改性氧化铁脱硫剂脱除羰基硫性能的研究

制备了一种采用碳酸盐活性组分浸渍改性的氧化铁脱硫剂,考察了活性组分负载量、原料气空速、水汽含量以及氧气含量对改性脱硫剂活性的影响.结果表明,在室温(10～30℃)、常压、原料气空速1000 h-1、原料气中水汽含量1%以及无氧的条件下,改性后氧化铁脱硫荆的COS硫客达到3%,且改性后脱硫剂对硫化氢和二硫化碳的脱除能力也有一定的提高.对新鲜和失活脱硫剂进行红外光谱表征,结果表明,COS在脱除过程中氧化生成的硫酸盐毒化了表面碱性羟基活性住是脱硫剂失活的直接原因.     

转化吸收型氧化锌基脱硫剂脱除H2S和COS性能

以前驱物工业活性ZnO和碱式碳酸锌分解的ZnO为脱硫剂活性组分,在引入结构助剂γ-Al_2O_3、碱性助剂K2CO3改性的基础上,制备出转化吸收型氧化锌基脱硫剂。在300℃、空速2000h–1及常压下,考察了活性组分ZnO前驱物种类及不同前驱物制备的助剂γ-Al_2O_3对氧化锌基脱硫剂脱除硫化物性能的影响。结果表明:改性氧化锌基脱硫剂的孔隙结构和碱性显著影响其脱硫性能。与工业活性ZnO制备的氧化锌脱硫剂相比,以碱式碳酸锌分解的ZnO制备的脱硫剂对硫化氢的脱除效率和穿透硫容更高,穿透硫容约增加10倍。不同前驱物制备的γ-Al_2O_3对氧化锌基脱硫剂脱硫性能有较大影响。其中,拟薄水铝石分解的γ-Al_2O_3显著提高了氧化锌基脱硫剂脱硫性能,穿透硫容达12.18%。以碱式碳酸锌分解ZnO为活性组分,添加拟薄水铝石分解的γ-Al_2O_3和碱性助剂K2CO3制备的改性氧化锌基脱硫剂对COS的脱除起到转化与吸收作用,COS转化率达99.98%,穿透硫容为4.03%。     

不同模板剂对纳米氧化铁形貌及硫化性能的影响

以Fe(NO_3)_3·9H_2O和CO(NH_2)_2为原料,添加不同模板剂,即丙三醇、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和酒石酸,由水热反应制得纯相α-Fe_2O_3。采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、氮吸附(BET)表征手段对产物的物相组成、微观形貌及孔结构进行了分析与对比。结果表明,添加丙三醇、CTAB及酒石酸为模板剂后,分别得到具有棒状、球状及长方体形貌的α-Fe_2O_3。利用微型固定床硫化装置对不同模板剂制备的纳米α-Fe_2O_3分别进行脱除H_2S的实验,结果表明,添加3种模板剂后得到的脱硫剂都具有较高的硫化性能。其中,添加酒石酸得到的α-Fe_2O_3的孔隙结构更加丰富,其硫化性能要优于另外两种,穿透时间可达到350min,硫容为11.5g/100g。本文通过添加不同的模板剂,制备得到了具有不同形貌的脱硫剂活性组分,提高了硫化性能,为实现脱硫剂高效脱硫提供了思路。     

微波固相法制备ZnFe_2O_4脱硫剂及其脱硫性能研究

采用乙酸锌、硝酸铁以及乙二酸为原料合成铁酸锌前驱体,以红土为黏结剂,采用微波固相法合成铁酸锌脱硫剂。通过单因素法考察球磨时间、焙烧温度、焙烧时间以及活性组分含量对脱硫剂脱硫性能的影响,同时利用响应面法对脱硫剂制备条件进行优化得到最佳制备条件。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮吸附(BET)方法对脱硫剂的新鲜样和硫化样的物相组成、结构、孔结构进行表征。铁酸锌脱硫剂的最佳制备条件为:活性组分质量分数30%、焙烧温度505℃、焙烧时间65 min、球磨时间30 min;此条件下制备的脱硫剂脱硫效果好,硫容达到8.7%,脱硫效率为72.07%。     

铁锰高温煤气脱硫剂的程序升温还原(TPR)行为研究

考察了Fe-Mn复合氧化物脱硫剂的H2-TPR和CO-TPR还原行为,并与氧化铁和氧化锰脱硫剂的还原行为进行比较。结果表明:氧化锰脱硫剂较氧化铁脱硫剂更易被H2还原;焙烧温度从300℃升高到500℃,脱硫剂中氧化锰活性组分还原性变弱,但对氧化铁活性组分还原性影响不大;焙烧温度升高至750℃,脱硫剂还原性变弱。随着脱硫剂中锰相对含量的增大,脱硫剂的还原性变强,还原峰前移。铁锰摩尔比对脱硫剂中氧化铁活性组分的CO-TPR还原行为影响不大,但对活性组分氧化锰的还原行为有一定影响。     

微波对ZnFe_2O_4高温煤气脱硫剂结构的影响

采用固定床硫化装置评价了微波和常规焙烧方式所得铁酸锌煤气脱硫剂的脱硫性能,发现微波焙烧方式制备的脱硫剂表现出更好的脱硫活性,这主要是由该焙烧方式下的微波效应引起的。采用XRD、XPS、氮吸附、SEM等表征手段对新鲜脱硫剂和硫化后脱硫剂的结构进行深入分析,结果表明:与传统方式相比,微波煅烧所得脱硫剂活性组分分散性较好且在硫化前后具更大的比表面和孔容,同时单位硫容对应的比表面(或孔容)降低程度较小,这显然有利于硫化再生过程中的反应与传质;微波焙烧也使金属原子核外层电子层密度增大、表面金属原子和所含活性晶格氧含量增高,这对H2S的吸附和脱硫剂表面的硫化反应非常有利。此外,微波煅烧所得脱硫剂硫化后Fe1-xS(Fe0.9S,Fe0.88S)的含量少于常规方式制备的脱硫剂,这有利于脱硫剂后续的氧化再生。     

高温煤气脱硫剂的研究

介绍了高温煤气脱硫剂的研制、脱硫工艺条件试验、再生工艺条件试验和长周期考核试验。结果表明,以锌、锰和铁等氧化物为主成分,辅加多种助剂的高温煤气脱硫剂,可在(350～600)℃脱除煤气中的H_2S和COS,脱硫精度高,硫容大,脱硫剂脱硫后可再生。脱硫剂经22次脱硫-再生循环操作后,仍具有高脱硫性能。     

KFS2型复合氧化铁脱硫剂的制备与性能评价

以硫酸亚铁为原料与碳酸氢氨等碱性物质反应,制备不溶性铁的氧化物,将其与活性氧化锌和特殊助剂混合,经混碾和挤条成型工艺制得以氧化铁、氧化锌为活性组分的KFS2型复合氧化铁脱硫剂,并与某常温氧化锌脱硫剂进行性能比较。结果表明,在相同评价条件下,KFS2型复合氧化铁脱硫剂性能明显优于对比剂。     

Tc—22型常温氧化锌脱硫剂实验室研制试验总结

本文论述了Tc-22型常温氧化锌脱硫剂实验室研制结果。对比试验结果表明,该脱硫剂在常温(30～60℃)下对气体中H_2S有优越的脱除性能,对COS也有一定的脱除能力,40℃、2000h~(-1)室速、进口H_2S～1g/m~3时,控制出口H_2S<0.1mg/m~3,其穿透硫容可达8.09％,饱和硫容>11.0％(>11.2kg/m~3)。     

SN型系列脱硫剂成功用于联醇工艺

化工部上海化工研究院研制开发,浦东实验厂生产的SN型系列脱硫剂(SN-1,SN-3,SN-4)在广东连州氮肥厂联醇生产工艺应用成功。其工艺流程如下:碳化清洗塔出口气体先进入SN-1型脱硫剂脱除H_2S,再进入SN-4型水解脱硫剂,将COS转化为H_2S并脱除,最后进入SN-3型脱硫剂精脱一     

Desulfurization performance of iron-manganese-based sorbent for hot coal gas

A series of iron-manganese-based sorbents were prepared by co-precipitation and physical mixing method, and used for H₂S removal from hot coal gas. The sulfidation tests were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor with space velocity of 2000 h⁻¹(STP). The results show that the suitable addition of manganese oxide in iron-based sorbent can decrease H₂S and COS concentration in exit before breakthrough due to its simultaneous reaction capability with H₂S and COS. Fe₃O₄ and MnO are the initial active components in iron-manganese-based sorbent, and FeO and Fe are active components formed by reduction during sulfidation. The crystal phases of iron affect obviously their desulfurization capacity. The reducibility of sorbent changes with the content of MnO in sorbent. S7F3M and S3F7M have bigger sulfur capacities (32.68 and 32.30 gS/100 g total active component), while S5F5M has smaller sulfur capacity (21.92 gS/100 g total active component). S7F3M sorbent has stable sulfidation performance in three sulfidation-regeneration cycles and no apparent structure degradation. The sulfidation performance of iron-manganese-based sorbent is also related with its specific surface area and pore volume.     

Development of iron oxide sorbents for Hg removal from coal derived fuel gas: Sulfidation characteristics of iron oxide sorbents and activity for COS formation during Hg removal

The aim of this study is to develop a process for the removal of Hg⁰ using H₂S over iron oxides sorbents, which will be located just before the wet desulfurization unit and catalytic COS converter of a coal gasification system. It is necessary to understand the reactions between the iron oxide sorbent and other components of the fuel gas such as H₂S, CO, H₂, H₂O, etc. In this study, the sulfidation behavior and activity for COS formation during Hg⁰ removal from coal derived fuel gas over iron oxides prepared by precipitation and supported iron oxide (1 wt% Fe₂O₃/TiO₂) prepared by conventional impregnation were investigated. The iron oxide samples were dried at 110 °C (designated as Fe₂O₃-110) and calcined at 300 and 550 °C (Fe₂O₃-300 and Fe₂O₃-550). The sulfidation behavior of iron oxide sorbents in coal derived fuel gas was investigated by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). COS formation during Hg⁰ removal over iron oxide sorbents was also investigated using a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. It was seen that the Hg⁰ removal activity of the sorbents increased with the decrease of calcinations temperature of iron oxide and extent of sulfidation of the sorbents also increased with the decrease of calcination temperature. The presence of CO suppressed the weight gain of iron oxide due to sulfidation. COS was formed during the Hg⁰ removal experiments over Fe₂O₃-110. However, in the cases of calcined iron oxides (Fe₂O₃-300, Fe₂O₃-550) and 1 wt% Fe₂O₃/TiO₂, formation of COS was not observed but the Hg⁰ removal activity of 1 wt% Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ was high. Both FeS and FeS₂ were active for Hg⁰ removal in coal derived fuel gas without forming any COS.     

Removal of sulfur at high temperatures using iron-based sorbents supported on fine coal ash

This paper deals with the simultaneous removal of H₂S and COS in the temperature range of 400-650 °C at 1 bar by using iron-based sorbents. The iron-based sorbents were prepared using iron oxide and cerium oxide with coal fine ash as the support. Simulated coal gas was used in the sulfidation experiments and 5% O₂ in N₂ gas was used for regeneration of sorbents. Both sulfidation and regeneration experiments have been carried out using a fixed-bed quartz reactor. The product gases were analyzed using a GC equipped with a TCD and a FPD. The results demonstrated that both H₂S and COS can be effectively reduced using the iron-based sorbents supported on fine coal ash. XRD analysis shows that Fe_1−xS phase has formed during sulfidation indicating a high sulfur capacity of the sorbent. The mechanism of the removal of COS simultaneously with H₂S is also discussed.     

Preparation and selection of Fe-Cu sorbent for COS removal in syngas

A series of iron-based sorbents prepared with iron trioxide hydrate, cupric oxide by a novel method was studied in a fixed-bed reactor for COS removal from syngas at moderate temperature. In addition, the sorbents mixed with various additives in different ratios were tested. The effects of additive type and ratio on the breakthrough capacity and desulfurization performance, as well as the influence of operating conditions on sulfidation behavior of the sorbent, were investigated. The simulate gas contained 1% COS, 5% CO₂, 20%–30% CO and 60%–70% H₂. The outlet gases from the fixed-bed reactor were automatically analyzed by on-line mass spectrometry, and the COS concentration before breakthrough can be kept steady at 1 ppmv. The result shows that the breakthrough sulfur capacity of the sorbent is as high as 25 g-S/100 g. At 700 K and space velocity of 1000 h⁻¹, the efficiency of sulfur removal and breakthrough sulfur capacity of the sorbent increase with the increase of copper oxide with an optimum value. The result shows that the species and content of additives also affect desulfurization performance of the sorbent.     

Effect of sulfidation/oxidative regeneration cycle on the solid structural changes of sorbent for high-temperature removal of H2S

In order to investigate the effects of sulfidation/oxidative regeneration cycle on the change of structural properties and removal capacity of sorbent, sulfidation/regeneration cycle was carried out up to 15 times in a fixed-bed reactor. The effluent gases from the fixed-bed reactor were analyzed by gas chromatography, and XRD, SEM, and liquid nitrogen physisorption method were used to characterize the reacted sorbents. The sorbent treated first sulfidation/regeneration cycle exhibited maximum specific surface area and the highest H₂S removal capacity. Hysteresis of adsorption isotherm of the regenerated sorbent reflected the growth of pores of fresh sorbent and pore size distribution confirmed this fact. Furthermore constant H₂S removal capacity was maintained up to 15 times of sulfidation/regeneration cycle.     

热煤气一体化净化工艺中的脱硫反应特征

利用固定床反应器考察了高温煤气脱硫除尘一体化净化工艺中沉积粉尘对高温煤气脱硫剂脱硫性能的影响.结果表明,表面沉积粉尘对脱硫剂初次硫化行为有明显的影响,且与脱硫剂的组成和结构有关.利用钢厂赤泥制备的脱硫剂,含有多种惰性杂质,且具有较大的孔径结构,易于和粗煤气中的粉尘作用,造成脱硫剂硫容的减小.硫化气氛中,H2O的存在造成脱硫剂硫容和脱硫效率的降低,但不会影响因表面沉积粉尘造成的脱硫剂硫容的减小.多次硫化-再生循环实验表明,硫化-再生循环过程有助于减小表面沉积粉尘对脱硫剂脱硫行为的影响.经历一定次数的硫化-再生循环后,粉尘对脱硫剂脱硫行为的影响逐渐消失.     

Characteristics of the removal of mercury vapor in coal derived fuel gas over iron oxide sorbents

The characteristics of a novel method for Hg removal using H₂S and sorbents containing iron oxide were studied. Previously, we have suggested that this method is based on the reaction of Hg and H₂S over the sorbents to form HgS. However, the reaction mechanism is not well understood. In this work, the characteristics of the Hg removal were studied to clarify the reaction mechanism. In laboratory made sorbents containing iron oxide were used as the sorbent to remove mercury vapor from simulated coal derived fuel gases having a composition of Hg (4.8 ppb), H₂S (400 ppm), CO (30%), H₂ (20%), H₂O (8%), and N₂ (balance gas). The following results were obtained: (1) The presence of H₂S was indispensable for the removal of Hg from coal derived fuel gas; (2) Hg was removed effectively by the sorbents containing iron oxide in the temperature range of 60-100 °C; (3) The presence of H₂O suppressed the Hg removal activity; (4) The presence of oxygen may play very important role in the Hg removal and; (5) Formation of elemental sulfur was observed upon heating of the used sample.     

高温煤气脱硫剂再生性能研究进展

金属复合型脱硫剂已经成为高温煤气脱硫剂的研究重点,脱硫剂不仅要求具有良好的硫化能力,还必须易于再生,以达到多次循环使用及降低生产成本的目的。介绍了中高温煤气脱硫剂的再生性能的研究概况,包括:铁和锌系列脱硫剂、钙和铈系列脱硫剂、铜和锰系列脱硫剂。大量实验研究表明,脱硫剂的种类和再生工艺与其再生后的脱硫特性密切相关,再生结果是脱硫剂能否工业化应用的关键环节之一,在考察脱硫剂硫化特性的同时,必须注重脱硫剂再生特性的研究。     

Reactivity of Metal Oxide Sorbents for Removal of Sulfur Compounds from Coal Gases at High Temperature and Pressure

Abstract

Hot-gas desulfurization for the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) process has been investigated to effectively remove hydrogen sulfide with various metal oxide sorbents at high temperatures and pressures. Metal oxide sorbents such as zinc titanate oxide, zinc ferrite oxide, copper oxide, manganese oxide, and calcium oxide were found to be promising sorbents in comparison with other removal methods such as membrane separation and reactive membrane separation. The removal reaction of H₂S from coal gas mixtures with zinc titanate oxide sorbents was conducted in a batch reactor. The main objectives of this research are to formulate promising metal oxide sorbents for removal of hydrogen sulfide from coal gas mixtures, to compare reactivity of a formulated sorbent with a sorbent supplied by the Research Triangle Institute at high temperatures and pressures, and to determine effects of concentrations of moisture contained in coal gas mixtures, and to determine effects of concentrations of moisture contained in coal gas mixtures on equilibrium absorption of H₂S into metal oxide sorbents. Promising durable metal oxide sorbents with high-sulfur-absorbing capacity were formulated by mixing active metal oxide powders with inert metal oxide powders and calcining these powder mixtures.     

Kinetic behaviour of iron oxide sorbent in hot gas desulfurization

Although a number of reports on sorbents containing ZnO for H₂S removal from coal-derived gases can be found in the literature, it is shown in our study that a special sorbent containing Fe₂O₃·FeO (SFO) with minor promoters (Al₂O₃, K₂O, and CaO) as the main active species is more attractive for both sulfidation and regeneration stages, also under economic considerations. This paper presents the kinetic behaviour of SFO in a hot gas desulfurization process using a thermogravimetric analysis under isothermal condition in the operating range between 500 and 800 °C. The gas stream was N₂ with a 2% wt of H₂S. Experiences carried out on sorbent sulfidation with SFO (particle sizes in the range of 0.042-0.12 mm) indicate that the sorbent sulfidation capacity sharply increases with temperature in the range of 500-600 °C. It is also shown that the sample weight reaches its maximum absorption capacity, near saturation, at 600 °C so that it makes no sense to increase the sulfidation temperature from this point. To make a comparison between SFO and a zinc titanate based sorbent, a set of sulfidation tests was carried out at 600 °C during 7200 s using the same sieve range for both sorbents between 42 and 90 μm. Results show that the sulfidation capacity of SFO is 1.9 times higher than that of zinc titanate.