成核剂含量对PS发泡复合材料泡孔形态的影响

在聚苯乙烯(PS)加入不同含量的成核剂,用自行研制的动态发泡模拟机研究了成核剂含量对PS发泡复合材料泡孔形态的影响。研究发现,成核剂有助于PS发泡材料形成大量成核点,泡孔成核更容易;并且PS中成核剂的含量不同会影响泡孔的形态,在发泡过程中尽量促进成核剂的分散,使体系内聚合物熔体、发泡剂和成核剂尽量均化,可以增加成核点数量并使泡孔分布均匀,改善泡孔形态。     

工艺参数对PS发泡复合材料泡孔形态的影响

在聚苯乙烯(PS)中加入成核剂,用自行研制的动态发泡模拟机研究了不同工艺参数(包括温度、压力、剪切流场等)对含有成核剂的PS发泡复合材料泡孔形态的影响。研究发现,不同的加工工艺参数对泡孔形态有很大影响,当温度、压力、转子转速等参数设定到一定值时,能得到最优的泡孔形态。     

成核剂在微孔发泡过程中复合力场下的实验研究

研究了成核剂类型、成核剂粒度、成核剂含量、振动参数对微孔发泡塑料泡孔形态的影响.通过对模拟振动挤出过程PS发泡的实验研究表明加入适当的成核剂能较好地改善泡孔形态,同时振动力场的引入有利于成核剂的均匀分散,形成均匀致密的气泡.     

成核剂对聚丙烯釜压发泡的影响

用超临界二氧化碳（CO2）釜压发泡的方法,研究了成核剂类型、成核剂粒径以及成核剂添加量对聚丙烯（PP）发泡材料泡孔结构的影响。结果表明,用碳酸钙（CaCO3）作成核剂时PP泡沫的泡孔完整性高,泡孔尺寸分布均匀,且发泡倍率比添加蒙脱土及滑石粉时的要大;成核剂粒子粒径越小,体系的成核点越多,发泡时产生的气泡核越多,所得到的PP泡沫的泡孔密度越大,但是由于纳米碳酸钙（nano-CaCO3）更容易出现团聚现象,直接导致最终发泡制品产生泡孔破裂以及发泡倍率的降低;成核剂CaCO3的添加量为3份时,与添加1份和5份相比,可得到发泡倍率更高,泡孔密度更大的PP泡沫。     

振动力场作用下成核剂对微孔发泡的影响

研究了不同种类、不同含量成核剂和压力释放速率、振幅、频率等工艺参数对聚苯乙烯（PS）泡孔形态的影响。结果表明，加入一定量碳酸钙、滑石粉、铁粉、镁铝水滑石和聚二甲基硅氧烷橡胶（PDMS）均能较好地增大泡孔密度、减小泡孔直径，而碳粉对泡孔结构影响不大；成核剂含量有一个最佳值；系统压力释放速率的增大有利于泡孔形态；振动力场的引入改善了气泡的形态。     

木塑/超临界流体复合材料泡孔成核的数值模拟研究

以木塑/超临界二氧化碳（WPC/Sc-CO2）复合材料为研究对象,采用有限元分析软件Polyflow对不同尺寸的挤出发泡机头内的流场进行数值模拟,研究机头尺寸对WPC/Sc-CO2复合材料泡孔成核的影响。结果表明,增加挤出发泡机头内毛细管段长度对机头内压力降速率和泡孔成核点距离机头出口的位置影响很小;而减小挤出发泡机头内毛细管段直径可增加机头内压力降速率,同时使泡孔成核点的位置更靠近机头出口。     

振动力场对含有成核剂的微孔塑料泡孔结构的影响

在微孔塑料成型加工过程中,成核剂的加入可以增加泡孔成核点数量,从而增加泡孔密度,改善泡孔的结构,但如果纳米级成核剂在发泡过程中分散性不好,会使泡孔分布不均匀,影响泡孔质量。在实验中,对含有成核剂(纳米碳酸钙)的发泡材料(聚苯乙烯)施加振动场,通过比较发现,施加振动后,纳米级成核剂的分散效果明显改善,颗粒分布变得更均匀,从而使得泡孔分布更均匀,改善了泡孔的结构,提高了微孔塑料泡孔结构质量。     

纳米碳酸钙含量对PS发泡塑料泡孔形态的影响

在PS中加入不同含量的纳米碳酸钙作为成核剂,用自制的动态发泡模拟机研究了纳米碳酸钙含量对PS发泡塑料泡孔形态的影响。研究发现,加入不溶性的纳米碳酸钙后,PS泡孔成核更容易;并且PS中纳米碳酸钙含量的不同会影响泡孔的形态。当含量低于3％(质量分数,下同)时,纳米碳酸钙含量越高,越有利于气泡成核;而含量超过3％时,则泡孔分布变得严重不均,泡孔合并现象严重,减小了泡孔密度。当含量为3％时,制得的发泡塑料泡孔密度为8．3×107个/cm3,泡孔直径为20μm。在成型过程中施加振动进行初步实验,发现振动有利于成核剂在熔体中的分散。在纳米碳酸钙含量为3％、振幅为25 μm、振频为2．5 Hz时,制得了泡孔密度为8．7×107个/cm3、泡孔直径为17 μm的发泡塑料。     

成核剂对聚氨酯泡沫成核性能的影响

主要研究了聚氨酯发泡过程中成核剂的添加量、颗粒大小及颗粒的表面状态对气泡成核过程的影响。结果表明:成核剂的加入可有效地促进气泡成核,降低泡孔尺寸;大尺寸颗粒的成核效果要好于小尺寸颗粒;成核剂的颗粒状态对气泡成核的影响不明显。     

成核剂对PP发泡行为和力学性能影响

采用化学发泡注射成型技术制备了发泡聚丙烯(PP)复合材料,研究了不同成核剂(NA)含量对其发泡行为和力学性能的影响。结果表明:NA的加入为泡孔成核提供了大量的成核位点,有效改善了发泡PP复合材料的泡孔结构、尺寸分布和泡孔密度;当NA质量分数为5‰时,发泡材料泡孔平均直径最小约125μm,泡孔密度最大约2.54×10~5个/cm~3,泡孔尺寸分布较好。另一方面,随着NA含量的增加,发泡PP复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量呈增加趋势。     

Foaming of a polymer–nanoparticle system: Effect of the particle properties

This work is an experimental study of the effects of nanoparticles with different characteristics and contents on foaming composites made of three different nanosilica particles with different geometrical and chemical surface properties in a polystyrene matrix. In addition to the general characteristics reported in our last study on the morphology of polymer–nanoparticle composites, this study shows that nanosilicas of larger sizes can result in foams of higher cell densities. Additionally, the cell densities of foams can be reduced if the nanoparticle surface becomes more affine to the polymer matrix chemically. These results show a correspondence with the effects of the characteristics of the nucleation agent on the nucleation of bubbles, which have been explored previously. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Heterogeneous nucleation uniformizing cell size distribution in microcellular nanocomposites foams

Microcellular polycarbonate/nano-silica nanocomposites (PCSN) were prepared by temperature rising process using supercritical CO₂ as the blowing agent. Neat PC foam showed a quite broad distribution of cell sizes. Under the same foaming conditions, the addition of nano-silica resulted in PCSN foams having uniform cell size distribution, reduced cell size of 0.3-0.5 μm and increased cell density of 10¹¹-10¹³ cells/cm³. The underlying nucleation mechanism was semi-quantitatively analyzed by the classical nucleation theory. The results indicate that the energy-barrier for heterogeneous nucleation was three orders of magnitude lower than that of homogeneous one. The heterogeneous nucleation of nano-silica aggregates dramatically increased the nucleation rate, decreased the nucleation time interval, and hence facilitated the almost instantaneous growth of cell size. Combined with the well-dispersed nucleation sites, resulted from the uniform dispersion of nano-silica aggregates, the narrow-distributed cell size was obtained in PCSN foams.     

Probing structure–heterogeneous nucleation efficiency relationship of mesoporous particles in polylactic acid microcellular foaming by supercritical carbon dioxide

Heterogeneous nucleating agents that can improve cell morphology of polymer foams have been studied extensively, however, the exact relationship among particle structure, surface modification and nucleating efficiency still remain elusive. Previously, we demonstrated that mesoporous structure benefited nucleating efficiency by comparing solid silica particles and mesoporous particles (MCM-41). Herein, the feasibility of using another type of mesoporous particles, namely, SBA-15 as a nucleating agent for polymer foaming was investigated, but surface modification issue was emphasized. Results reveal that SBA-15 particles show excellent nucleation performance on polylactic acid foaming, and such nucleating effect are dependent on the surface modification. The surface modification using fluorinated silane significantly decreases nucleation energy barrier, and thus shows the highest nucleation efficiency. This work provides a comprehensive insight into structure–nucleating efficiency relationship for mesoporous particles, and highlights the importance of surface modification as a structural factor to optimize the design of effective nucleating agents for polymer foaming.     

剪切流场中微孔发泡的气泡成核理论研究现状

分析了经典成核理论对于动态聚合物熔体中气泡成核的局限性；概括了剪切流场中气泡成核的研究进展，并对剪切流场中泡核拉伸模型、空穴成核模型进行了详细的分析和讨论，指出了其对气泡成核过程解释的不足；介绍了最新的气泡成核中的剪切能成核理论，该理论较完善地解释了剪切流场中气泡成核过程；最后指出了气泡成核研究的发展方向。     

Ultrasonic irradiation enhanced cell nucleation: An effective approach to microcellular foams of both high cell density and expansion ratio

In this work, ultrasonic irradiation (UI) was used as the external energy source to assist polystyrene foaming process by using supercritical CO₂ as the physical blowing agent. It is shown that by introducing the UI at the very start of foaming, the resultant polymer foam exhibited significant and concurrent increase in cell density, i.e., three orders of magnitude, and expansion ratio, i.e., 1–3 times, compared to those without UI. Further experiments indicate that the enhanced cell nucleation induced by UI was the main reason for this unique phenomenon. This method also provided new insight into the mechanism of cell nucleation.     

Ideal surface geometries of nucleating agents to enhance cell nucleation in polymeric foaming processes

Ideal nucleating agents are expected to improve the cell morphology of plastics foams (i.e., increasing the cell density, reducing the cell size, and narrowing cell-size distribution) by providing heterogeneous nucleation sites. A nucleating agent's surface geometry is one factor that governs its nucleating power. This paper discusses the surface geometry of an ideal nucleating agent. On the basis of computer simulations of a batch foaming process using polystyrene and carbon dioxide, we found that nucleating agents having numerous crevices with small semiconical angles are the most desirable for polymeric foaming processes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008     

水汽在燃煤PM2.5表面异质核化特性数值预测

根据Fletcher经典异质核化理论建立数值实验平台，将水汽在不可溶微粒表面异质核化临界过饱和度模拟结果与文献中实验结果进行了对比，二者符合较好。在此基础上，结合燃煤PM2.5物化性质及实测的表面张力与接触角数据，数值预测了水汽及润湿剂溶液蒸气在燃煤PM2.5表面异质核化晶核形成自由能、临界晶核半径、成核速率、临界饱和度。结果表明，添加润湿剂能降低临界晶核形成自由能，减小临界晶核半径，使成核速率急剧增加，成核临界饱和度显著降低，极大地改善了水汽的核化凝结能力，但不同润湿剂的作用效果不同，所选用的5种润湿剂中，以SDS与Silanol w22效果最佳。