Viscous healing of Vickers indentation–induced cracks in glass

Viscous healing of cracks induced by the Vickers indentation in a soda lime magnesium silicate, a soda borosilicate, and a soda aluminosilicate glass (NAS) was studied by laser scanning microscopy. Plots of the crack length, width, and depth normalized to the initial crack length versus time over viscosity merge into single master curves of each of these quantities for each glass. Despite glass properties do not differ strikingly from each other, however, these master curves strongly differ among the glasses. This finding was attributed to a different interplay of various crack healing phenomena. Lateral cracks were found to be responsible for the bulging of the sample surface around the Vickers imprint, which in turn promotes radial crack widening as the main cause of healing delay. The most rapid healing of lateral cracks was observed in NAS in which bulging and crack widening were least pronounced.     

Spatial distribution of nucleated bubbles in molten glasses undergoing coalescence and growth

Two‐dimensional spatial distributions and growths of nucleated bubbles during the re‐melting of “float” glass samples are experimentally investigated. To follow the bubble population undergoing coalescence, the temporal behavior of the Voronoï tessellation built by the bubble positions are monitored. During coalescence, the Voronoï cell areas are fitted by a single‐parameter Gamma distribution. Numerical time simulation of population of bubbles undergoing coalescence shows an exponential increase in the parameter associated to the Gamma distribution with the fraction of coalesced bubbles in agreement with experimental observation. An initial density of nuclei is then estimated; direct observation would require an extremely high space resolution. The bubble number density is two orders of magnitude larger on the side which was in contact with tin bath than on the other side in contact with atmosphere. Moreover, bubbles grow faster on tin side. From a thermodynamic and mass transfer models, we prove that tin reduces the glass former liquid which leads to an increase in dissolved sulfur explaining the more abundant bubble population and the enhanced growth rate on tin side.     

Densification Energy during Nanoindentation of Silica Glass

Load/unload displacement curves at room temperature (humidity 49%) for silica glass have been measured in the penetration range of 0.5–1.2 μm using a Vickers nanoindentation technique (load/unload speed 50 mN/s). Deformation energies have been estimated for the first time. The universal (dynamic) hardness, H _u, and elastic recovery, E _R, at the penetration depth, h _t, of 1.0 μm are H _u= 4.1 GPa and E _R= 0.7. The following energies for total deformation, U _t, elastic deformation, U _e, and plastic deformation (i.e., densification during loading), U _p, are obtained: U _t=190, U _e=135 and U _p= 55 kJ/mol at h _t= 0.5 μm and U _t= 139, U _e= 96 and U _p= 43 kJ/mol at h _t=1.0 μm. All these deformation energies increase with decreasing penetration depth. It is found that plastic deformation energies of 38–55 kJ/mol for 0.5 < h _t < 1.2 μm are very close to the activation energy (46–54 kJ/mol) for the recovery of densification in silica glass, but are very small compared with the single bond strength (443 kJ/mol for Si—O bond) of SiO₂.     

Mechanism of Mechanical Strength Increase of Soda–Lime Glass by Aging

Two models have been proposed to explain the mechanical strength increase of abraded or indented soda–lime glasses upon aging, namely, crack tip blunting and the release of residual tensile stress near the crack tip. To clarify the mechanism, the time dependence of the strengthening of an abraded soda–lime glass was investigated. Effects of aging media, such as moist air, distilled water, 1 N HCI and 1 N NaOH solutions, as well as the abrasion flaw depth, were determined. The strength increase rate in water of abraded soda–lime glass was compared with those of borosilicate and high-silica glasses. The effect of stressing during aging was also investigated. It was found that the rate of strength increase was faster with decreasing abrasion flaw depth and with decreasing chemical durability. For a given flaw depth, an acidic solution produced the fastest strengthening. The strengthening rate was found to accelerate because of the "coaxing'effect of stressing during aging. From these observations, it was concluded that the strengthening rates relate to the diffusion process and chemical reactions, especially the alkali–hydrogen (or hydronium) ion-exchange reaction, near the crack tip. The role of the residual tensile stress appears to be similar to that of the applied tensile stress, helping the diffusion process near the crack tip. The observed strength increase of soda–lime glass by aging was thus attributed to the effective blunting of the crack tip geometry by the glass–water reaction.     

钠钙玻璃熔窑应慎用全氧燃烧技术

通过对普通空气助燃熔窑和全氧燃烧熔窑的对比分析,指出在国内以火力发电为主的现状下,对熔化率高、熔化能耗低及产品产值不高的普通钠钙玻璃熔窑,采用全氧燃烧技术后不能节能,氮氧化物减排效果不明显,成本也有所提高,目前应慎重选用全氧燃烧技术;对于熔制质量要求高、熔化能耗较大及产品产值高的特种玻璃,采用全氧燃烧技术后节能和NOx减排明显,成本降低,经济效益和社会效益好,可考虑逐步推行全氧燃烧技术。     

Effect of Water Content on the Electrical Conductivity of Sodium Trisilicate Glasses

The effect of variations in water content on the direct-current electrical conductivity of Na₂O · 3SiO₂ glass was measured. Increasing the water content of this glass from 10 to 500 wt ppm of H₂O results in an increase in the resistivity of a factor of 2 to 3. The increase in resistivity is accompanied by an increase in the activation energy for conduction. Increasing resistivity with increasing water content is attributed to decreasing molar volume. Under identical annealing conditions, "wetter" glasses relax to a smaller molar volume (greater density) because of the presence of a larger number of "terminal" hydroxyl species that allow structural relaxation to continue to lower temperatures.     

Aluminum‐enhanced alkali diffusion from float glass to PVD‐sputtered silica thin films

Interdiffusion processes between aluminum enriched PVD‐sputtered silica thin films and industrial float soda‐lime silicate glass substrates are quantitatively studied using SIMS analysis. Heat treatments are performed at temperatures close or above the glass transition temperature of the float glass. Aluminum doping of the film is shown to strongly increase the migration of alkali from the glass substrate to the silica thin film. In particular the final alkali content in the film exhibits a linear scaling with the aluminum concentration. An interdiffusion process is evidenced between bulk alkali ions and protons originating from a significant water content in the as‐deposited silica film. Experimental measurements of sodium concentration are shown to be consistent with a simple thermodynamic model based on the equilibration of the activity of sodium between the film and the glass substrate.     

Origin of the Static Fatigue Limit in Oxide Glasses

Oxide glasses exhibit slow crack growth under stress intensities below the fracture toughness in the presence of water vapor or liquid water. The log of crack velocity decreases linearly with decreasing stress intensity factor in Region I. For some glasses, at a lower stress intensity, K_o, log v asymptotically diminishes where there is no measurable crack growth. The same glasses exhibit static fatigue, or a decreasing strength for increasing static loading times, as cracks grow and stress intensity eventually reaches the fracture toughness. In this case, some glasses exhibit a low stress below which no fatigue/failure is observed. The absence of slow crack growth under a low stress intensity factor is called the fatigue limit. Currently, no satisfactory explanation exists for the origin of the fatigue limit. We show that the surface stress relaxation mechanism, which is promoted by molecular water diffusion near the glass surface, may be the origin of the fatigue limit. First, we hypothesize that the slowing down of slow crack growth takes place due to surface stress relaxation during slow crack growth near the static fatigue limit. The applied stress intensity becomes diminished by a shielding stress intensity due to relaxation of crack tip stresses, thus resulting in a reduced crack velocity. This diminishing stress intensity factor should result in a crack growth rate near the static fatigue limit that decreases in time. By performing Double Cantilever Beam crack growth measurements of a soda‐lime silicate glass, a decreasing crack growth rate was measured. These experimental observations indicate that surface stress relaxation is causing crack velocities to asymptotically become immeasurably small at the static fatigue limit. Since the surface stress relaxation was shown to take place for various oxide glasses, the mechanism for fatigue limit explained here should be applicable to various oxide glasses.     

稀土离子掺杂钠钙硅玻璃的光学性能和光谱特性

通过分光光度计和荧光光谱仪分别测试了几种稀土离子在钠钙硅玻璃中的光学性能和光谱特性,总结了不同稀土离子的吸收峰、发射峰及对应的能级跃迁。结果表明:Ce、Sm、Eu、Tb和Dy 5种稀土离子吸收紫外光并发射可见荧光;Sm、Dy和Yb 3种稀土离子吸收近红外光。     

Molecular dynamics study on nano‐particles reinforced oxide glass

Energy release rate and fracture toughness of amorphous aluminum nanoparticles reinforced soda‐lime silica glass (SLSG) were measured by performing fracture simulations of a single‐notched specimen via molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation procedure was first applied to conventional oxide glasses and the accuracy was verified with comparing to experimental data. According to the fracture simulations on three models of SLSG/‐Al₂O₃ composite, it was found that the crack propagation in the composites is prevented through following remarkable phenomena; one is that a‐Al₂O₃ nanoparticles increase fracture surface area by disturbing crack propagation. The other is that the deformation of a‐Al₂O₃ nanoparticle dissipates energy through cracking. Moreover, one of the models shows us that the crack cannot propagate if the initial notch is generated inside a‐Al₂O₃ nanoparticle. Such strengthening is partly due to the fact that the strength of the interface between nanoparticle and SLSG matrix is comparable to that of SLSG matrix, implying that their interface does not reduce crack resistance of the oxide glass.     

预热工艺对钢化玻璃性能的影响

在不同的预热条件(其它条件相同)下,利用双室强对流水平钢化炉对6 mm白玻进行钢化处理,分析了预热参数对钢化玻璃性能的影响,并对结果进行了讨论.     

钢化真空玻璃球形支撑的玻璃压痕应力场理论及分析

针对钢化真空玻璃球形支撑物对玻璃压痕的应力场分布问题,采用接触力学,对Hertzian压痕方程进行了修正,推导了三维应力场方程,同时,对完全发展的锥形裂纹的应力强度因子进行了数值求解。结果表明,在球体与玻璃接触区域内,所有的主应力都是压应力,主应力σ₁导致了裂纹的萌生,而主应力σ₂形成了环形裂纹。与玻璃表面正交的最小主应力从接触边缘向外偏离,形成的近似平行的曲线即为锥形裂纹的形状,而最大拉应力总是垂直于这些曲线。因此,在最大主拉应力的作用下,球体加载后裂纹遵循最小主应力的轨迹。裂纹尖端的应力强度因子决定了断裂韧性,随着裂纹的扩展,应力强度因子减小,在离表面一定距离后,应力强度因子达到临界值,裂纹停止。不同压痕载荷下的归一化应力强度因子是一组具有相似形状的曲线。