吸收式热泵海水淡化系统性能与经济研究

提出了单效溴化锂吸收式热泵低温多效蒸发海水淡化系统,建立了系统数学模型。分析了不同溴化锂浓溶液浓度对系统的影响,并与不带吸收式热泵的低温多效蒸发海水淡化系统进行了性能与经济比较。计算结果表明:在本文的计算范围内,随LiBr浓溶液浓度的增加,发生器产生的饱和蒸汽温度降低,所需动力蒸汽量减少,造水比升高,海水淡化装置蒸发器总面积增加,综合效果是淡水成本增加。在相同条件下,与不带吸收式热泵的海水淡化系统相比,吸收式热泵海水淡化系统的淡水成本可节省16.5%。     

海水淡化与水源热泵联合系统性能与成本研究

提出了低温多效海水淡化装置与水源热泵联合系统技术,建立了联合系统数学模型,并利用MATLAB编制程序进行了求解,分析了末效二次蒸汽温度对联合系统热力性能与成本的影响,并且与低温多效海水淡化系统进行了成本比较。计算结果表明:在文章的计算范围内,随着末效二次蒸汽温度的升高,加热蒸汽量减少,蒸发器总传热面积增大,驱动蒸汽量减少,供热水量减少,综合效果是淡水成本增加。其他参数相同的情况下,与低温多效海水淡化系统相比,联合系统的淡水成本节省11.68%。     

吸收式与热压缩式海水淡化系统比较

提出了热压缩多效蒸发海水淡化和吸收式热泵多效蒸发海水淡化两种系统,建立了系统计算数学模型。分析了不同末效二次蒸汽温度对这两种系统的的影响,并且对这两种系统进行了性能与经济性比较。计算结果表明:随末效二次蒸汽温度的升高,两种系统的蒸发器总传热面积均增加,前者所需动力蒸汽量减少,后者所需动力蒸汽量变化不明显,综合效果是前者淡水成本变化不明显,后者淡水成本明显增加。在本文的计算范围内,其它参数相同的情况下,与前者相比,吸收式热泵多效蒸发海水淡化系统经济性较好,淡水成本可减少9.23%。     

船用闪蒸-蒸发海水淡化系统的建模与热力分析

针对舰船发动机排放的烟气具有温度高、热容大的特点,结合闪蒸法和蒸发法海水淡化方法,设计了利用发动机烟气余热的闪蒸-蒸发海水淡化系统。建立了各主要设备的热力计算模型,根据设备之间的连接组合关系以及物流传递关系,建立了海水淡化系统的稳态数学模型,利用序贯模块法顺序求解,可实现系统的稳态模拟。模型中考虑了海水温度变化对系统性能的影响,提高了仿真精度。通过实例研究,获得了海水淡化系统的淡水产量与海水流量、系统压力的关系,研究结果表明该海水淡化系统具有较好的运行性能,可满足中小型船舶对淡水的需求,具有良好的节能效果和经济效益。     

海水盐度对海水沸腾传热及淡水产率的影响

对机械蒸汽压缩式(MVC)海水淡化中的沸腾传热与海水淡化性能进行理论分析。以竖直管式蒸发冷凝器建立具有不同盐度的海水核态沸腾传热模型,对海水的传热性能、热流密度、淡水产率以及海水淡化的能耗进行系统分析。为避免单位压缩功和淡水产率不能同时达到最优,设定单位压缩功不变。计算结果表明,海水盐度的增加对海水淡化的系统性能不利:海水盐度增加,沸腾换热系数αe、总传热系数、热流密度q和淡水产率m将有不同程度减小;增加沸腾压力和单位压缩功均有利于系统的传热性能,但单位压缩功的增大,增加了海水淡化的能耗。     

一种新型水合物法海水淡化系统能耗及经济性分析

提出一种新型水合物法海水淡化流程,并基于该流程对海水淡化系统进行了模拟计算,得到海水淡化的能耗.同时,在计算淡化方法的总资产投资、运行维修成本、摊销总资产投资和摊销运行维修成本等经济参数的基础上,获得其最终的淡化成本.结果表明,淡水产率对能耗和生产成本影响很大,随着产率比的提高,相应的总能耗和总生产成本降低,而增加淡水产率需要改进水合物生成的动力学和热力学条件以及选择适合的工质.采用本文的水合物海水淡化方案计算得到的淡化成本要比Javanmardi等人建立的水合物海水淡化流程图下计算的淡化成本低,但是相对薄膜反渗透法,总生产成本还是显得相对很高.     

利用火电机组余热能的热膜耦合海水淡化性能分析

以沿海电厂汽轮发电机组抽汽作为热源,针对反渗透(RO)和低温多效蒸馏(LT-MED)海水淡化技术各自的特点,提出2种水电联产海水淡化方案,并进行性能分析:1种是传统的蒸汽压缩喷射器(TVC)与低温多效蒸馏系统结合的MED-TVC方案;另1种是利用电厂汽轮机抽汽余热能发电驱动反渗透膜,通过热膜耦合技术将低温多效蒸馏与反渗透海水淡化产水集成的RO-MED方案。结合某实际火电机组已经运行的海水淡化项目,建立数学模型,对2种方案的淡水产量进行了比较分析。结果表明,RO-MED方案的淡水产量约为38.26 kt/d,远大于MED-TVC方案11 kt/d的产水量。但受投资成本、运行成本、安全性等条件的制约,在实际生产中还需要依据具体情况进行选择。     

海水淡化成本与效益分析

以经济发展水平不同的北京、青岛、湛江为例,根据三市居民的生活用水量、自来水价格,以及净水器、桶装水的市场售价,分析了三市居民生活用水的到户综合成本,再将反渗透海水淡化技术生产的饮用水级别淡水的到户成本与居民生活用水到户综合成本进行比较。说明了海水淡化制水综合成本相比居民使用净水器、饮用桶装水的用水综合成本低1～3元/m~3。海水淡化技术对于解决地区淡水资源短缺问题具有良好市场效益和根本优势。     

液化天然气深冷-膜蒸馏海水淡化系统集成与分析

提出了一种PRICO天然气液化-膜蒸馏（MD）海水淡化系统集成方法,利用PRICO过程压缩机出口的余热驱动MD海水淡化。采用Aspen Plus和GAMS建立了集成系统的数学模型,综合考虑系统的结构、物流物性、设备规模、操作参数等系统设计问题,分析不同设计下系统的投资、能耗、运行费用以及MD单位产水成本。模型应用于一个处理量为1 kmol/s的PRICO天然气液化系统与MD集成的案例研究。计算结果表明,单位产水成本最小时,系统产水成本为1.98 USD/m³,淡水产量为5.78 m³/h,与反渗透等海水淡化技术相比,MD在经济性方面具有较强的竞争力。     

高密度澄清技术在低温低浊度海水淡化预处理中的应用

海水淡化是目前解决淡水匮乏问题的重要方法之一,为了节约海水淡化的成本,加强处理效果,进行适当的预处理是很有必要的.在低温低浊度地区,传统的海水淡化预处理工艺很难解决由于海水的低温低浊度带来的水体中悬浮物和胶体难去除的问题.高密度澄清技术具有很多优良的特性.作者对用该技术预处理低温低浊度海水的效果进行了研究.     

Feasibility study and performance assessment for the integration of a steam-injected gas turbine and thermal desalination system

This study proposes a systematic approach for retrofitting a steam-injection gas turbine (SIGT) with a multi-effect thermal vapor compression (METVC) desalination system. The retrofitted unit's product cost of the fresh water (RUPC) was used as a performance criterion, which comprises the thermodynamic, economic, and environmental attributes when calculating the total annual cost of the SIGT–METVC system. For the feasibility study of retrofitting the SIGT plant with the METVC desalination system, the effects of two key parameters were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD): the steam air ratio (SR) and the temperature difference between the effects of the METVC system (?T_METVC) on the fresh water production (Q_freshwater) and the net power generation (W_net) of the SIGT–METVC system. Multi-objective optimization (MOO) which minimizes the modified total annual cost (MTAC) and maximizes the fresh water flow rate was performed to optimize the RUPC of the SIGT–METVC system. The best Pareto optimal solution showed that the SIGT–METVC system with five effects is the best one among the systems with 4–6 effects. This system under optimal operating conditions can save 21.07% and 9.54% of the RUPC, compared to the systems with four and six effects, respectively.     

注蒸汽燃机-热蒸馏海水淡化复合系统的环境负荷及其分摊

以注蒸汽燃机-热蒸馏海水淡化复合系统为例,基于火用经济学理论,建立了系统中电、水环境负荷的分摊模型,初步分析了系统的生命周期污染物排放,计算了系统中各火用流以及系统产品的环境负荷向量,得到了电、水的环境负荷分摊比。本文的研究虽然基于注蒸汽燃机-热蒸馏海水淡化系统而进行,但所探讨的方法同样适用于以干式燃机或其他湿式燃机为基础的电水联产系统。     

满足不同需求的水热电联产系统的模型和设计简

In order to improve the energy efficiency, reduce the CO2 emission and decrease the cost, a cogenera- tion system for desalination water, heat and power production was studied in this paper. The superstructure of the cogeneration system consisted of a coal-based thermal power plant （TPP）, a multi-stage flash desalination （MSF） module and reverse osmosis desalination （RO） module. For different demands of water, heat and power production, the corresponding optimal production structure was different. After reasonable simplification, the process model ot each unit was built. The economical model, including the unit investment, and operation and maintenance cost, was presented. By solving this non-linear programming （NLP） model, whose objective is to minimize the annual cost, an optimal cogeneration system can be obtained. Compared to separate production systems, the optimal system can reduce 16.1%-21.7% of the total annual cost. showing this design method was effective.     

MSF Desalination plants. Availability,reliability and safety analysis

While good MSF desalination plant performance exerts a positive influence on plant economics, as part of water supply systems in isolated regions, the availability of the desalination system becomes a major design criteria. Reliability problems have historically been a major cause of poor performance for desalination plants. The emphasis of this paper is on the importance of availability modeling methodology to MSF desalination plant reliability problems by providing a context in which the effect of unit unavailability can be quantified.An assessment is made of failures and outages which impact the availability of MSF desalination plants. Limited fault tree logic for system failures is developed and reliability data from the literature is incorporated, where possible. The impact of other water supply system failures on the reliability requirements of the desalination plant is quantified as are the effects of increased average water system demands.The single largest influence on the effective capacity of a water supply system based on MSF desalination of sea water is found to be the availability and maintainability of the desalination plant. Forced outages as a result of equipment failure are significant, but other dominant contributions to unit unavailability include externally caused problems, such as silting. The design configuration of the desalination plant is also found to have an impact on the acceptability of water supply system performance.     

低温多效压汽蒸馏海水淡化系统热力分析

低温多效压汽蒸馏(LT-METVC)海水淡化是一种很有发展前途的海水淡化方法,文中首先探讨了海水淡化系统中盐水焓、熵、的计算方法,然后对典型LT-METVC流程进行了详细的热力学分析,包括重要参数对系统性能的影响规律和系统的利用。结果表明:驱动蒸汽压力升高,会使造水比增加、效率下降,比传热面积则基本不变;系统效数增加或压缩比降低,都会使系统造水比和效率提高、比传热面积增大。LT-METVC系统的效率很低,在示例中仅为1.3%。提出并初步讨论了进一步改善性能的途径。     

Design, simulation and economic analysis of a stand-alone reverse osmosis desalination unit powered by wind turbines and photovoltaics

The fresh water shortage is a significant problem in many areas of the world such as deserts, rural areas, Mediterranean countries and islands. However, renewable energy potential in these areas is usually high using solar and wind energy. A desalination unit powered by renewable energy sources is a promising solution for this problem. This paper presents the design of a stand-alone hybrid wind-PV system to power a seawater reverse osmosis desalination unit, with energy recovery using a simplified spreadsheet model. A daily and monthly simulation and economic analysis were also performed. The calculated fresh water production cost was 5.2 ?/m³, and the realized energy saving was up to 48% when a pressure-exchanger-type energy recovery unit is considered.     

Economic evaluation of desalination by small-scale autonomous solar-powered membrane distillation units

Solar-powered desalination is an attractive and viable method for the production of fresh water in remote arid areas. One of the most important factors determining desalination decisions is economics. This paper presents an economic assessment performed to estimate the expected water cost, which is the ultimate measure of the feasibility of the stand-alone system. Based on the calculations, the estimated cost of potable water produced by the compact unit is $15/m³, and $18/m³ for water produced by the large unit. Membrane lifetime and plant lifetime are key factors in determining the water production cost. The cost decreases with increasing the membrane and/or the plant lifetime.     

Integrating hybrid systems with existing thermal desalinationplants

In Gulf countries, most power plants are co-generation power desalting plants (CPDP) that generate electric energy and also produce fresh water through the desalination of seawater. This paper provides detailed technical and economical analyses to evaluate a new generation of dual purpose technology that includes the integration of reverse osmosis (RO) processes with existing thermal desalination processes and power generation (triple hybrid system) at Layyah plant, Sharjah, UAE. Hybridization of sweater reverse osmosis (SWRO) and the multi-stage flash (MSF) technology was considered to improve the performance of latter and reduce the cost of the produced water. Moreover, “idle” power in winter (seasonal surplus of unused power) was mainly utilized by RO to further reduce the cost of the hybrid system for six months of the year. Spinning reserve was also used to further reduce the cost of the proposed hybrid system. Integration ofthe three processes of MSF, MED, and RO desalination technologies could be made at different levels through which the resulting of water cost will depend on the selected configuration and the cost of materials of construction, equipment, membrane, energy, etc. Thus, the capital and annual operating costs were calculated for all potential alternatives for various plant capacities. It was found that for all plant capacities, integrated hybrid systems resulted in most cost effective solution. For example, at a capacity of 50 MIGD, the present worth of the cost was calculated to be 588.7, 443.2, and 380 million US$ for MSF, MED, and hybrid RO systems, respectively.     

Implications of desalination for water resources in China — an economic perspective

China is a country with severe water shortages. Water is becoming scarcer due to population growth, industrialization and urbanization. Recent studies show that by the next 50 years water resources per capita will go down to around 1700 m³, which is the threshold of severe water scarcity. Especially in North China, water shortage has become a critical constraint factor for socioeconomic development in the long run. To solve or eliminate water shortage problems, seawater desalination draws more and more attention as an alternative water supply source. The objective of the study is to assess the potential of desalination as a viable alternate water source for China through analysis of the costs of desalination, the water demand and supply situation as well as water pricing practices in China. Based on the investment costs and estimated operation and maintenance costs, an economic appraisal for the costs of desalination for two main processes, MSF and RO, has been conducted. The study shows that there is a decline of unit cost of desalination over time and the average unit cost of the RO process was lower than that of the MSF process. A unit cost of 0.6 $/m³ for desalting brackish water and 1.0 $/m³ for seawater are suggested to be appropriate for the potential application of desalination in China. Future trends and challenges associated with water shortages and water prices are discussed, leading to conclusions and recommendations regarding the role of desalination as a feasible source of water for the future.     

太阳能膜蒸馏系统进展与展望

海水淡化技术可有效解决现有的淡水资源短缺等问题,但受限于高成本、高能耗、低热效率等因素,传统海水淡化工艺难以进一步推广。近年来,太阳能海水淡化作为一种高效低廉的海水淡化技术正逐渐进入人们的视野,其中,太阳能膜蒸馏技术更是凭借着适用范围广、蒸发效率高、能耗低、成本低廉等诸多优点为众多学者所青睐。各国学者从宏观的系统结构到微观的光热材料等方面展开了大量的工作。但由于膜蒸馏固有的温度极化以及膜污染等问题,太阳能膜蒸馏技术仍然处于发展瓶颈中。本文按照太阳能引入膜蒸馏装置位置的不同,对现有的诸多太阳能膜蒸馏系统进行分类,并针对各类太阳能膜蒸馏系统的发展现状和技术瓶颈进行详细阐述。探讨了当前太阳能膜蒸馏技术的局限性及未来的挑战,以期为太阳能膜蒸馏系统的进一步发展及应用提供参考。