表面活性剂复配体系修复芘污染土壤实验

以芘污染土壤为对象,利用阴离子表面活性剂鼠李糖脂和非离子表面活性剂皂素进行复配实验,得出最佳复配比并对污染土壤进行修复处理;其次,研究表面活性剂浓度、pH及CaCl₂、MgCl₂、KCl三种离子浓度、洗脱液的回收次数等单因素对洗脱效果的影响;然后利用响应曲面分析,确定影响洗脱效果的主效应因素及其交互作用强度;最后用Box-Behnken模型优化复配体系处理芘污染土壤的实验条件。结果表明：①当复配比为0.2时,鼠李糖脂-皂素混合溶液的表面张力最低,对芘的协同增溶效果最好;②复配体系处理芘污染土壤的单因素实验中,复配药剂浓度、pH、Mg²⁺浓度分别达到1800mg/L、8、0.1mmol/L时,洗脱效率最高;③环境因素对芘去除效果的影响从大到小依次为pH>表面活性剂浓度>Mg²⁺浓度,表面活性剂浓度与pH对芘的洗脱产生较大的交互影响作用,而pH与盐浓度的交互作用最微弱;④Box-Behnken模型优化后得出最佳组合是混合表面活性剂浓度为1900mg/L、pH为5、Mg²⁺浓度为0.2mmol/L,得到的洗脱效率为89.25%。     

阴离子/非离子表面活性剂体系洗涤含油污泥

针对新疆某油田重度石油污染土壤,进行了洗涤剂的复配及洗脱条件的优化研究。考察了阴离子表面活性剂浓度、非离子表面活性剂浓度以及硅酸钠助剂浓度对残油量的影响。正交实验结果表明,十二烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）与烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚（平平加,APEO）间存在着较强的交互协同作用;两者复配可以增强洗涤效果,并减少药剂用量。优化的复配洗涤剂配方为： LAS 2g/L,平平加3g/L,Na2SiO3 3g/L。复配洗涤剂洗涤含油污泥的最佳操作条件为：液固质量比10∶1、洗涤温度70℃、洗涤时间1h,在此条件下污泥含油量从26.07%降低至1.21%。对污泥洗涤前后的红外光谱检测表明该复配洗涤剂对于污泥中原油的饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质都有洗涤效果,特别是对饱和分的去除效果尤为显著。     

内酯型槐糖脂促进HCFC-141b水合物生成

蓄冷空调是降低电网峰谷差、实现电网负载侧调峰的一种重要手段,制冷剂水合物作为蓄冷介质具有蓄冷密度大和相变温度高的优点。HCFC-141b制冷剂是一种潜在的蓄冷物质,为了促进HCFC-141b制冷剂水合物的生成,实验研究了绿色环保表面活性剂槐糖脂对HCFC-141b水合物生成的影响。研究结果表明,添加适量的内酯型槐糖脂可大幅度缩短HCFC-141b水合物形成的诱导时间。槐糖脂的添加量影响水合物的成核和生长过程,质量分数为0.5%是内酯型槐糖脂的最佳浓度,促进HCFC-141b水合物生成的平均诱导时间最短,约为153min。实验结果还表明水合物的生成具有随机性,添加内酯型槐糖脂可以改善水合物生成的随机性,0.5%（质量分数）的内酯型槐糖脂的诱导时间标准方差最小,水合物成核稳定性最好。内酯型槐糖脂的添加也影响HCFC-141b水合物的蓄冷量,当添加0.5%（质量分数）的内酯型槐糖脂时,HCFC-141b水合物的平均蓄冷量达到232.45kJ/kg。     

一株中度嗜盐菌Salinicola sp.在高盐环境中的烷烃降解特性

从青海油田附近被石油污染的土壤中分离得到一株可利用原油为唯一碳源的菌株,将其命名为X4菌株。经16SrDNA分析鉴定,该菌株与中度嗜盐菌Salinicola zeshunii strain N4^T（GenBank序列号为EU056581）同源性高达99%。X4菌株的最适温度为30℃,最适盐度为8%,最适pH为6.5,最佳碳源为甘油,最佳氮源为氯化铵。该菌可产生生物乳化剂,具有较强的细胞疏水性,对正辛烷、十六烷、二甲苯等典型烃类物质具有良好的乳化能力,细胞CSH值达到60%以上。在含5%盐度的无机盐培养基中,以3g/L的柴油为唯一碳源,采用GC-MS定量分析X4菌株的烃降解特征,结果表明菌株X4培养5天后柴油的总降解率达56%,菌株X4优先降解中长链烃类;C₇～C₁₃烃类的平均降解率为64.1%,C₁₄～C₂₀烃类的平均降解率为52.3%,C₂₁～C₃₁烃类的平均降解率约26.8%。离子型表面活性剂TTAB和SDS对X4菌株生长具有较强的毒性：在浓度达到100mg/L和400mg/L时能完全抑制菌体生长;在40mg/L的浓度下,使得菌株对柴油的降解率降低到20%。而X4菌株对非离子型表活剂——吐温80和生物表面活性剂——鼠李糖脂的耐受浓度均可达400mg/L。鼠李糖脂是嗜盐菌X4菌株的合适复配表活剂。     

表面活性剂LAS废水生化处理实验研究

进行了曝气生化法处理表面活性剂直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)废水的实验研究。在水样中加入10～40mg/L不同量的表面活性剂LAS,同时做空白实验,可以得到不同表面活性剂浓度下的生化效果,当表面活性剂的浓度在30mg/L时,对生化效果有显著的影响。     

超低界面张力石油磺酸盐复配驱油剂研究

通过室内实验研究了溶液质量分数、矿化度对石油磺酸盐溶液与大庆L区块原油的界面张力的影响,并将不同类型表面活性剂分别与石油磺酸盐复配,筛选出能够使油/水界面张力降至超低(10-3 mN/m数量级)的最优增效组合,以取代ASP复合驱中所加的碱.实验结果表明,在矿化度为6 000～10 000 mg/L,钙、镁离子质量浓度不超过20 mg/L时,石油磺酸盐表面活性剂有良好的抗盐性,可使油/水界面张力达到超低.在实验所选的不同类型表面活性剂中,石油磺酸盐与甜菜碱型表面活性剂复配起到明显的增效作用,特别是与椰油酰丙基磺基甜菜碱复配增效作用尤为显著,且两者复配的浓度范围较宽,油/水界面张力易达到超低.     

石油磺酸盐-乙二胺复合驱油体系研究

为了克服无机碱表面活性剂驱替引发结垢的问题,使用有机碱代替无机碱,与表面活性剂复配使用。以乙二胺(EDA)作为碱剂,与石油磺酸盐(SLPS)复配,研究了表面活性剂-有机胺驱油体系,优选出的体系组成为0.20%SLPS+0.15%EDA。研究了盐对体系驱替能力的影响,当氯化钠浓度低于30 000 mg/L,氯化钙浓度低于400 mg/L时,体系能使油水最低界面张力降到10^(-3) mN/m以下。考察了体系的乳化特性,随着水油体积比的减小,乳状液中值粒径逐渐变大。驱油实验表明,水驱后,该复合体系提高原油采收率达到了10.83%。     

苯并三氮唑和硅酸钠对铜的协同缓蚀作用

通过静态失重实验、电化学测试和扫描电镜等方法研究了苯并三氮唑(BTA)和硅酸钠单独和复配使用对铜在5%氯化钠溶液中的腐蚀抑制作用。结果表明:单独使用BTA,缓蚀效率随BTA浓度增加而提高;单独使用硅酸钠,质量浓度低于50mg/L会加速铜的腐蚀,高质量浓度硅酸钠则对铜在5%氯化钠溶液中的腐蚀具有缓蚀作用;BTA和硅酸钠组成复合缓蚀剂,在总质量浓度为20 mg/L条件下按不同比例复配,以16 mg/L BTA和4 mg/L硅酸钠复配使用能够降低腐蚀电流密度,产生协同缓蚀作用,属于混合抑制型缓蚀剂。     

脂肽-糖脂混合型生物表面活性剂的性能及助剂

分离提取了枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis THY-8发酵产物中的生物表面活性剂,采用飞行时间质谱鉴定为鼠李糖脂和表面活性素、芬芥素等的混合物。考察了该混合型生物表面活性剂的性能,研究了其对油砂原油的驱油效率,并探索了合适的助剂种类及配伍浓度。结果表明,THY-8所产的脂肽-糖脂混合型生物表面活性剂具有良好的表面活性、热稳定性和乳化性,pH值为5.5时表面张力为27.59 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为15 mg/L;在70 ℃放置5天,表面张力基本不变;可将液体石蜡乳化形成粒径10～30 μm的乳液。正辛醇助剂与该混合生物表面活性剂复配后界面张力降低到10?3 mN/m,驱油效率提高3.2倍。含0.9 g/L生物表面活性剂的发酵液驱油效果与正辛醇-生物表面活性剂复配体系相当。     

无患子皂苷的复配及其在构筑Ni(OH)2/NiOOH复合材料中的应用

以无患子为原料,提取得到天然表面活性剂无患子皂苷,研究其与阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化胺（CTAB）的复配性能,并将无患子皂苷和复配表面活性剂用于溶剂热法制备氢氧化镍复合材料。考察了反应溶剂、温度和表面活性剂对材料形貌的影响。研究表明：复配体系具有优异协同增效作用,当无患子皂苷与CTAB以质量比50：50复配时,表面活性剂溶液的临界胶束浓度（CMC）及临界胶束浓度下对应表面张力（γ_CMC）分别由无患子皂苷的1 g/L和41.97 mN/m大幅度降低到0.18 g/L和24.63 mN/m。对氢氧化镍复合材料的形貌分析及XRD分析结果显示：在乙醇体系中,以无患子皂苷为表面活性剂,180℃时制得形貌均匀的具有孔隙花球状微球结构复合材料,其纳米片多且厚;以无患子皂苷/CTAB复配体系为表面活性剂,在乙醇体系中,140℃制得形貌均匀的珊瑚球形复合微纳米材料;两种不同形状的氢氧化镍复合材料均为Ni（OH）₂/NiOOH型复合材料。     

表面活性剂对去血渍复合酶中蛋白酶活性的影响

研究了3种类型8种常用表面活性剂LAS,K12,AES,AOS,TX-10,6501,CAB以及AEO9对去血渍复合酶中蛋白酶活性的影响,表面活性剂浓度设定为0.2~0.8 g/L。结果表明:阴离子表面活性剂LAS,K12,AES和AOS在一般洗涤浓度0.2~0.5 g/L下对蛋白酶活性无明显影响,但在0.8 g/L的高浓度时表现出一定的抑制作用,其中LAS的抑制作用最大;非离子表面活性剂TX-10,6501和AEO9以及两性离子表面活性剂CAB在0.2~0.5 g/L浓度下的激活作用比较明显,这种激活作用随着浓度的继续增大至0.8 g/L而逐渐减弱。总体来说,阴离子表面活性剂在0.2~0.5 g/L浓度下能与去血渍复合酶中蛋白酶良好配伍,而非离子表面活性剂和两性离子表面活性剂在整个实验浓度下都能与去血渍复合酶中蛋白酶良好配伍。     

表面活性剂对土壤石油污染物微生物降解的影响

选用了四种表面活性剂对辽河油田石油污染土壤微生物降解的影响进行了研究。研究表明，表面活性剂在浓度低于50mg/L时，促进作用和抑制作用都不明显；而当浓度高于100mg/L时，即高浓度时，对微生物除油有显著抑制作用。当添加H2O2和不同氮源时，发现与上述结果相类似。     

Tuning surface-active properties of bio-surfactant sophorolipids by varying fatty-acid chain lengths

Sophorolipids are a kind of glycolipid-based bio-surfactant, and some known yeasts can produce them by utilizing plant oil at elevated glucose. In spite of a high production yield, sophorolipids have a limited industrial application, due to their narrow range of HLB (hydrophile - lipophile balance) value. These molecules have regained the attention of researchers and industrialists due to their surface properties and versatile applicability in herbal medicine and cosmetics. The bioactivity and surface properties of sophorolipids are mainly governed by chain length and type of the fatty acid. Therefore, the present study was designed to produce and characterize sophorolipids with varying fatty acid chain lengths. Surface-properties like critical micelle concentration of produced sophorolipids were varying from 43 to 62 (dyne/cm). Foamability, dispersion power, and detergence were found to be higher for short chained fatty acids than the longer ones. Cleaning ability of sophorolipid for FLUX coated PCB was found to be better than the chemical surfactants. Biodegradation rates of the sophorolipids were found to be higher than of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) at room temperature as well as 4 oC. These results showed that the properties of sophorolipids can be tuned by varying the chain’s properties of fatty acids, and it may be possible to customize the properties of sophorolipids for specific industrial applications.     

Using sonochemical reactor for degradation of LAS from effluent of wastewater treatment plant

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are anionic surfactants, which are found in relatively high amounts in domestic and industrial wastewaters. The effectiveness of using sonochemical reactor for the degradation of LAS from effluent of wastewater treatment plant has been investigated. In this study, experiments of LAS solution were performed using methylene blue active substances (MBAS) method. The effectiveness of sonochemical reactor for LAS degradation is evaluated with emphasis on the effect of sonication time and initial LAS concentration. Experiments were carried out at initial concentrations of 0.2 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 0.8 mg/L and 1 mg/L, frequency of 130 kHz, acoustic power value of 400 W, temperature of 18-20 °C and pH value of 6.8-7. This study showed that LAS degradation was found to increase with increasing sonication time. In addition, as the concentration is increased, the LAS degradation rate decreases in the sonochemical reactor.     

Effect of temperature on the biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate

The effect of temperature on the biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and alcohol ethoxylate (AE) was evaluated using method OECD 303 A, Confirmatory test (Husmann units). The experiments were performed using an initial surfactant concentration of 10 mg/L and working temperatures of 25, 15, and 9°C, keeping the biodegradation units inside a thermostatic chamber. In all cases, the removal of both surfactants tested, LAS and AE, was higher than 90%, regardless of the temperature used in the test. We observed that longer acclimation periods were needed by the microorganisms at lower temperatures.     

Mechanism and behavior of surfactant adsorption onto resins with different matrices

The recovery of surfactant from wastewater utilizing polymeric adsorbent is important not only in the protection of the environment from pollution, but also in the effective use of raw materials. Mechanism and behavior of surfactant (linear dodecyl-benzene sulfonate, LAS) adsorption onto styrene resin XAD-4 and acrylic ester resin was studied in high concentration solution (several thousand mg/L). For comparison, a series of acrylic ester resins had been prepared, characterized and used along with commercial resins XAD-7 and HP2MG. Y-50 resin, one of the resins, exhibits better adsorption capacity than the other acrylic ester resins in this study. The experimental equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir model, and the model was found to provide very good fits for all of acrylic ester resins over the temperature range, whereas fitted results for the styrene resin XAD-4 were less accurate. Adsorption kinetics and elution processes were also investigated to study different mechanism and behavior of surfactant adsorption onto resins. The observation indicates that the cooperation of hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic attraction impels the adsorption process as well as the formation of monolayer and bi-layer.     

Interactions between LAS and nonionic surfactants

Physicochemical interactions between linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and various linear alcohol nonionics (NI) have been investigated. The effect of adding nonionic to LAS on critical micelle concentration (cmc), surface tension, water hardness sensitivity and detergency performance depends on both hydrophobe and hydrophile structure. The addition of low levels of a lauryl range-high EO nonionic surfactant significantly lowers cmc and causes the formation of micelles containing predominantly nonionic molecules. These mixed micelles improve hard water performance by acting as a sink for LAS and free calcium. Nonionic surfactant enhances LAS hard water performance by preventing the loss of LAS via Ca(LAS)₂ precipitation, not by its own soil removal capabilities. Nonionic surfactant acts as a micelle promotion agent, while LAS remains responsible for surface and interfacial properties. Presented at the AOCS meeting in May 1984 in Dallas, Texas.     

粉末活性炭应急处理模拟突发LAS污染源水试验研究

论文考察了粉末活性炭预吸附对模拟突发阴离子表面活性剂(LAS)污染源水的应急处理效果,利用烧杯实验研究了粉末活性炭的炭种、投加量、吸附时间、混凝剂种类以及投加量对粉末活性炭预吸附消除LAS的影响。进行了为期约一个月,处理规模为4m3/h的中试试验,考察了常规处理对含LAS源水的处理效果,优化了活性炭投加点,并且探寻了粉末活性炭预吸附对模拟突发LAS污染源水的处理能力。烧杯实验结果表明木质活性炭对LAS的去除效果优于煤质活性炭,优化的投加量为30mg/L,吸附时间30min以上。活性炭吸附后投加混凝剂(PAC)20mg/L可达最佳效果。中试结果表明常规处理对含LAS源水处理效果差,滤后去除率低于5%。活性炭投加点宜设在常规处理前端,接触时间45min。采用粉末活性炭预吸附应急处理突发LAS污染源水,在LAS超标6倍以下,滤前出水可达标。粉末活性炭预吸附应急技术可行性高,处理费用仅0.0255元/m3,为可能突发的水源LAS污染事故应急处理提供了技术支持。