生物柴油原料资源开发及深加工技术研究进展

生物柴油（脂肪酸甲酯）是一种绿色清洁的再生能源。我国生物柴油产业发展速度很快,但受原料价格高及产品多元化程度低等因素的影响,生物柴油价格高,产业缺乏竞争力。开发多样化的原料资源,进行产品深加工,对于生物柴油产业的发展具有重要的意义。本文综述了国内外生物柴油原料开发利用进展,介绍了国外生物柴油原料资源分布、资源特点及不同原料生物柴油的特点。简述了我国生物柴油原料资源现状及发展策略。介绍了生物柴油深加工技术研究进展,重点阐述了在制备第二代生物柴油、生物降解润滑油基础油、脂肪醇、烷醇酰胺、脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐及绿色增塑剂等方面的研究进展及面临的问题,指出开发高效催化剂是发展生物柴油深加工技术的关键。     

世界生物柴油产业发展现状及我国生物柴油发展建议

生物柴油具有安全、环保和可再生等优点。欧盟、美国和巴西等原料充足,出台多项扶持政策,在生物柴油发展方面走在世界前列。我国生物柴油产业由于原料供应问题,近年来发展缓慢。我国生物柴油产业发展应以地沟油为主要原料,建立稳定廉价的原料来源;加强宏观调控和政府监管,确保有计划稳步实施;加强微藻制生物柴油技术攻关,解决原料瓶颈。     

生物柴油开发与应用

综论了国内外生物柴油的生产现状,对生物柴油的原料及不同原料的生物柴油性状进行了比较,介绍了化学酯交换、生物酶催化和超临界甲醇法等生物柴油的生产工艺,简述了生物柴油未来发展的趋势以及研究方向。     

生物柴油原料与反应装置的研究进展

作为一种清洁、可再生的替代能源,生物柴油近年来备受关注。酯交换反应广泛应用于生物柴油制备工艺。为了降低生产成本、提高产品质量,生物柴油研究的关键在于选取低廉的制备原料和优化的反应装置。综述了生物柴油的原料,包括第一代食用植物油、第二代非食用植物油和动物油脂以及第三代微藻油,在此基础上,总结了生物柴油的间歇与连续反应装置,并对生物柴油发展前景进行了展望。     

生物柴油是石化柴油的最佳替代品

近几年来,以餐厨废弃油脂、油料植物为原料生产的生物柴油的企业如雨后春笋在全国各地欣起建设。由于生物柴油具有污染小、原料可再生的巨大优势,加上国家出台了一些扶持产业发展的政策,生物柴油企业顺势拔地而起。     

生物柴油的研究现状及进展

介绍了生物柴油的特性及优点、生物柴油的原料来源及生物柴油在国内外的研究现状,主要综述了生物柴油的四大生产方法:物理法、化学法、生物酶法以及无催化剂超临界法。     

生物柴油研究进展

综述了生物柴油主要生产国欧盟和美国的生物柴油发展状况及中国发展现状.总结了世界各国生产生物柴油所用原料,提出了劣质植物油及其油脚,利用贫瘠土地种植油料植物,废食用油(地沟油)为原料的适合我国国情的原料方案.对生产生物柴油的各种方法发展状况和优缺点进行了对比和总结,重点讨论了酸碱催化剂和生物酶催化剂在酯交换过程中的应用,并指出了生物柴油合成研究的方向.     

地沟油制备生物柴油的研究进展

生物柴油是一种原料广泛的可再生性燃料资源,目前世界各国正掀起开发利用生物柴油资源的热潮,与矿物柴油相比,它具有低含硫和低排放污染,可再生,优良的生物可降解性等特点,有广阔的发展前景,而原料问题是制约生物柴油产业发展的瓶颈。地沟油来源广泛,廉价易得,是制备生物柴油的良好原料。利用地沟油制备生物柴油不但可以缓解能源危机、环境污染等社会问题,还提供了废弃食用油脂的合理化利用方式、防止废弃食用油脂再次返回餐桌。文章综述了地沟油的来源及特点、生物柴油的生产技术和应用现状以及我国生物柴油行业存在的问题,并提出了相应的合理化建议。     

生物柴油生产加工技术的研究进展

综述了生物柴油在生产加工过程中用到的最新技术,为更好的提高生物柴油产率和质量。生物柴油以其良好的可再生性和可持续性,已成为石化柴油的潜力巨大的替代品。而生物柴油的生产加工技术对其产量的影响至关重要。通过查阅相关文献,全面总结了生物柴油生产加工技术的最新进展,包括原料、提取、生产方法、影响因素、反应器和新加工技术。这些研究表明,通过对原料选取,配合高效的生产方式,生物柴油的产率和质量可以得到保证,为解决能源问题提供了切实可行的方法。     

生物柴油制备中酸化油酯化反应的研究

生物柴油因具有易降解、可再生、燃烧性能高等优良特性得到了广泛的应用。在实际生产及推广应用中,以酸化油为原料合成生物柴油,可大大降低生产成本。催化剂的性能是合成生物柴油的关键,主要概述了催化剂在酸化油酯化反应合成生物柴油中的研究进展,并展望了生物柴油的发展前景。     

生物柴油的发展现状

生物柴油是一种来源广泛的可再生燃料资源,目前在世界各国正掀起开发利用生物柴油资源的热潮,它与矿物柴油相比,具有低含硫和低排放污染,可再生,优良的生物可降解性等特点,有广阔的发展前景.文章综述了国内外生物柴油发展及应用现状、生产技术进展以及我国应用和发展前景,并提出了将农作物秸秆作为原料合成生物柴油的思想.     

Production and fuel properties of fast pyrolysis oil/bio-diesel blends

This paper describes the production and fuel properties of fast pyrolysis oil/bio-diesel blends. The bio-oils used in this study were produced from the fast pyrolysis of woody biomasses, oil mallee and pine. The bio-diesel employed was derived from canola vegetable oil. The conditions used to prepare the bio-oil/bio-diesel blends, as well as some of the fuel properties of the resulting bio-diesel rich phase, are reported. The experimental results show that the solubility of fast pyrolysis oils in bio-diesel is not as high as was previously reported for decanted oils obtained by Auger pyrolysis. The carboxylic acids, mono-phenols, furans and lignin derived oligomers were the compounds most soluble in bio-diesel, while the sugars, on the other hand, showed poor solubility. Although the presence of phenols enhances the oxidation stability of the bio-diesel rich phases, other fuel properties deteriorate. For example, the content of solid residues increased primarily because of the solubilisation of lignin derived oligomers, which were quantified by UV-fluorescence. Concentrations as high as 3.5 mass % of these compounds were observed in the bio-diesel rich phase. The solubility of bio-oil in bio-diesel was enhanced by using ethyl acetate/bio-diesel blends. Some fuel properties of the bio-diesel rich phase, after the removal of ethyl acetate, are reported.     

用棉籽油制备生物柴油

采用棉籽油为原料连续化生产生物柴油,研究了工艺及设备的设计。由棉籽油与甲醇在催化剂NaOH存在下由酯交换反应制得生物柴油。在优化条件下反应50 min,转化率达到99%。生产的生物柴油,各项指标与天然柴油相似。其各项燃烧指标优于或与普通柴油相仿,满足欧洲Ⅱ排放标准。     

国内外生物柴油技术的研究进展

本文将根据生物柴油近年来国内外的发展趋势,着重讨论生物柴油的制备工艺,酸碱催化、酶催化和离子催化等不同生物柴油的生产方式和不同的性质,所涉及的相关技术问题,以及用生命周期循环来评价生物柴油工艺和技术的可行性。     

湖南省林木生物质能科研和产业化现状与展望

阐述了湖南省发展林木生物质能的组织管理经验、基础和优势,重点概述和分析了燃料油植物和生物柴油领域的科研和产业化现状.根据湖南省气候和资源特点,提出了湖南省发展生物质能总体规划的设想.总结分析指出,湖南省发展林木生物质能应以生物质原料为基础,重点发展生物柴油为主导产品的生物质液体燃料油(含燃料乙醇)与农林废弃物气化发电和农林废弃物颗粒混煤发电.生物质能资源培育不与人争粮争油,不与粮油作物争地,通过生物技术和常规技术选育出高产、抗旱,耐瘠的专用型能源植物品种.     

Analysis and comparison of performance and emissions of an internal combustion engine fuelled with petroleum diesel and different bio-diesels

The performance and emissions of an internal combustion engine (ICE) engine fuelled with two bio-diesels are experimentally measured and analysed according to ISO 8178 standard and compared with that of the petroleum diesel. Two types of bio-diesel, type A and type B (defined in Section 1) with their blends of B5, B10, B20, B50 and B100 are tested and analysed. This study found that the performance of both bio-diesel fuels reduces with increasing blend ratio, with a torque decrease of 5% for both bio-diesels, and a fuel consumption increase of 7-10%. This can be attributed to the lower energy content of bio-diesel when compared with petroleum diesel. For both the bio-diesels, some emissions were found to be higher than petroleum diesel, while some were lower. Nitrogen Oxide (NO_x) emissions decreased by 14% for bio-diesel A, but increased by 17% for bio-diesel B. Carbon monoxides (CO) emissions were significantly reduced for both bio-diesel A and B, with reductions of 58% and 27% respectively. Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were found to increase with increasing blend ratio for both bio-diesels, with an increase of 10% for bio-diesel A and 80% for bio-diesel B. Lastly, Carbon dioxides (CO₂) emissions were found to increase, with an increase of 6% for bio-diesel A and 18% for bio-diesel B. The study clearly found that each of the bio-diesels has different scale of effect on ICE performance and emissions and hence, it is essential to test bio-diesels before it can be recommended for mass scale production and for commercial use in ICE. However, the study indicates that the two major pollutant gas emissions are generally reduced when using bio-diesel, therefore bio-diesel can be considered to be a more environmentally friendly, secure and renewable approach of obtaining energy in the long run.     

新型乳化剂制备及其微乳柴油的研究

通过生物柴油或其原料油与二乙醇胺反应合成了能与油相溶,且具有较好的生物降解能力的环保型烷醇酰胺非离子乳化剂,并用该乳化剂对0^#柴油和生物柴油的微乳化进行验证。结果表明生物柴油与二乙醇胺合成的乳化剂效果最佳,具有较好的微乳化性能,乳化油在微量添加剂的作用下可与市场上的0^#柴油大量混溶。并研究了水和甲醇在乳化过程中的相互影响因素。乳化柴油配比为:柴油64%左右,乳化剂12%左右,添加剂3%左右,极性成分21%左右。     

液态生物质燃料重整及其在固体氧化物燃料电池中的应用

固体氧化物燃料电池（soild oxide fuel cell,SOFC）是一种清洁高效的发电装置,它可以利用氢气或碳氢燃料发电。液态生物质燃料是一种可再生碳氢燃料,它通过将生物质进行快速催化热解后,经过进一步催化加工制得,主要包括生物甲醇、生物乙醇、生物柴油及其副产物生物甘油等,将SOFC与液态生物质燃料结合,具有便携、清洁和高效等优点。本文分析了包括生物甲醇、生物乙醇、生物柴油以及生物甘油在内的液态生物质燃料的重整研究及其在SOFC中的应用进展,包括重整转化机理与效率、产物选择性、应用于发电存在的优势与难题等。通过对液态生物质燃料进行催化重整,可有效抑制SOFC直接使用液态生物质燃料发电存在的阳极积炭失活现象,从而提高发电效率,延长SOFC使用寿命。总结了目前液态生物质燃料直接用于SOFC发电的研究进展,提出了未来的研究方向,以期提高液态生物质燃料在SOFC中的利用效率和稳定性。     

Fuel properties of bio-oil/bio-diesel mixture characterized by TG, FTIR and 1H NMR

There has been an increasing interest in alternative fuels made from biomass which is abundant and renewable. Bio-oil and bio-diesel seem to be such promising liquid fuels. Bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis of biomass is highly viscous, acidic, and has high water content. To overcome these problems as a fuel, a method of emulsifying bio-oil with bio-diesel was performed in the previous paper, and a stable mixture of bio-oil and bio-diesel was successfully prepared. In this paper, several properties of the mixture are discussed by using TG, FTIR and ¹H NMR. The results show us that, compared with crude bio-oil, some properties of bio-oil/bio-diesel mixture such as water content, acid number, viscosity are much improved. The thermal decomposition of the mixture under air/nitrogen is shown using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Further information about the functional groups is exhibited through Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR).     

Investigation of the combustion of neat cottonseed oil or its neat bio-diesel in a HSDI diesel engine by experimental heat release and statistical analyses

An experimental study is conducted to evaluate the effects of using neat cottonseed oil or its neat ME (methyl ester) bio-diesel, on the combustion behavior of a standard, high speed, direct injection (HSDI), ‘Hydra’ diesel engine located at the authors’ laboratory. Combustion chamber and fuel injection pressure diagrams are obtained at medium and high load using a developed, high-speed, data acquisition and processing system. A heat release analysis of the experimentally obtained cylinder pressure diagrams is developed and used. Plots of histories in the combustion chamber of the heat release rate and other related parameters reveal some interesting features, which shed light into the combustion mechanism when using these bio-fuels. These results, combined with the differing physical and chemical properties of the bio-fuels between themselves and against those for the diesel fuel, which constitutes the baseline fuel, aid the correct interpretation of the observed engine behavior performance- and emissions-wise. Moreover, the possible existence of cyclic (combustion) variability is examined as reflected in the pressure indicator diagrams, by analyzing for the maximum pressure and its rate, and the dynamic injection timing and ignition delay, by using statistical analysis for averages, standard deviations and probability density functions. The key results are that with the use of these bio-fuels against the neat diesel fuel case, the ignition delay is hardly affected, the fuel injection pressure diagrams are very slightly advanced accompanied with higher injection pressures, maximum cylinder pressures remain the same with the vegetable oil and slightly increased with the bio-diesel, maximum cylinder pressure rates are increased with the bio-diesel and decreased with the vegetable oil, while the cyclic irregularity is not affected with these bio-fuels remaining at the acceptable neat diesel fuel case levels.