生物质型煤与褐煤的生命周期评价对比研究

为了研究生物质型煤对环境的影响和能耗情况,利用生命周期评价方法,与褐煤进行对比评价,从型煤与褐煤的生产到燃烧进行全面分析。结果表明,生物质型煤生命周期的环境负荷指数是0.30,褐煤的潜在环境影响负荷指数为0.48,生物质型煤的环境影响明显低于褐煤;环境影响类型主要是全球变暖,主要影响因子是CO2;生命周期各阶段的环境排放量主要集中于燃烧使用阶段,因此,降低燃烧使用阶段的环境影响是生物质型煤技术改进的重要途径。     

景德镇日用陶瓷生产的生命周期评价(LCA)初探

对不同装饰工艺过程的日用陶瓷进行输出输入的清单分析以及相应生命周期各阶段环境影响潜值的统计计算与分析,结果表明,景德镇地区日用陶瓷生产产生的环境影响潜值为釉上彩0.259,釉中彩0.287,釉下彩0.229.日用陶瓷生产的生命周期评价(LCA)作为一种有效定量分析工具可为该类产品实施ISO14000认正提供有效的技术支持.     

我国典型硬泡聚氨酯板生命周期评价研究

当前国内外绿色建筑评价已越来越多的考虑建筑材料的生命周期环境负荷。硬泡聚氨酯板作为一种重要的建筑保温材料,对其开展生命周期评价很有必要。运用生命周期评价方法,对我国典型硬泡聚氨酯板生命周期过程中产生的资源、能源消耗和污染物排放进行了分析,并基于此计算出能源消耗、全球暖化、酸化效应、富营养化四类主要环境影响指标值。结果表明,全球暖化和能源消耗是两类较重要的环境影响类型。此外,对国内外硬泡聚氨酯板生命周期能源消耗和碳排放水平进行了比较,结果表明,我国功能单位硬泡聚氨酯板生命周期能耗是欧洲的1.04倍,碳排放是欧洲的1.39倍。本研究可为我国本地化硬泡聚氨酯板LCA数据库的建立及绿色建筑评价提供基础数据。     

原位聚合原液着色PA6黑色丝袜全生命周期评价

为定量评价丝袜产品全生命周期的环境影响,我们采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,以中国2016年相关行业和企业数据为参考,建立了原位聚合原液着色尼龙6 (PA6)纤维制备的黑色尼龙丝袜全生命周期环境影响评价模型。结果表明,1吨丝袜全生命周期大约排放13.6吨二氧化碳,消耗203吨水和3.7吨原油。而且,全球暖化潜值(GWP)和能源消耗(PED)主要贡献来源于尼龙高弹丝(DTY)生产,贡献比例分别达83.72%、80.33%。水资源消耗(WU)主要贡献来源于DTY生产,其次是织袜过程,贡献比例分别达41.62%和30.58%。该模型亦可作为评价原液着色尼龙纺织品环境影响的通用模型。     

矿渣-硫铝酸盐水泥的环境影响及碳减排效应分析

基于生命周期评价方法研究了矿渣-硫铝酸盐水泥生产过程的环境影响，采用敏感性分析方法探明了全球变暖潜值(global warming potential, GWP)及初级能源消耗(primary energy demand, PED)两种环境影响的主要来源，并分析了矿渣-硫铝酸盐水泥相比硅酸盐水泥的碳减排效应。结果表明：在矿渣-硫铝酸盐水泥的生产中，熟料煅烧对GWP贡献最高，原料开采对PED贡献最高；敏感性分析显示石灰石用量与煅烧煤炭用量对GWP影响最大，而煤炭与生产过程电力使用对PED影响最大；与硅酸盐水泥相比，矿渣-硫铝酸盐水泥的GWP显著降低，PED略微减少；高矿渣掺量下矿渣-硫铝酸盐水泥力学性能的不足可能影响其应用前景。     

从洗涤剂全生命周期看浓缩洗涤剂产品设计

洗涤剂浓缩化可有效降低产品在全生命周期过程中对环境的影响。在浓缩洗涤剂产品设计阶段使用生命周期评估(LCA)可有效识别产品生命周期过程中潜在的环境影响而不降低整个产品的质量,进而依据当前配方技术水平,选择最佳活性物浓度,减少无效洗涤成分的添加,开发最高效、对环境影响最小的产品。参考LCA评估模型,对比活性物含量约20%的普通洗衣液和活性物含量约47%的浓缩洗衣液两个体系的气候变化潜值(GWP)和水体富养化潜值(EP),结果表明:在生命周期的各阶段,高倍浓缩洗衣液的GWP和EP均低于普通型洗衣液;当高倍浓缩洗衣液超量1倍使用时,其GWP和EP仍低于普通洗衣液正确使用时。     

钛白粉生产过程的生命周期评价

按照生命周期评价（LCA）方法，对攀枝花地区钒钛磁铁矿的开采、选矿、运输以及硫酸法生产阶段进行了研究，定量地分析了整个生产过程中的资源、能源投入、环境排放及其环境影响，针对分析中发现的资源投入、能源消耗等关键环节和主要环境问题，联系工艺与设备进行了讨论，旨在为钛白粉行业的技术改进、清洁生产以及区域规划提供基本的数据支持。     

基于生命周期评价的中国浮法玻璃燃料对比分析

本文采用生命周期评价（Life Cycle Assessment,LCA）方法,建立了浮法玻璃从原料开采到产品出厂的生命周期模型,研究了浮法玻璃生命周期的环境影响,并对浮法玻璃生产过程采用不同燃料的环境影响进行了评价。结果表明：浮法玻璃主要的环境影响类型是初级能源消耗、酸化和富营养化、可吸入无机物和全球暖化;主要的环境影响来自重油生产、玻璃生产、电力生产、纯碱生产和公路运输过程;当天然气作燃料时,浮法玻璃生命周期的主要环境指标均优于重油;而石油焦粉作燃料时,浮法玻璃生命周期的主要环境指标都高于重油。     

基于生命周期评价的陶瓷墙地砖与陶瓷薄板对比分析

本文采用生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)方法,建立了陶瓷墙地砖从原料开采到产品出厂的生命周期模型,研究了陶瓷墙地砖生命周期的环境影响,并对墙地砖与薄板的的环境影响进行了评价。结果表明:陶瓷墙地砖主要的环境影响类型是不可再生资源消耗、初级能源消耗、富营养化、酸化效应;陶瓷墙地砖生命周期的环境影响主要来自重油生产、陶瓷墙地砖生产、电力生产、粘土生产;薄板的不可再生资源、初级能源消耗、富营养化指标均大幅度优于墙地砖。     

3种燃煤供暖锅炉环境影响的生命周期评价

为了比较链条炉、流化床锅炉以及水煤浆锅炉等不同燃煤供热方式的能耗和环境影响,采用生命周期评价方法对3种供暖热水生产方式从原煤开采到燃烧供热全过程进行了生命周期清单分析及环境影响评价。生命周期清单结果表明:当产生相同热量时,3种锅炉在其生命周期的各种污染物排放中,CO_2排放均最高,其次是固体废弃物和粉尘。3种锅炉中,燃煤链条炉的环境影响总负荷最大,水煤浆锅炉的环境影响总负荷最小。生命周期环境影响评价结果表明各种锅炉对环境影响在固体废弃物方面影响程度均最大,然后是粉尘、光化学烟雾、全球变暖、酸雨和富营养化。     

Life cycle assessment of HFC-134a production by calcium carbide acetylene route in China

HFC-134a is a widely used environment-friendly refrigerant. At present, China is the largest producer of HFC-134a in the world. The production of HFC-134a in China mainly adopts the calcium carbide acetylene route. However, the production route has high resource and energy consumption and large waste emission, and few of the studies addressed on the environmental performance of its production process. This study quantified the environmental performance of HFC-134a production by calcium carbide route via carrying out a life cycle assessment (LCA) using the CML 2001 method. And uncertainty analysis by Monte-Carlo simulation was also carried out. The results showed that electricity had the most impact on the environment, followed by steam, hydrogen fluoride and chlorine, and the impact of direct CO₂ emissions in calcium carbide production stage on the global warming effect also could not be ignored. Therefore, the clean energy (e.g., wind, solar, biomass, and natural gas) was used to replace coal-based electricity and coal-fired steam in this study, showing considerable environmental benefits. At the same time, the use of advanced production technologies could also improve environmental benefits, and the environmental impact of the global warming category could be reduced by 4.1% via using CO₂ capture and purification technology. The Chinese database of HFC-134a production established in this study provides convenience for the relevant study of scholars. For the production of HFC-134a, this study helps to better identify the specific environmental hotspots and proposes useful ways to improve the environmental benefits.     

生物质水热炭制备过程的环境影响评价

以生物质水热炭为研究对象,运用生命周期评价（LCA）方法,对生物质水热炭制备过程的环境影响进行分析与评价,通过建立输入、输出清单,从温室效应、环境酸化、资源消耗等方面,基于GaBi6.0软件建立模型并计算,分析生物质水热炭制备过程对环境产生的影响。结果表明：生物质水热炭制备过程对6类主要环境影响由大到小的顺序依次为温室效应、环境酸化、光化学臭氧生成潜力、富营养化、资源消耗和臭氧层破坏;我国为碳密集型发电地区,电能的消耗是该制备过程对环境影响最主要的原因,火力发电排放CO₂、SO₂、NO_x等气体为主要环境影响因素。水热炭化是水热炭制备过程中对环境影响的主要环节。针对此结果,提出降低水热炭化温度、缩短水热炭化时间、提高水热炭产率,从而减少能源的消耗,降低环境影响。     

Sustainable design and synthesis of algae‐based biorefinery for simultaneous hydrocarbon biofuel production and carbon sequestration

The superstructure optimization of algae‐based hydrocarbon biorefinery with sequestration of CO₂ from power plant flue gas is proposed. The major processing steps include carbon capture, algae growth, dewatering, lipid extraction and power generation, and algal biorefinery. We propose a multiobjective mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model that simultaneously maximizes the net present value (NPV) and minimizes the global warming potential (GWP) subject to technology selection constraints, mass balance constraints, energy balance constraints, technoeconomic analysis constraints, and environmental impact constraints. The model simultaneously determines the optimal decisions that include production capacity, size of each processing unit, mass flow rates at each stage of the process, utility consumption, economic, and environmental performances. We propose a two‐stage heuristic solution algorithm to solve the nonconvex MINLP model. Finally, the bicriteria optimization problem is solved with ε‐constraint method, and the resulting Pareto‐optimal curve reveals the trade‐off between the economic and environmental criteria. The results show that for maximum NPV, the optimal process design uses direct flue gas, a tubular photobioreactor for algae growth, a filtration dewatering unit, and a hydroprocessing pathway leading to 47.1 MM gallons of green diesel production per year at $6.33/gal corresponding to GWP of 108.7 kg CO₂‐eq per gallon. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1599–1621, 2013     

烟气烘焙对玉米秆可磨性的影响规律研究

可磨性是生物质在现有燃煤机组规模化燃烧利用中必须考虑的问题之一。本文基于固定床反应器对玉米秆进行烘焙预处理,针对生物质单烧和与煤混烧两种技术路线,利用臼式研磨仪、全自动粒径筛分仪、纤维素分析仪和傅里叶红外光谱,研究了不同烘焙气氛、温度对燃料可磨性的影响。结果表明,相比于氮气,烟气能够在更低的烘焙温度下使玉米秆可磨性提升至接近于典型动力用煤,主要是由于烟气中的氧化性组分促进了纤维素、半纤维素的分解。当共磨时,煤颗粒表现出助磨的作用提升了玉米秆的可磨性,在较高温度或烟气烘焙条件下,混样的可磨性近似甚至优于煤。     

Life cycle sustainability assessment of fuels

This paper gives an overview of the potential on multi-criteria assessment of fuels. In order to apply the multi-criteria approach to fuels, it was necessary to use the multi-criteria procedure based on the sustainability index rating composed of linear aggregative functions of all indicators with weighting function. The examples under consideration are conventional gasoline (CG), conventional diesel oil (CD), compressed natural gas (CNG), mixture of 85% methanol (derived from natural gas) and 15% gasoline by volume (M85), mixture of 85% ethanol (derived from corn) and 15% gasoline by volume (E85), and pure cassava-based ethanol (E100). These options are evaluated with the multi-criteria method comprising the following indicators: life cycle costs (LCC), global warming potential (GWP), net energy yield (NE), non-renewable resource depletion potential (NRDP) indicator. The evaluation of options under consideration was performed under constraint expressing non-numeric relation among the indicators.     

Evaluation of Bioelectromethanogenesis Part II: Environmental Impact

As already mentioned in part I bioelectromethanogenesis is a power to gas technology that is used to convert electrical power to chemical energy carriers. In this case carbon dioxide is converted to methane by electroactive microorganisms. Part I of this study reviewed the theoretical energetic demand and showed the general reaction process. This part observes the technology's environmental impact by regarding the global warming potential (GWP). According to the contemplated purpose of the reviewed technology there is a comparison to common biogas upgrading techniques.     

生物质能源转化技术与应用(Ⅰ)

生物质能源是唯一可再生、可替代化石能源转化成液态和气态燃料以及其它化工原料或者产品的碳资源。随着化石能源的枯竭和人类对全球性环境问题的关注,生物质能替代化石能源利用的研究和开发,已成为国内外众多学者研究和关注的热点。本文综述了我国年可获得生物质资源量达到3.14亿吨煤当量,其中秸秆和薪材分别占 54% 和 36%;现有180多亿吨林木生物质资源量、8~10亿吨可获得量和3亿吨可作为能源的利用量。生物质能转化利用的主要途径是:热化学高效转化利用的热解气化发电(供热、供气)、快速热解制备液体燃料和生物质气化合成液体燃料,以及生物化学转化技术等。同时,论述了目前已经进行的生物质研究开发技术和产业化利用进展。     

Environmental life cycle impact as a tool for process optimisation of a utility plant

The purpose of this paper is to minimize environmental life cycle impact when a detail process modelling is available. A methodology is presented to calculate the optimum operating conditions of an ethylene process utility plant. The overall environmental impact is calculated as a weighted sum of global warming, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidation, ozone depletion, human toxicity and ecotoxicity. The battery limits of the plant are extended to include the relevant environmental impacts corresponding to the imported electricity generated in thermoelectric, hydroelectric and nuclear plants. A mixed integer non-linear programming problem is formulated and solved in GAMS. Significant reductions in environmental impact particularly in global warming, the most relevant category, are obtained choosing the pressure and temperature of high, medium and low pressure steam headers together with the selection of optional drivers and boilers. Improvements achieved simultaneously in natural gas and electricity consumption and operating cost are also reported.     

Global optimization for sustainable design and synthesis of algae processing network for CO2 mitigation and biofuel production using life cycle optimization

Global optimization for sustainable design and synthesis of a large‐scale algae processing network under economic and environmental criteria is addressed. An algae processing network superstructure including 7800 processing routes is proposed. Based on the superstructure, a multiobjective mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is developed to simultaneously optimize the unit cost and the unit global warming potential (GWP). To efficiently solve the nonconvex MINLP model with separable concave terms and mixed‐integer fractional terms in the objective functions, a global optimization strategy that integrates a branch‐and‐refine algorithm based on successive piecewise linear approximations is proposed and an exact parametric algorithm based on Newton's method. Two Pareto‐optimal curves are obtained for biofuel production and biological carbon sequestration, respectively. The unit annual biofuel production cost ranges from $7.02/gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) to $9.71/GGE, corresponding to unit GWP's of 26.491 to 16.52 kg CO₂‐eq/GGE, respectively. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3195–3210, 2014     

燃料乙醇生产用生物原料的土地使用、能耗、环境影响和水耗分析

在引入生物质分配比率的基础上,从土地使用率、能耗、环境和耗水量4个方面分析了玉米秸秆、木薯和甜高粱3种生物质原料生产燃料乙醇的过程,得到了3种生物质发展潜力数据. 结果表明,玉米秸秆作为原料,按产出乙醇能计,土地使用率最高可达563.40 GJ/ha,投入能量最低,仅为22.68 MJ/GJ,环境影响最小,耗水量最少,只有8 m3/GJ,是最有开发前景的原料. 甜高粱总体上优于木薯,但耗水量太大,不利于长远发展.