电晕放电分解乙醛气体过程的数学模型

基于反应和传质对过程的共同影响,建立电晕放电反应器内乙醛、臭氧和甲醇浓度变化的数学模型。在不同的反应器长度和内径、电晕线直径,以及电流密度、入口乙醛浓度、气体流速等条件下,考察乙醛电晕放电分解过程中反应物、生成物和中间产物的物质移动,量化了模型参数。模型反映了乙醛去除率随电流密度的增加而上升、随入口乙醛浓度的增高和气体流速的增大而降低的变化倾向,预测结果的平均相对误差小于7.2%,可为挥发性有机化合物的电晕放电分解技术提供理论参考和工程设计依据。     

电晕放电等离子体甲醇分解制氢

对常温常压下电晕放电等离子体分解甲醇制氢反应作了探讨.分别用直流电和频率在2000 Hz的交流电作为放电电源造成不同的电场状态,以研究各种因素对等离子体转化甲醇制氢的影响.研究表明,电晕放电能在短时间（< 10^-1s）内完成很高的氢产率,进料浓度显著影响制氢速度和能耗.相对于直流电电晕放电,交流电中的正弦波类电晕放电对甲醇分解非常有效.锯齿波交流电的甲醇分解能力却相当低.     

石脑油催化裂解结构化反应器反应特性的CFD模拟

以石脑油为原料,采用催化裂解六集总动力学模型,建立描述结构化反应器内催化裂解的反应器数学模型,并利用CFD软件对结构化反应器内的石脑油催化裂解性能进行数值模拟。通过改变孔道直径、反应器长度以及反应器内温度、气体入口速率考察反应器结构尺寸和反应条件对目标产物乙烯、丙烯的收率及石脑油转化率的影响。结果表明,反应器孔道直径的增加,目标产物收率减小,反应器长度20 mm时反应完全,升高反应温度和增大入口速率均有利于目标产物的生成。在入口温度680 ℃和入口速率0.4 m·s^-1条件下,石脑油转化率92%,乙烯收率19.3%,丙烯收率23.1%。而在相同反应条件下的固定床反应器中乙烯收率10.3%,丙烯收率13.3%,石脑油转化率80.0%。     

膜气吸收法分离烟气中CO2的实验

采用聚丙烯中空纤维膜接触器,分别用去离子水、单乙醇胺（MEA）及N-甲基二乙醇胺（MDEA）水溶液作为吸收剂,对模拟烟气中的CO2分离进行了试验研究.考察了气体流速、入口气体中CO2体积分数、吸收剂流速、吸收剂浓度以及吸收剂种类等因素对CO2脱除率和总传质速率的影响.实验结果显示：3种吸收剂分离CO2的效率由大到小依次为MEA、MDEA、去离子水;CO2的脱除率和传质通量随吸收剂浓度、流速的提高均增加;CO2的脱除率随气体流速和CO2在入口气体中体积分数的增大而减小,而传质速率却随之增加.系统长时间运行后发现存在膜孔润湿现象,进而影响膜的传质性能.因此,吸收剂浓度须在传质和长时间运行性能之间进行权衡.     

分散液相强化微溶气体吸收的研究

在气升式搅拌反应器中,利用水对微溶气体CO2(常压和室温条件)的物理吸收过程,考察加入辛醇(有机分散相)对传质过程中体积传质系数和增强因子的影响。研究辛醇加入体积分数(1%—5%)、搅拌速率(200—700 r/min)、气体流速(350—700 L/min)变化对吸收效果的影响,用插值函数微商法确定体积传质系数。结果表明,向水体系中加入少量辛醇可以明显改善吸收效果,体积传质系数随辛醇加入体积分数的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,当辛醇加入的体积分数为4%左右时吸收效果最好。增强因子与CO2分配系数、扩散系数有关,与吸收效果呈线性关系,最大增强因子为2.76。     

一氧化氮与硝酸和甲醇反应制亚硝酸甲酯

在填料鼓泡塔中进行一氧化氮与硝酸和甲醇溶液反应制亚硝酸甲酯(MN),考察了反应温度、硝酸浓度、甲醇浓度和气体流速等因素对NO转化率和MN收率的影响。结果表明,NO转化率和MN收率均随硝酸浓度和甲醇浓度的增加而增大,随气体流速增大而减小。在常压,反应温度为40℃,反应液150 m L,其中HNO3质量分数为10%,CH3OH质量分数为85%,气体流速为100 m L/min,气相中NO体积分数为20%的条件下,NO转化率可达到79.1%,MN收率可达到71.9%。     

微通道内低浓度甲烷催化燃烧的数值模拟

矿井通风瓦斯是矿井中主要由煤层气构成的以甲烷为主的有害气体,它是在煤的生成和煤的变质过程中伴生的气体,如今催化燃烧技术已成为处理矿井瓦斯最为有效的处理方法。文章模拟了不同入口预热温度、不同入口流速、不同甲烷体积分数以及不同通道尺寸大小对低浓度甲烷转化率及出口烟气温度的影响,发现提高入口温度、甲烷体积分数、降低入口流速以及减小通道尺寸可以提高甲烷转化率及出口烟气温度。     

微旋流混合器中液体混合特性CFD-PBM数值模拟

微旋流混合器是一种由微旋流气浮演化而来的设备，可以强化物料的混合与传质。文中研究利用CFD-PBM计算模型，研究微旋流混合器内气液两相分布，考察微旋流混合器内流体颗粒粒径分布及变化特性。分别以空气和液相作为气液两相，研究不同气、液相入口流速下的流场形态与相关流体力学参数。结果表明：通入气相会诱导设备内部产生新的循环流动形态，增强宏观混合，直径大于4.0 mm的气泡无法在内筒中的旋流环境中稳定存在，并随着旋流速度逐渐减小，气泡发生聚并，最终演化为4.0—10 mm直径的气泡流出。增加液相入口速度可以增加整体流动速度，同时增加气相体积分数，气相体积分数最高可达到18%。随着气相流速增加，在微旋流混合器内筒下端形成连续空腔。     

脉冲电晕放电处理低浓度硫化氢气体

采用线一筒式脉冲电晕反应器对硫化氢气体进行去除,考察了影响硫化氢去除率的主要参数。当气体的停留时间为17s、硫化氢的初始质量浓度约为100mg／m^3、峰值电压为48kV时,对硫化氢的去除率接近96％,且增加峰值电压、气体停留时间或气体中的氧气含量可提高硫化氢的去除率。对放电作用下硫化氢的去除动力学进行了研究,并对硫化氢的分解产物进行了初步分析。     

气升式生物反应器内高粘性介质中气-液传质的研究

在直径为100mm,高3000mm 并有内径为2mm 单喷嘴的气升式外循环生物反应器内,以藻酸钠溶液为高粘度模拟介质,在较广泛的操作条件下,实验测定了反应器内液体的循环时间、平均气含率、局部气含率及氧的体积传质系数随介质粘度、表观气体速度的变化。并对实验结果进行了经验关联。     

Maximum production of methanol in a pilot-scale process

Mathematical models for both bench- and pilot-scale methanol synthesis reactors were developed by estimating the overall heat transfer coefficients due to different heat transfer characteristics, while the effectiveness factor was fixed because the same catalysts were used in both reactors. The overall heat transfer coefficient of a pilot-scale reactor was approximately twice that of a bench-scale reactor, while the estimate from the correlation reported for the heat transfer coefficient was 1.8-times higher, indicating that the values determined in the present study are effective. The model showed that the maximum methanol production rate of approximately 16 tons per day was achievable with peak temperature maintained below 250 °C in the open-loop case. Meanwhile, when the recycle was used to prevent the loss of unreacted gas, peak temperature and production rate decreased due to low CO and CO₂ fraction in the recycled stream at the same space velocity as the open-loop operation. Further analysis showed that, since the reaction was in the kinetic regime, the production rate could be maximized up to 18.7 tons per day by increasing the feed flowrate and inlet temperature despite thermodynamically exothermic reaction.     

下行床反应器内催化裂化过程的CFD模拟

耦合湍流气粒多相流模型和催化裂化集总动力学模型,建立了描述下行床内多相流动和催化裂化过程的反应器数学模型,并利用计算流体力学单元模拟软件CFX4.3对下行床内的催化裂化过程进行了数值模拟及分析.模型能预测出在工业应用中反应器内最受关注的诸多参数,如固含率、相间滑移速度、压降、气固相的加速区以及各组分浓度的分布情况.预测结果表明,气相反应的进行将导致反应器内的气粒流动行为发生较大变化,充分考虑反应与流动行为的耦合十分重要;而反应器床径的增大将导致转化率和各产物收率的下降.     

Biodiesel process intensification in a very simple microchannel device

Biodiesel is normally obtained by transesterification of triglycerides with methanol in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. The reaction, performed in stirred tank reactors, requires 1–2 h of reaction time. As the reactants are immiscible, the reaction rate can be affected by mass transfer limitation. We have recently shown, that all methods favoring local micromixing can give place to high performances. At this purpose, we have recently developed a very simple laboratory device for testing the behavior of the mentioned reaction in microchannels of different sizes. This device is simply a tubular reactor filled with stainless steel spheres of different diameters. By opportunely changing the spheres’ diameters it is possible to obtain microchannels in a range of 300–1000 μm. However, in these reactors the void portion of the reactor is low and the productivity per volume is low, too. It is possible to obtain better results in terms of productivity by filling the tubular reactor with stainless steel wool, being in this case the void fraction about 0.9. In this paper, the performances obtained with this type of reactor are reported together with a discussion on the reaction mechanism in view of the future development of a kinetic biphasic model.     

不同推进式桨叶对搅拌反应器内气液两相混合特性的影响

为了研究不同推进式桨叶对搅拌反应器内气液两相混合特性的影响，以某搅拌反应器的推进式桨叶为研究对象，将搅拌聚合物简化为含5%气体的清水介质，基于螺旋桨叶片设计方法和CFD流场仿真技术，采用VOF多相流模型和RNG k-ε 湍流模型，对四种推进式桨叶内部气液两相流动进行数值分析，实现了推进式桨叶参数设计和性能优化。分析设计转速在400 r/min时的径向速度、0~18 s的时间范围内气体体积分数的变化、无量纲气体体积分数以及无量纲轴向速度，来评价四种推进式搅拌反应器搅拌性能的剪切、混合、分散。研究结果表明：变螺旋角(FDC-450-γ)非对称桨叶的流动更均匀、混合速率更快和剪切分散能力能强。通过对四种不同推进式桨叶的比较分析，为后续的研究和工程实践奠定了基础。     

Application of hydrogen-permselective Pd-based membrane in an industrial single-type methanol reactor in the presence of catalyst deactivation

This work presents application of palladium-based membranes in a conventional single-type methanol reactor. A novel reactor configuration with hydrogen-permselective Pd and Pd–Ag membrane are proposed. In this configuration the reacting synthesis gas is fed to the shell side of reactor while the high pressure product is routed from recycle stream through tubes of the reactor in a co-current mode with reacting gas. The reacting gas is cooled simultaneously with recycle gas in tube and saturated water in outer shell. The permselective palladium layer on inner tube allows hydrogen to penetrate from the tube side to the reaction side. In this work, the results of two types of novel membrane reactors are compared with a conventional methanol synthesis reactor at identical process conditions. Also the effect of key parameters such as membrane thickness, reaction and tube side pressure, ratio of tube side flow rate to reaction side flow rate on performance of reactor are investigated. The steady-state and quasi-steady-state simulations results show that there are favorable profiles of temperature and methanol mole fraction along the reactor in proposed reactor relative to conventional reactor system. Therefore using this novel configuration in industrial single-type methanol reactor improves methanol production rate.     

撞击流反应器用于甲醇合成反应

撞击流反应器用于气液固三相甲醇合成反应可以充分发挥其优良的传热、传质性能。在撞击流反应器内,催化剂浆料经喷嘴雾化后成微米尺度的液滴,气液相间接触面积远大于其他三相合成反应器。考察了温度、压力、气体流量、浆料循环量以及喷嘴个数对甲醇合成反应的影响,结果表明,当压力从3.8 MPa上升到5 MPa时,反应器的时空产率增长了近1倍,气体流量达22.4 L·min^-1后时空产率几乎不再变化,增加浆料循环量以及在同一循环量下采用多喷嘴对置都可以增加催化剂时空产率。同时,与固定床、搅拌釜和浆态鼓泡床甲醇合成进行了对比,结果表明,在低空速下撞击流反应器与其他反应器时空产率相当,而在高空速下要优于其他反应器。     

Modelling of a CO2-gas jet into liquid-sodium following a heat exchanger leakage scenario in Sodium Fast Reactors

Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors (SFRs) represent one of the most promising technologies in the context of generation IV nuclear power reactors. In order to avoid a reaction between sodium and water when Rankine cycles are employed, the concept of Brayton cycles using supercritical CO₂ (SCCBCs) is being investigated as alternative energy conversion cycle. However, an accidental scenario must be evaluated, since a leakage inside the CO₂-sodium heat exchanger would cause a reactive underexpanded CO₂-into-sodium jet, which in turn could lead to mechanical and thermal problems. A two-fluid approach has been investigated for the modelling of the two-phase jet: according to flow maps, mist flow has been assumed at the leak exit, where high gas volume fraction and high interfacial slip velocity exist, and bubbly flow has been assumed for lower gas volume fraction and slip velocity. An interfacial friction model has been developed. Droplet and bubble diameters have been estimated following literature experimental results and using critical Weber number. For the drag coefficients, consistent correlations have been developed. A two-phase mixture turbulence model has been added. The interfacial friction approach has been implemented into the two-fluid model of the CFD software Ansys Fluent 14.0. 3D numerical simulations of gas-into-water jets have been performed for vertical upward jets and optical probe technique has been employed for the experimental measurement of void fraction inside an underexpanded N₂-into-water jet: numerical results agree with experimental results in terms of axial and radial void fraction profile. The two-fluid approach presented here will be the base for the implementation of a chemical reaction model, in order to account for the exothermic chemical reaction between the CO₂ and the sodium.     

Numerical study of heat and mass transfer in the microwave-assisted and conventional packed bed reactors with an irreversible first-order endothermic chemical reaction

This paper presents a numerical study on heat and mass transfer in the microwave-assisted and conventional packed bed reactors with an irreversible first-order endothermic chemical reaction. The numerical simulations have been carried out using one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor models for the both reactors. The obtained results have been compared applying the criterion of the same electrical powers utilized in the reactors. The effects of the inlet gas temperature and microwave power, gas velocity, bed porosity and the heat of reaction on performance of the packed bed reactors have been presented.     

CFD modelling of the fast pyrolysis of biomass in fluidised bed reactors, Part A: Eulerian computation of momentum transport in bubbling fluidised beds

The fluid-particle interaction inside a 150 g/h fluidised bed reactor is modelled. The biomass particle is injected into the fluidised bed and the momentum transport from the fluidising gas and fluidised sand is modelled. The Eulerian approach is used to model the bubbling behaviour of the sand, which is treated as a continuum. The particle motion inside the reactor is computed using drag laws, dependent on the local volume fraction of each phase, according to the literature. FLUENT 6.2 has been used as the modelling framework of the simulations with a completely revised drag model, in the form of user defined function (UDF), to calculate the forces exerted on the particle as well as its velocity components. 2-D and 3-D simulations are tested and compared. The study is the first part of a complete pyrolysis model in fluidised bed reactors.