₃, is proposed to be formed in nearly all samples containing both lanthanum and chromium. The accessibility of chromium decreased rapidly after aging. The activities of the Al₂O₃-supported catalysts were higher than of those supported on LaAl₁₁O₁₈, which was related to the higher surface area of the former.     

ZrO2/SiO2- and La2O3/Al2O3-supported platinum catalysts for CH4/CO2 reforming

Surface-phase ZrO₂ on SiO₂ (SZrOs) and surface-phase La₂O₃ on Al₂O₃ (SLaOs) were prepared with various loadings of ZrO₂ and La₂O₃, characterized and used as supports for preparing Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts. CH₄/CO₂ reforming over the Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts was examined and compared with Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/SiO₂ catalysts. CO₂ or CH₄ pulse reaction/adsorption analysis was employed to elucidate the effects of these surface-phase oxides.

The zirconia can be homogeneously dispersed on SiO₂ to form a stable surface-phase oxide. The lanthana cannot be spread well on Al₂O₃, but it forms a stable amorphous oxide with Al₂O₃. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts showed higher steady activity than did Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ by a factor of three to four. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts were also much more stable than the Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts for long stream time and for reforming temperatures above 700 °C. These findings were attributed to the activation of CO₂ adsorbed on the basic sites of SZrOs and SLaOs.     

Preparation and structural characterization of Co/Al2O3 catalysts for the ozonation of pyruvic acid

A series of Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method using γ-Al₂O₃ support and (CH₃COO)₂Co·4H₂O solutions, followed by calcination at 500–800 °C. Characterization of catalysts was accomplished by several techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), physisorption of nitrogen, mercury and helium-based pycnometries, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and pH of zero charge (PZC). Impregnation of support produced a moderate decrease of its surface area and pore volume and also led to minor changes of its PZC. Depending on preparation conditions (i.e., calcination atmosphere and temperature and metal loading), one or more of the following Co-containing compounds were identified: CoO, Co₃O₄ and CoAl₂O₄. The support and prepared Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts were tested to catalyze the ozonation of aqueous pyruvic acid at pH 2.5. Pyruvic acid was shown refractory towards single ozonation but the use of γ-Al₂O₃ and Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts resulted in 56–96% pyruvic acid conversion and 41–78% decrease in DOC after 2 h of ozonation of phosphate-buffered solutions. In the absence of the buffer, conversion rate was enhanced likely as a result of pH increase during the course of the process thus giving rise to the indirect way of ozonation through hydroxyl radicals. Acetic acid was found as the main by-product of pyruvic acid ozonation. Depending on the catalyst used, yield of acetic acid varied from 32 to 49%, values noticeably lower that that obtained from the control non-catalytic ozonation experiment (73%). Differences in catalytic activity amongst the various Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts investigated were attributed to the different Co active phases deposited on the γ-Al₂O₃ surface. The following sequence of increasing activity can be inferred from experimental results: CoO, CoAl₂O₄ and Co₃O₄. All the Co/Al₂O₃ catalysts prepared showed good stability as the percentage of cobalt leached out was rather low.     

Characterization and catalytic activity of Pd/V2O5/Al2O3 catalysts on benzene total oxidation

The role of vanadium oxide and palladium on the benzene oxidation reaction over Pd/V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ catalysts was investigated. The Pd/V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ catalysts were more active than V₂O₅/Al₂O₃ and Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts. The increase of vanadium oxide content decreased the Pd dispersion and increased the benzene conversion. A strong Pd particle size effect on benzene oxidation reaction was observed. Although the catalysts containing high amount of V⁴⁺ species were more active, the Pd particle size effect was responsible for the higher activity.     

Ethylene dimerization over NiSO4 supported on Fe2O3-promoted ZrO2 catalyst

The NiSO₄ supported on Fe₂O₃-promoted ZrO₂ catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method. Fe₂O₃-promoted ZrO₂ was prepared by the coprecipitation method using a mixed aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride and iron nitrate solution followed by adding an aqueous ammonia solution. No diffraction line of nickel sulfate was observed up to 20 wt.%, indicating good dispersion of nickel sulfate on the surface of Fe₂O₃–ZrO₂. The addition of nickel sulfate (or Fe₂O₃) to ZrO₂ shifted the phase transition of ZrO₂ (from amorphous to tetragonal) to higher temperatures because of the interaction between nickel sulfate (or Fe₂O₃) and ZrO₂. 15-NiSO₄/5-Fe₂O₃–ZrO₂ containing 15 wt.% NiSO₄ and 5 mol% Fe₂O₃, and calcined at 500 °C exhibited a maximum catalytic activity for ethylene dimerization. NiSO₄/Fe₂O₃–ZrO₂ catalysts was very effective for ethylene dimerization even at room temperature, but Fe₂O₃–ZrO₂ without NiSO₄ did not exhibit any catalytic activity at all. The catalytic activities were correlated with the acidity of catalysts measured by the ammonia chemisorption method. The addition of Fe₂O₃ up to 5 mol% enhanced the acidity, surface area, thermal property, and catalytic activities of catalysts gradually, due to the interaction between Fe₂O₃ and ZrO₂ and due to consequent formation of Fe–O–Zr bond.     

The role of lanthana loading on the catalytic properties of Pd/Al2O3-La2O3 in the NO reduction with H2

The role of La₂O₃ loading in Pd/Al₂O₃-La₂O₃ prepared by sol–gel on the catalytic properties in the NO reduction with H₂ was studied. The catalysts were characterized by N₂ physisorption, temperature-programmed reduction, differential thermal analysis, temperature-programmed oxidation and temperature-programmed desorption of NO.

The physicochemical properties of Pd catalysts as well as the catalytic activity and selectivity are modified by La₂O₃ inclusion. The selectivity depends on the NO/H₂ molar ratio (GHSV = 72,000 h⁻¹) and the extent of interaction between Pd and La₂O₃. At NO/H₂ = 0.5, the catalysts show high N₂ selectivity (60–75%) at temperatures lower than 250 °C. For NO/H₂ = 1, the N₂ selectivity is almost 100% mainly for high temperatures, and even in the presence of 10% H₂O vapor. The high N₂ selectivity indicates a high capability of the catalysts to dissociate NO upon adsorption. This property is attributed to the creation of new adsorption sites through the formation of a surface PdO_x phase interacting with La₂O₃. The formation of this phase is favored by the spreading of PdO promoted by La₂O₃. DTA shows that the phase transformation takes place at temperatures of 280–350 °C, while TPO indicates that this phase transformation is related to the oxidation process of PdO: in the case of Pd/Al₂O₃ the O₂ uptake is consistent with the oxidation of PdO to PdO₂, and when La₂O₃ is present the O₂ uptake exceeds that amount (1.5 times). La₂O₃ in Pd catalysts promotes also the oxidation of Pd and dissociative adsorption of NO mainly at low temperatures (<250 °C) favoring the formation of N₂.     

Exchange and oxidation of CO on O-predosed Rh---Al2O3 and Rh---CeO2 catalysts

Exchange and oxidation of C¹⁶O were investigated at 450°C on ¹⁸O-predosed Rh and Pt catalysts supported on A1₂O₃, CeO₂ and CeO₂-Al₂O₃. In all cases, a rapid exchange of C¹⁶O with the surface can be observed. CO oxidation leads to C¹⁶O₂, C¹⁶O¹⁸O and C¹⁸O₂. Significant formation of C¹⁶O₂ is due to the relatively high ¹⁶O coverage in reaction resulting from the C¹⁶O exchange and from an exchange between O surface species and ¹⁶O internal atoms. Hydrogen is also formed via a water-gas shift reaction (CO + surface OH) in higher proportion on CeO₂-containing catalysts than on A1₂O₃. Chlorine inhibits all the reactions (exchange, oxidation and WGS) and particularly the internal exchange.     

SO2 resistant antimony promoted V2O5/TiO2 catalyst for NH3-SCR of NOx at low temperatures

To get the low temperature sulfur resistant V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts quantum chemical calculation study was carried out. After selecting suitable promoters (Se, Sb, Cu, S, B, Bi, Pb and P), respective metal promoted V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunner Emmett Teller surface area (BET-SA). Se, Sb, Cu, S promoted V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts showed high catalytic activity for NH₃ selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) of NO_x carried at temperatures between 150 and 400 °C. The conversion efficiency followed in the order of Se > Sb > S > V₂O₅/TiO₂ > Cu but Se was excluded because of its high vapor pressure. An optimal 2 wt% ‘Sb’ loading was found over V₂O₅/TiO₂ for maximum NO_x conversion, which also showed high resistance to SO₂ in presence of water when compared to other metal promoters. In situ electrical conductivity measurement was carried out for Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ and compared with commercial W(10%)V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst. High electrical conductivity difference (ΔG) for Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst with temperature was observed. SO₂ deactivation experiments were carried out for Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ and W(10%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ at a temperature of 230 °C for 90 h, resulted Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ was efficient catalyst. BET-SA, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis of spent catalysts well proved the presence of high ammonium sulfate salts over W(10%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ than Sb(2%)/V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst.